Maziko a Ulamuliro Walamulo

Kumasulira malamulo ndi njira imene malamulo amapangira malamulo, kuwagwiritsa ntchito, ndi kuwasintha m’dongosolo lililonse la malamulo. Malamulo ndi malamulo apamwamba a dzikolo, kukhazikitsa boma, kukhazikitsa mphamvu zolamulira, ndi kuteteza ufulu. Kumasulira malamulo ndi njira imene makhoti, opanga malamulo, akuluakulu a boma, ndi akatswiri a zamalamulo amasankha tanthauzo la malamulo ndi kuwagwiritsa ntchito pa zochitika zinazake. Popanda kumvetsetsana mmene angagwiritsirire ntchito malamulowo, malamulo onsewo amasintha ndi kusatsimikizirika. Nkhaniyi imapereka mfundo yodalirika ya mmene malamulo amapangira, mmene malamulo a malamulo a malamulo a boma amasinthira, ndi mmene malamulowo angasinthire pa nthawi.

Pamaziko ake, kumasulira kwa lamulo kumatumikira monga mlatho pakati pa malamulo ovuta kufotokoza olembedwa zaka makumi angapo kapena zaka mazana ambiri zapitazo ndi zenizeni za ulamuliro wamakono. Kaya woweruza akugamulapo mkangano waulere, nyumba yoyalutsa ikupanga lamulo latsopano pa zachinsinsi, kapena bungwe loyang’anira likukhazikitsa lamulo, malamulo akupereka maziko aakulu. Chotero kumvetsetsa njira zomasulira nkofunika osati kokha kwa maloya ndi opanga malamulo komanso kwa nzika iliyonse imene ikufuna kuzindikira mmene ufulu wawo ndi ulamuliro wa boma zilili zolinganizika.

Makonzedwe a Malamulo

Kuchokera ku Bill Kupita ku Chilamulo: Njira Yapansi

Malamulo amapangidwa kupyolera m'madongosolo a malamulo omwe amasiyanasiyana m'madongosolo osiyanasiyana a malamulo koma amatsata njira yofanana. Mtengo umayambitsidwa ndi chiŵalo cha bungwe la malamulo . Zikalatazo zimayambitsidwa ndi chiŵalo cha bungwe la malamulo . Mu Biatameral, monga United States Congress kapena Palamend , zonse ziŵiri zifunikira kudutsa mpangidwe wofanana wa malamulo. Nthaŵi ina, chilolezocho chimaperekedwa kwa mkulu wa boma (Pricent, nduna yaikulu, kapena kazembe). Chikalatacho chingakhale chovomerezeka m’lamulo, chingakhale lamulo, popanda lamulo, kapena kuikidwa ndi lamulo.

Njira yapadera imeneyi imatsimikizira kuti malamulo operekedwawo amafufuzidwa mosamalitsa asanakhazikitsedwe. Komabe, njirayo siitha pamene lamulo lasainidwa. Lamulo lililonse liyenera kukhala logwirizana ndi malamulo ndi malamulo a malamulo. Ngati lamulo liswa zoyenera zalamulo kapena kupitirira mphamvu zimene boma limapereka, likhoza kutsutsidwa m’khoti ndi kumenyedwa. Kufufuza kwa malamulo kumeneku ndiko maziko a kupenda kwachiweruzo, kofotokozedwa pambuyo pake m’nkhani ino.

Malamulo Ophunzitsidwa pa Malamulo

Malamulo amakhazikitsa malamulo aŵiri oletsa ndi oletsa kukhazikitsa malamulo. Ziletso zapansi pa malamulo zimaphatikizapo malamulo akuti ufulu wa kutsegulira mawu, kukhazikitsa chipembedzo, kukana chitetezero chofanana, kapena kupereka zilango zankhanza ndi zachilendo. Malamulo ayenera kutchula nthaŵi zonse malamulo amene ayenera kuikidwa popanga ndi kukambirana. Kulephera kuchita zimenezo kungatulutse lamulolo zaka zopeputsa, kugwiritsa ntchito ndalama zandale ndi kusokoneza malamulo ena monga kuwonjezera kapena kukhazikitsa malamulo.

