Kumasuka kwa Pachiweniweni ndi Chisungiko cha Dziko: Kuchita Zinthu Molinganizika

Kulimbana pakati pa ufulu wa anthu ndi chitetezo cha dziko kwakhala mbali yodziŵika ya ulamuliro wamakono. Pamene mayiko akulimbana ndi ziwopsezo zoyambira pa uchigaŵenga mpaka kuukira kwa pa Intaneti, vuto limakhala kutsimikizira kuti nzika zitetezeka pamene zikusunga ufulu wawo wofunika kwambiri. Kulinganiza kumeneku sikusinthasintha ndi kusintha kwa luso la zopangapanga, ndale, ndiponso kudalira pa zimene anthu akuyembekezera. Okonza boma ayenera kupenda chitetezo cha mwamsanga ndi makhalidwe a democracy, kaŵirikaŵiri ndi chidziŵitso chosalongosoka ndi kulephera kwa nthaŵi. Zotsatira zake n’zovuta, kaŵirikaŵiri n’zovuta kuyambitsa masinthidwe a za umoyo wa anthu aufulu.

Pa maziko ake, mkanganowu ukufunsa funso lalikulu: kuti kodi nzika zimafuna kugonjera kunji kaamba ka lonjezo la chisungiko? Yankholo limasiyana m'madera onse ndi nyengo za mbiri yakale, koma malamulo amakhalidwe abwino adakali osasintha. Boma lopatsidwa mphamvu kutetezera anthu ake liyeneranso kukakamizidwa kutetezera ufulu wawo. Kupeza kulakwa kumeneku kungatsogolere kaya ku ku kutsenderezedwa kapena ku kuponderezedwa ndi authori. Mbali zotsatirazi zikufufuza zigawo zofunika za kachitidwe kolinganiza kameneka, kupereka nkhani za m'mbiri, kufufuza kwalamulo, ndi kuyang'anira kutsogolo.

Kuzindikira Ufulu wa Pachiŵeniŵeni

Maufulu a nzika ndiwo ufulu waukulu ndi ufulu woperekedwa kwa anthu, woikidwa m’malamulo, ufulu, kapena zida za ufulu wachibadwidwe padziko lonse. Zitetezero zimenezi zimagwira ntchito monga chitetezo ku boma lopanda lamulo, kutsimikizira nzika kuti zitha kuganiza, kulankhula, ndi kuchita popanda kuloŵerera kopambanitsa kwa boma. Pamene kuli kwakuti mpambo wokhawo wosiyana ndi ulamuliro, madongosolo a democracy ambiri amazindikira maziko a ufulu.

  • Ufulu wa kulankhula ndi mawu [ – Kuyenera kwa kupereka malingaliro, malingaliro, ndi chidziŵitso popanda kusanthula kwa boma kapena kuwopa kubwezera.
  • Kuyenera kubisika – chitetezo kuloŵerera m'moyo, kulankhulana, ndi chidziŵitso.
  • Kukulondola ku mlandu wachilungamo – zitsimikizo zonga ngati njira yoyenerera, kuimira kwalamulo, ndi khoti lopanda tsankho lisanapereke chilango kapena kulandidwa ufulu.
  • Ufulu wa chipembedzo ndi chikhulupiriro – Kukhoza kwa kuchita chikhulupiriro chirichonse (kapena) popanda kukakamiza kapena tsankho la boma.
  • Kumanja kusonkhanitsa ndi kupempha – Ufulu wa kusonkhanitsa mwamtendere ndi kudziŵitsa boma za kudandaula.
  • Ufulu wa kufunafuna kosayenera ndi kulanda – Chitetezero chimene chimachepetsa mphamvu ya kusungitsa lamulo kuloŵa m’nyumba, kulanda katundu, kapena kulowa m'makalata aumwini popanda chilolezo chachiweruzo.

Malamulo ambiri saali opatulidwa. Madongosolo a malamulo ambiri amalola ziletso zochepetsedwa pamene pali chiwongola dzanja chokakamiza cha boma . Chonga ngati kuletsa chiwawa kapena kutetezera dziko. Komabe, mkhalidwe wofunika ngwakuti chiletso chirichonse chiyenera kukonzedwa mochepera, kutsendereza pang'ono, ndi kuyang'anira. Chipsinjo chimabuka pamene maboma akakamiza malire a chimene chimapanga chiwongochitika "kuchepetsa mphamvu" kapena pamene machenjera a mphamvu a mphamvu achepa panthaŵi ya mavuto.