M'madongosolo a boma, kumasulira kwa lamulo kumasankhanso kugaŵikana kwa ulamuliro pakati pa dziko ndi boma kapena maboma achigawo. Mwachitsanzo, Communist Claus ya United States yamasuliridwa [1] Nthaŵi zina "* kupereka mphamvu yaikulu ya Congress ku kulamulira ntchito ya zachuma, pamene Kukonzanso kwa khumi kumasunga maulamuliro ena onse. Kumasulira kumeneku kuli maziko a mmene malamulo amalinganizidwira ndi kutsutsidwa.

Ziphunzitso za Kumasulira Koikidwiratu

Kodi oweruza ndi akuluakulu a boma ayenera kudziŵira motani tanthauzo la malamulo?

Kuyambirira ndi Kulemba Malemba

Chiphunzitso cha pulogalamu chimakhulupirira kuti malamulo ayenera kumasuliridwa mogwirizana ndi tanthauzo lawo loyamba la anthu panthaŵi imene anavomerezedwa. Matchalitchi amatsutsa kuti njira imeneyi imaletsa kuweruza ndi kukhudza njira ya demokrase imene malamulo anakhazikitsa. Kumasulira kwa malembo [malembo] , chiphunzitso chogwirizana kwambiri, chimasumika pa malemba oonekera bwino a chikalatacho, kudalira pa dikishonale ndi kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa nthaŵi yachiŵiri. M’tsogoleri satanthauza kuti malamulo a m'zolemba lakale; ambiri a sayansi akuvomereza kuti kugwiritsa ntchito tanthauzo koyamba kwa tanthauzo kwa anthu kungasinthe, monga ngati kukhazikika kwa nthaŵi yaitali. Oyambirira a AScianan Scliatial.

Kutsatira Lamulo Lokhudza Moyo

Mosiyana, mfundo za malamulo zokhala ndi moyo zimatsutsa kuti malamulo alamulo ali chikalata champhamvu chimene tanthauzo lake limasintha ndi makhalidwe a anthu ndi mikhalidwe. Ochirikiza amaloza ku zigamulo zapadera monga Brown v. Body of Education [[FLD:3] [1954], chimene chinathetsa kudalirana kwa mafuko m'masukulu, kutsutsa kuti kumvetsetsa koyambirira kwa Chitetezo cha Clausle sakanatha kutulutsa chotulukapo chimenecho. Pachiwonetserochi, oweruza aunyinji monga “mayendedwe a" kapena“ chilango chachilendo ndi chachilendo cha m’kuulimi wamakono. Otsutsa a malamulo amwambo akuvomereza kuti adzilole kuyendera njira zawo zodzisankhira.

Kufufuza ndi Kumasulira Mabuku

Purpositism imafuna kupereka chiyambukiro ku zifuno zazikulu zokhala ndi malamulo mmalo mwa mawu awo enieni. Mwachitsanzo, chifuno cha Free Speecountale chingakhale kuyambitsa kugamula kwa democracy, kutsogolera oweruza kutetezera mitundu ina ya kulankhula (zandale) kuposa ina (zachikhalidwe kapena zonyansa). [FLT:] Kumasulira kwa Free Spectural [[[FL:3] kuyang'ana pa kapangidwe konse ka malamulo a boma, kugawa kwa mphamvu za dziko, kuyang'anira ndi kulinganiza.