Maziko a Chifilosofi

Lingaliro lamakono la ufulu wa anthu limachokera kwambiri kwa olingalira za kuunika monga John Locke, Montesquieu, ndi James Madison. Locke anatsutsa kuti anthu ali ndi ufulu wachibadwa ku moyo, ufulu, ndi katundu, ndi kuti kuyenera kwa boma kumadalira pa kukhoza kwake kutetezera ufulu wa anthu. Madison, kulemba mu [FLT: 0] Fateralist Pappors [, anachenjeza kuti kuchuluka kwa mphamvu kwa mphamvu kumatsogolera ku nkhanza, kuchirikiza kulekana kwa maulamuliro ndi ufulu. Ziganizo zimenezi zinaumba U. Malamulo a U.S.

Mwanjira imeneyi, kumasulira ufulu umenewu kwasintha kuchokera ku zigamulo za khoti, malamulo, ndi kusinthasintha kwa anthu. Mwachitsanzo, ufulu wa kulankhula tsopano umaphatikizapo chitetezo cha mawu ophiphiritsira (m’chitsanzo,, mbendera) ndi kulankhula pa Intaneti pansi pa mikhalidwe ina. Ufulu wa munthu wakula kuchokera ku malo enieni a foni kupita ku foni, monga mmene nkhani zonga ngati Riley v. California . [2014], kumene Khoti Lapamwamba la U.S. linanena kuti apolisi afunikira chilolezo chofunsira foni kuti agwire ntchito ya magetsi kuti agwire. Zochitika zimenezi zimasonyeza kuti ayesetse mfundo zatsopano zachikhalidwe.

Ntchito ya Chisungiko cha Dziko

Chisungiko cha boma chimaphatikizapo zochita zimene boma limachita kuti liteteze nzika zake, gawo, mabungwe, ndi zinthu zofunika kwambiri kuti zisaopsezedwe ndi kunja ndi m’thupi.

  • Kuyesayesa kwauchigaŵenga kwaunyinji – kugawana luntha pakati pa mabungwe, kuyang'anira zachuma, ndi kusokoneza zigaŵenga zisanatuluke.
  • Machitidwe a kutetezera zinthu zofunikira (magetsi, madongosolo a zachuma) kuchokera kwa ozembera ndi magulu aupandu a boma.
  • Kusungidwa kwa Border ndi kusungidwa kwa anthu oloŵa m'dziko – Kujambula, kugwiritsa ntchito njira zamakono, ndi kuyang'anira njira zopulumukira kuti atchinjirizi asaloŵe m'mafilimu audani.
  • [[NT.0] Kuteteza ndi kuletsa [1] – kusunga zida zokhoza kuvomereza ziwopsezo zofala ndi zopinga.
  • Kukonzekera ndi kuyankha – kulinganiza kaamba ka masoka achilengedwe, miliri, ndi mavuto ena amene angasokoneze chitaganya.

Malamulo a chisungiko cha dziko kaŵirikaŵiri amafunikira kubisa, kufulumira, ndi ulamuliro waukulu . Magulu aluso amene angawombane ndi kuonekera, njira yoyenerera, ndi ufulu wa munthu aliyense payekha amene amapanga ufulu wa anthu. Mwachitsanzo, angatole unyinji wa chidziŵitso kuti adziŵe ziwopsezo zothekera, koma zimenezi zingafalitse chidziŵitso cha nzika zopanda liwongo popanda kudziŵa. Vuto lalikulu ndilo kupanga madongosolo amene amakhoza kuletsa ziwopsezo zenizeni pamene akumanga m'kutetezera ku ku ku nkhanza.

Chitetezo Chotchedwa Security - Liberty Tratoff M’kachitidwe

Njira yodziwira bwino kulinganiza ndi "decity·liberty posoff," kumene kutetezeka kowonjezereka kumalingaliridwa kukhala kodza ndi mtengo wa ufulu wochepa. Komabe, kugulitsa kumeneku sikumatsatizana kwambiri. Malamulo ena amaika mtolo wolemera pa ufulu pamene akungopereka mapindu a kutetezereka. Ena amawonjezera chisungiko popanda kudodometsa kwambiri pamene kuli koikidwiratu. Kupanga malamulo kumafuna umboni wa zimene kwenikweni zimagwira ntchito .

Mwachitsanzo, maprogramu ambiri oyang'anira (monga ngati zosonkhanitsa zochuluka za NSA's metadata zovumbulidwa ndi Edward Snowden) asulizidwa kukhala osagwira ntchito kuletsa ziganizo zauchigaŵenga zakutizakuti pamene kuli kwakuti pali kudalira kochititsa mantha ndi kudalira boma. Mosiyana, kugwiritsa ntchito kwa okayikira odziŵika pansi pa uyang'aniro wa chiweruzo kumapereka nzeru zatanthauzo popanda kusonkhanitsa mamiliyoni a malamulo. Kusiyanako kumagogomezera chifukwa chake malungwe alamulo onga Intelligest Surveillance Act (FASA) kuyesa kulinganiza ndi kupenda.

Kulinganiza Chilamulo cha Mulungu ndi Malingaliro Ake Amakono

Mavuto onse amene achitika m’mbiri ya anthu achititsa maboma kuwonjezera mphamvu zawo, ndipo nthaŵi zambiri zotsatira zake zimakhala zokhalitsa pa ufulu wawo. Kufufuza nkhani zimenezi kumasonyeza kuti zinthu zina mwa njirazo ndi zoopsa ndipo kuopsa kwa ulamuliro wosaletsedwa.

Mfundo Zake Za m’mbiri: Kuponderezana kwa Nthaŵi ya Nkhondo

Mkati mwa Nkhondo ya Chiŵeniŵeni ya ku America, Pulezidenti Abraham Lincoln anaimika mlandu wa asosholizimu a kagulu ka ofufuza, akumalola kumangidwa kwa asilikali kwa olingaliridwa kukhala omvera popanda chiyeso. M'nkhondo ya Dziko I, Espionage ndi Edition Acts otgist algultir of à à à à à à progar, kutsogolera anthu otsutsa chipembedzo monga mtsogoleri wa socialism Eugenes Eugene V. Debs. Chitsanzo choipitsitsa chinabwera m'nkhondo ya Dziko II, pamene U. U.. Boma la United States linatsendedwa pafupifupi 10,000 America, popanda umboni wa kusakhulupirika. Khoti Lapamwamba limapereka chitetezero cha lamulo la lamulo la boma pamene likhoza kulephera kuyang'anira ntchito kwa oyendetsa ntchito yoyendetsa ntchito yoyendetsa ntchito yalamulo.

Zitsanzo zofanana zinachitika m'mademokrase ena. United Kingdom inapambana Defence of the Real Act ya Nkhondo Yadziko I, ikumapereka maulamuliro autali kuti aphe anthu ndi zofalitsa. Canada anagwiritsira ntchito Mayeso a Nkhondo kugwirizanitsa Ukrainian Canada ndi Japanan Canadians. Phunziro ndi lakuti madongosolo a mavuto kaŵirikaŵiri amapitirira pa ngozi, kukhazikitsa zitsanzo zimene zimawononga ufulu kwa zaka makumi ambiri.

Pofika mu 103 /11: Kupatulidwa Kwatsopano

Kuukira kwa September 11, 2001 kunasintha kwambiri malo a chitetezo a dziko. Patangopita milungu yochepa, Nyumba ya Malamulo ya United States inapereka lamulo la PRITIOT , limene linakulitsa mphamvu zoyang'anira. Makonzedwe analola kuti anthu aziyendera foni, kupezeka pa makampani pofufuza zanzeru, ndiponso kuti awonjezere chidziŵitso pakati pa mabungwe a zauchigaŵenga. Act ionje inawonjezeranso kumasulira kwa "uchigawenga wa a zandale" kuti agwiritsidwe ntchito zosiyanasiyana za ndale.

  • Bungwe la NSA linakhazikitsa pulogalamu yolumikiza mametaimu ambiri a matelefoni m’chigawo cha Gawo 215 cha bungwe la PTRIOT Act, lomwe kenako khoti linalamula kuti lisamaloledwe kuchita zimenezi.
  • Kugwiritsa ntchito magazini a National Security Letters (NSLs) kunawonjezeka, motero bungwe la FBI linafuna kuti anthu olemba makampani a intaneti alembetse zinthu zokhudza anthu amene sanawavomereze, komanso kuti alembetse zinthu zosadziŵika bwino.
  • Kulephera kufunsa ndi kufunsa mafunso ku Guantanamo Bay ndi "malo akuda" kunadzutsa mafunso onena za njira yoyenerera ndi kugwiritsira ntchito kuzunza, kuchititsa kuipitsidwa kosatha kwa ufulu wa anthu ku America.