Kugwiritsa Ntchito Malamulo Othandiza: Mmene Makhoti Amasankhira

Zomwe amachitira, oweruza ambiri amagwiritsira ntchito kuphatikiza mfundo zimenezi, nthaŵi zina kuyambirira kwa malemba, nthaŵi zina mbiri, chitsanzo, ndipo nthaŵi zina zotsatira. Kusankha njira yomasulira kungathe kusintha kwambiri zotsatira za mlandu. Mwachitsanzo, funso la kaya ngati Second Amendment imateteza munthu ku ufulu wa kudzipangira mfuti linakanganira kwa nthaŵi yaitali pakati pa akatswiri oyambirira (amene anapeza kuyenera kumeneku) ndi akatswiri a malamulo a za malamulo (omwe anagogomezera chinenero cha asilikali). Chigamulo cha Khoti Lapamwamba la Court . Diversity of Columbia v. Hellar[FLD:] (2001) (2008) anatengera kwambiri njira yoyambirira yopanga masinthidwe apadera m’lamulo za mfuti.

Mbali ya Kupenda Chiweruzo

[[FLT: 0] Kupenda kwa judicial kuli mphamvu ya makhoti kulengeza malamulo kapena machitidwe audindo popanda lamulo. Choyamba chokhazikitsidwa mu United States ndi Marbury v. Madison [1803] [1803]), ulamuliro umenewu tsopano uli mbali ya mademokrase ambiri a konsi. Chiphunzitso cha komiti chimatsimikizira kuti ntchito zonse za boma zimagwirizana ndi malamulo, komanso chimadzutsanso mafunso onena za ntchito yoyenera ya oweruza osasankhidwa mu demokrase.

Milandu Yosonyeza Kuyenda Panthaka ndi Kuyambukiridwa Kwake

Zosankha zingapo zapadera zimasonyeza mmene malamulo amakhudzira anthu:

  • Marbury v. Madison [FLT :2] (103] – kukhazikitsa lamulo lachiweruzo, kulengeza kuti Khoti Lalikulu lili ndi ulamuliro wa kugonjetsa machitidwe a Malamulo amene amaswa malamulo.
  • Brown v. Board of Education [FLT :2] [[FLT ] [1954] ) – Kuchitidwa kuti tsankho laufuko m'masukulu a anthu onse linaswa Chitetezo Chofanana, kugwetsa “kusiyana koma chofanana” chiphunzitso ndi kutsendereza gulu la ufulu wachibadwidwe.
  • . [1] [1] [[FLT :2] [[FLT] [773] ) – Kupeza kuyenera kwa lamulo kwa kuchotsa mimba pansi pa Claus Claus, chigamulo chimene chinayambitsa zaka makumi ambiri za mkangano wa ndale ndi womasulira.
  • bergefell v. Hodges [1] (2015) – kulamulidwa kwa ukwati wa mlingo umodzi ndi kuyenera kwachisungiro ndi Konsichushoni, kugwiritsa ntchito zonse ziŵiri njira zoyenerera ndi malamulo otetezera ofanana.
  • Dobbs . Jackson Akazi’s Health Organization [[FLT ] [2] [202] ) – Kuwoloka Roe [ ndi Makolo odzutsa ana. Casey . , kubwezera funso la kuchotsa mimba ku matanthauzo. Zimenezi zinagogomezera kusokonezeka kwa malamulo alamulo ndi mphamvu ya mapangano a chiweruzo.

Milandu imeneyi imasonyeza kuti matanthauzo achiweruzo sasinthasintha; amasintha pamene makhoti akusintha ndipo mfundo za chikhalidwe zimasintha.

Mphamvu za Uchigawenga Zili Patali ndi Malire Ake

Kupenda kwachiweruzo sikuli kopanda malire. Makhoti ambiri amamamatira ku lamulo la stare decis , limene limapanga chitsanzo ndi kukhazikitsa. Komabe, Bwalo Lamilandu Lalikulu nthaŵi zina lalamulira zitsanzo zake pamene apezedwa kukhala olakwika kapena osagwira ntchito. Zigamulo zina zimaphatikizapo ziphunzitso zolungama (kuima, kupsa mtima, kukhazikika) zimene zimaletsa makhoti kutulutsa malingaliro kapena kugamula mikangano. Kuwonjezera apo, nthambi zandale zingasungenso zitsutsa zosankha za chiweruzo mwa kuweruza malamulo, kukhazikitsa malamulo atsopano ogwirizana ndi makhoti, kapena, m'nkhani zazikulu, kukonzanso.