Ngakhale kuti lamulo la PTRIOT linali loyang'anira ndi kukonzanso nthaŵi ndi nthaŵi, zambiri mwa zinthu zimene linakonza zinakhala zosatha. Mu 2015, bungwe la USA INFUXTUBENT Act linathetsa pulogalamu yaikulu ya metadata ndi kuonekera kwa anthu ambiri, koma linawonjezera maulamuliro ena ofufuza. Kachitidweka kakusonyeza kuti mphamvu zoyang’anira zikaperekedwa, sizimachotsedwa n’komwe.

Makina Oyendera Magetsi ndi Boma Lamakono

Lerolino, kachitidwe ka kulinganiza sikumaloŵetsamo makampani a boma okha komanso makampani achinsinsi. Makampani a technology amasonkhanitsa unyinji wa chidziŵitso cha munthu mwini kaamba ka zifuno za malonda, ndipo maboma angapeze chidziŵitso chimenecho kupyolera mwa njira zalamulo, nyumba zapambuyo, kapena zifuno zachindunji. Chivumbulutso cha Snowden mu 2013 chimasonyeza kuti mabungwe a luntha aloŵa mwachindunji mwa oyendetsa makampani aakulu monga Google, Facebook, ndi Yahoo. [FL:0] Corratecture [1] Bukhunt ,

Luso lozindikira anthu, ma algorith , ndi AIPAROUTS adayambitsa nkhaŵa zatsopano. Mwachitsanzo, kugwiritsira ntchito makompyuta a gulu ndi zithunzithunzi za kutsogolo kwasonyezedwa kuyambukira kwambiri anthu ochepa, kukulitsa chitetezo chofanana ndi nkhani zofunikira. Pakali pano, kugwiritsa ntchito makamera ofufuza m’mizinda monga London ndi Beijing kwakhala kuyang'aniridwa kwabwino, popanda umboni wokwanira wosonyeza kuti kumachepetsa upandu waukulu. Vuto lalikulu nlo kutsimikizira kuti luso la zopanga zinthu limathandiza kuteteza anthu popanda kuyambitsa boma loyang'anira lachikhalire.

Makampani Opanga Mafumu ndi Mabungwe a Makampani

Kuti boma likhale lokhwima pa nkhani ya malamulo, pamafunika malamulo okhwima amene amathandiza mabungwe oteteza anthu kuti asamavutike kutero.

Maziko a Malamulo

Ku United States, Malamulo Oyamba ndi achinayi ndi oteteza kwambiri malamulo kuti asasokoneze kulankhula, kusonkhana, ndi kukhala paokha. Lamulo lachinayi limafuna kuti kufufuza ndi kugwidwa ndi njirinjiri zikhale zochokera ku chifukwa chothekera ndi chikalata choperekedwa ndi woweruza, popanda kutchula mikhalidwe kapena chitetezo cha dziko. Komabe, Khoti Lapamwamba lamilandu lazindikira kuti "zofunika zapadera" zopatulidwa pofufuza malamulo ena ochitidwa, monga kufufuza malire kapena kuyang'anira. M'nkhani za chitetezo cha dzikolo, FISAA inakhazikitsa khoti lapadera (Fisa Court, kapena FISIC) kuti ipende mafomu oyang'anira mphamvu zachilendo kapena antchito awo. Otsutsa kuti FIC amafufuzanso malamulo a boma ndi obisika, ndipo amavomereza mfundo zambiri za boma, popanda chiganitso cha chiganitso cha chikalata.

Malamulo Aakulu

  • Kusintha kwa Nzeru Kwabwino Act (FASA)[FLT :1] [788] – Kumafuna chilolezo cha chiweruzo cha electronic pofufuza luntha. Zosintha zotsatira zinakulitsa ukulu wake kuphatikizapo anthu osakhala 2016 ndi zopereka zochuluka.
  • PARITIOT Act (2001) – mphamvu zofufuza zofutukulidwa; Chigawo 215 chinalola kusonkhanitsa "zinthu zosaoneka" (kuphatikizapo zolembedwa) zogwirizana ndi kufufuza kwa uchigaŵenga.
  • USUSA UFUFUZERT Act (2015) – Choso choikizidwa cha mametaimu ochuluka pansi pa Gawo 215 ndi kuonekera kowonjezereka, koma kubwezeretsanso maulamuliro ena oyang’anira.
  • Cybersecurity Information Survanity Act (CISA) (2015) – wofalitsa wolimbikitsidwa kugaŵana ndi boma za chiwopsezo cha pa Intaneti, kukulitsa nkhaŵa zachinsinsi ponena za kuchuluka kwa chidziŵitso chogawana.

Maiko ena ali ndi maziko ofanana. United Kingdom’s Investigation Powers Powers 2016 ("Snooper's Tchatar") imapatsa maulamuliro autali kuti asonkhanitse chidziŵitso cha kulankhula ndi kufuna makampani a pa Intaneti kuchotsa zolembedwa zobisika. The European Union’s General Data Protection Regiption (GDPR) imakhazikitsa malire okhwima pa kukonza ndi kukhazikitsa malamulo osonyeza ntchito za ukatswiri, kupereka chitsanzo chosiyana chimene chimaika ufulu wachinsinsi. Maluso amenewa osiyana akusonyeza miyambo ndi malamulo a U. U. S. Imafuna kufulumira kuyang'anira zaudindo pankhani za chitetezo, pamene EUP igogomezera mphamvu ya munthu aliyense pa chidziŵitso chaumwini.

Kuweruza ndi Kuyang’anira Machenjera

Makhoti amachita mbali yofunika kwambiri popanga malire. Milandu ya zachitetezo yonga ngati Zweibon v. Mitchell [775] ndi United States v. U.S. Khoti Lapamwamba [[FLT:] inachita chigamulo chakuti ngakhale chitetezo chapanyumba chimafuna chilolezo. [[FLT:] mu [FLT] Clapper v. Amnesty International USA [FT:] (2017]), Khoti Lapamwamba linagamula kuti kuima kuti atsutse NS Alonda chifukwa chakuti sakanatha kuyang'aniridwa ndi kutsimikizira kuti anali kuyang'aniridwa. Chosankha chimene chinagogomezera mavuto a mpikisano wochita zachinsinsi. [FTT], posachedwapa, United States Frectedred: [5]

Kupyola makhoti, mabungwe oyang’anira odziimira okha monga ngati Thupi ndi Civil Libertes Overst Board (PCLOB) mu U.S. ndi bungwe la Inventigatoriation Power ku U.K. amayang'aniridwa ndi kupenda ntchito za boma ndi kupereka malipoti. Komabe, mabungwe ameneŵa kaŵirikaŵiri alibe mphamvu yowalamulira ndipo angachepetsedwe panthaŵi ya chiwopsezo chachikulu. Uyang'aniro wogwira mtima umafunikira kuonekera, ndalama zokwanira, ndi kukhoza kukakamiza zolembedwa ndi umboni zimene zimatsutsidwa kaŵirikaŵiri ndi mabungwe a zachitetezo.

Malingaliro a Anthu Onse ndi Mbali ya Uphunzitsi

Anthu analakalaka kwambiri chitetezo komanso ufulu. Pambuyo pa 9/11, kufufuza kunasonyeza kuchirikiza kwambiri kuyang'anira kowonjezereka, ngakhale pakati pa amene anakhazikitsa ufulu wa anthu. Mkupita kwa nthaŵi, pamene kuukira kwa anthu kunazimiririka ndi kuulutsidwa kwa kuchitiridwa nkhanza, kuchirikizidwa kunachepa. Snowden anatsegula mkangano wapadziko lonse, zimene zinayambitsa kusintha konga USA INVH Act ndi kusonkhezera European Court of Justice kugonjetsa EU. Save Harbor (ikuyendetsa ntchito ya makompyuta) chifukwa cha kulephera kuteteza anthu achinsinsi.

Mabungwe a boma ngosuliza m'zikhalidwe zimenezi. Magulu onga ngati American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU ), Exprononic Foundation Foundation (EFF) [[FLT]], ndi Human Rights Watch shoferal relage Office, mafail, ndi kuphunzitsa anthu. Amatsutsanso maprogramu oimira ACLUU's pulogalamu yotsutsa NSA' yolemera kugamula kuti siilo lolo loletsedwa. Ntchito yawo imatsimikizira kuti dongosolo lachitetezo silimagwira ntchito popanda kufufuza, ngakhale pamene anthu onse akusokoneza nkhani zina.

Komabe, kuukira kuyang'anizana ndi nkhondo yokwera kwambiri. Mabungwe a zachitetezo kaŵirikaŵiri amagaŵa ntchito zawo, kupangitsa kukhala kovuta kutsimikizira kuti maprogramu opikisanawo amathandizadi. Ndiponso, andale anganene kuti "alephera kusamala" ngati akayikira njira zogamula milandu, kuchititsa mantha kwambiri pauyang'aniro wa boma. Kugwirizana kwa anthu, kulembedwa kwaulere, ndi kutetezeredwa kwa foni nkofunika kuti adziwitse mlandu.