Makina Osintha Malamulo

Kusintha kwa malamulo kukhoza kuchitika kudzera m’njira ziŵiri zazikulu: kusintha kwamwaŵi ndi kusintha mwamwaŵi mwa kumasulira ndi kuyeseza.

Makonzedwe a Kukonzanso

Malamulo ambiri amaphatikizapo njira yalamulo yosinthira imene imafunikira kuvomereza kwakukulu ndipo kaŵirikaŵiri kotchuka. Mwachitsanzo, Gawo V la Malamulo a U.S. limafuna mavoti aŵiri chitatu m'nyumba ndi Nyumba ndi Nyumba ndi kuikidwa ndi makwalala atatu ndi magawo atatu a malamulo a boma. Malo apamwamba ameneŵa amatsimikizira kuti kukonza zinthu kumasonyeza kuvomerezana kwakukulu ndipo sikuchitidwa mopepuka. M'mbiri yonse ya U.S., mavoti 27 okha ndi amene avomerezedwa, ndi mapangano khumi oyambirira (Malamulo a ufulu wachibadwidwe) owonjezeredwa mwamsanga pambuyo pa chikalata choyambirira. Mayiko ena ali ndi makhonde a mageti osiyana; India amafuna kuti anthu aŵiri a m'nyumba iliyonse ya nyumba ya malamulo ndi kuwonjezerako kwa maalamu ena.

Kukonzanso zinthu kwakhala kukuthandiza kuti ufulu wa anthu ufalikire (wa m’chaka cha 13, wa 14 wa 14, wa 15, wa 19 wa Amendments), kusintha boma (kuchepetsa malamulo a pulezidenti), ndi kuchepetsa malamulo a khoti Lapamwamba (la 11) (la 11, la 26 la Amendulement). Chifukwa chakuti kusintha kumeneku n’kovuta kwambiri, kogwirizana ndi malamulo a boma ku United States kwadalira kwambiri pa kumasuliranso matanthauzo a milandu m’malo mokonzanso.

Kusintha Kwamwaŵi mwa Kumasulira Chiweruzo

M’kugwiritsira ntchito, tanthauzo la malamulo lingasinthe modabwitsa popanda kusintha mawu. Mwachitsanzo, Commerce Claus anatembenuzidwa mochepera kuchiyambi kwa zaka za zana la 20, kenaka kufutukulidwa mkati mwa New Deal kulola malamulo a boma, ndipo pambuyo pake kumangidwanso m'zochitika zonga United States v. Lopez[FLT :1] [1955]. Mofananamo, lingaliro la “creel ndi chilango chachilendo” m'Chisinthiko cha Kusintha kwa Malamulo cha Chiyambitsiri chakhala choletsa machitachita olingaliridwa kukhala ovomerezeka, monga kupha ana ndi olemala kwa nzeru.

Kukhoza kwamwayi kwa kusintha kumeneku kuli ponse paŵiri mphamvu ndi kuvutirapo. Kumalola malamulo kusinthira ku tekinoloji yatsopano ndi mayanjano popanda kusintha kolemetsa. Koma kumatanthauzanso kuti kuikidwa kwachiweruzo chimodzi kungasinthe tanthauzo la zoyenera zazikulu, kutsogolera ku nkhondo za ndale zadziko pa kuchotsa malo a makhoti.

Ntchito ya Kumasulira Malamulo ndi Udindo

Makhoti si okha amene amamasulira malamulo. Nthambi yaikulu imamasulira malamulo nthaŵi zonse posankha kusaina mafashoni, kupereka malamulo a akuluakulu a boma, kapena kuchitapo kanthu pa zankhondo. Mwachitsanzo, mapresidenti ayambitsa ziphunzitso za ulamuliro wa waudindo kuti alungamitse ulamuliro waukulu pa boma ndi kuchotsa anthu otsika. Nyumba ya Malamulo imamasuliranso malamulo pamene asankha za mphamvu zake pansi pa Klaus ndi moyenerera ndi malire a ulamuliro wake. “malangizo apamwamba" angawone ndi mafotokozedwe achiweruzo, kuyambitsa mavuto amene nthaŵi zina amathetsedwa mwa kulolera kwa ndalensi kapena kugonja.