Zimene Tidzalingalira Mtsogolo: Zaluso ndi Kuwopsyeza Kwachilengedwe

Luntha la zopangapanga, makompyuta, ndi zipangizo zamakono zimene zilipo zonse, zikupanga luso la sayansi lomwe linali lopeka zaka khumi zapitazo. Panthaŵi imodzimodziyo, kuopsa kukuvuta kwambiri kutchula ndi kuchititsa kuukira kwabwino kwambiri kwa oseŵera okha, magulu aupandu, kapena magulu a boma, onsewo akugwiritsira ntchito zida zofananazo.

Luntha Lopanga ndi Zochuluka

AI angapende masamu aakulu odziŵikitsa mawonekedwe, kuneneratu makhalidwe, ndi ziwopsezo za mbendera. Malamulo osungidwa kale amagwiritsira ntchito maajensi a apolisi odziŵikitsa, koma madongosolo ameneŵa amaika chiwonjezeko ngati ataphunzitsidwa pa zolakwika za mbiri yakale. Luso la zojambulajambula, lomwe limagwiritsidwa ntchito pabwalo la ndege ndi zochitika za anthu, lingakhale lolondola komanso losavuta kugwiritsa ntchito molakwa zinthu zolakwika. Kuteteza dzikolo, AI ingachititse kuukira kwa galimoto m'mabomba kapena kutulutsa mawu osokoneza maganizo. Kusoŵa kwa miyezo yomveka bwino ya malamulo a FIctader . Kusoŵa kwa malamulo oyenerera pamene chigalamu cha chita molakwa chiwopsezo chachikulu m'chitetezo chamakono.

Kudziŵa Zinthu Zachinsinsi ndi Mphamvu ya Chigwirizano

Unduna wa zachuma umachititsa kusagwirizana: makampani akusonkhanitsa chidziŵitso kaamba ka zifukwa zomveka za malonda, koma maboma angapeze chidziŵitso chimenecho kupyolera mwa mapempho ololedwa, nyumba zapambuyo, kapena kukakamiza . Kukakamiza "kutsekereza" kochitidwa ndi mabungwe osungitsa lamulo kumagogomezera nkhondoyo. Pamene kuli kwakuti kuletsa zigaŵenga ku "kupitirizabe kukhala mdima," malo akumbuyo angachititse chitetezo cha onse ogwiritsira ntchito, kupangitsa chidziŵitso kukhala chosavuta kwa ozemba ndi mautumiki a nzeru achilendo.

Miyezo ya Padziko Lonse ndi Kugwirizana

Ziwopsezo zonga uchigaŵenga ndi uchigaŵenga wa pa Intaneti zikudutsa malire, zikufunikira kugwirizana kwa mayiko. Komabe mayiko osiyanasiyana ali ndi njira zosiyanasiyana zopezera ufulu wa anthu. U.S. ndi Ulaya akuswa kwambiri chitetezo cha makompyuta, pamene maboma a authoritarianism onga China atenga kuyang'anira kwakukulu monga chida cholamulira anthu. Bungwe la Ulaya Contion 108 + ndi OE'S Liganier Guides projects , koma lamulo nlochepa.

Kumaliza

Kulinganiza kwa ufulu wa anthu ndi chisungiko cha dziko sikuli vuto loti lithetsedwe kamodzi kwa onse. Ndi njira yopitirizabe ya kukambitsirana, kuyang'anira, ndi kuzoloŵera. Magulu a democracy ayenera kukana chiyeso cha kupereka ufulu wachikhalire kaamba ka mapindu a aehemeral ku chisungiko. Panthaŵi imodzimodziyo, iwo sangakhale osadziŵa zinthu zenizeni zimene zingawaopseze. Njira ya kutsogolo imakhala mu kutsendereza [1] . [maprogramumboni oyendera oonekera kwa anthu onse ndi odzidalira paokha; [[FLT:] [FLT] [12]] [FFFLT:]

Nzika zili ndi mbali inanso yochitira zinthu. Kukhala odziŵa za mphamvu zimene zimagwiritsidwa ntchito m’dzina lawo, kutenga nawo mbali m’nkhani yapoyera, ndi mabungwe ochirikiza ufulu wa anthu amene amachirikiza kuyenera kwa ufulu kumawathandiza kukhalabe ndi ufulu. Monga momwe mbiri isonyezera, pamene mfundo zachikatikati za kusamala za kusungika zikuvuta kubwezeretsa ufulu wotayika.