Mavuto a Panthaŵiyo Pomasulira Lamulo

Kukometsera Mawonekedwe ndi Mabwalo amilandu

M'mademokrase ambiri, kumasulira kwa lamulo kwakhala kogwirizana kwambiri. Mapangano achiweruzo amatsutsidwa kwambiri chifukwa chakuti chiphunzitso chofala chomasulira chingathe kugamula zotsatira za nkhani zotentha monga kuchotsa mimba, ufulu wa mfuti, ndale, ndale, ndi mphamvu. Kusintha kumeneku kwa ndale kukudzutsa nkhaŵa za kuyenera kwa kupenda kwachiweruzo: ngati zoweruza zakhala zoonedwa kukhala zokopa osati zandale, kukhulupirira kwa anthu onse m'malamulo owononga zinthu. Akatswiri ena amachirikiza kumasulira bwino njira, monga ngati kumasulira kwa kuweruza, kuletsa kuweruza. Ena akutsutsa kuti kuwonekera kwa anthu kukhoza kuwathandiza kuzindikira kuweruza sikungothandiza kuweruza kokha kukhala kwa andale.

Luso la Zaluso ndi Malo Atsopano

Kodi ufulu wa mayiko pansi pa Tenth Amendment umakhala ndi malamulo otsatizana ndi mafotokozedwe akale, koma kusintha kwa luso la zopangapanga kumafuna kuti anthu aziyendera pulogalamu yamakono? Kodi ufulu wa boma pansi pa Tenth Amendment umakhala wogwirizana ndi mayeso akale? Makhoti ambiri amadalira pa kuyerekezera ndi masinthidwe a sayansi, koma kusintha kwa njira zamakono ndi njira zoyambirira. Mwachitsanzo, Khoti Lapamwamba mu Riley ndi . California . California . (20]) (2014] amakhulupirira kuti kufufuza foni kuti ikhale yokhudza kumangidwa kuyenera kukhala ndi chilolezo, kugwiritsa ntchito matelefoni kwa “olemba ndi otchuka. Koma amavomereza mphamvu yawo yapadera ya kuchuluka kwa chidziŵitso chaumwini.

Kusonkhezera Dziko Lonse ndi Kumasulira Kofanana

Makhoti a Konsichushoni amatsutsa kwambiri mfundo za malamulo achilendo ndi a mitundu yonse pomasulira malamulo awo. Kachitidwe kameneka, nthaŵi zina kamatchedwa kumasulira kwa lamulo kwalamulo kogwirizana ndi mfundo zachikhalidwe , kamatsutsana. Ochirikiza amatsutsa kuti malamulo a ufulu wa anthu ngofalikira padziko lonse ndi kuti kuyang'ana ku ma democracytical kungapereke chidziŵitso chapadera. Otsutsa amatsutsa kuti lamulo lachilendo lilibe loyenerera m'dongosolo la dziko ndipo likhoza kukhala loyenerera kuchirikiza zoikidwiratu. Pamene kuli kwakuti Chilungamo cha Supwire cha U. Chilungamo cha Malamulo chapamwamba chakhala chogawagawa pa nkhani imeneyi, ndi Woweruza Kennedy akutchulapo zochitika zina zonga [FLD:2]. SMFFF: [200]

Kumaliza

Kumasulira malamulo sikuli kugwiritsa ntchito maphunziro ayi; ndi injini imene imayendetsa mmene malamulo amapangidwira, kugwiritsiridwa ntchito, ndi kusintha m’kupita kwa nthaŵi. Kuchokera ku kugamulidwa kwa lamulo lokhala ndi chitokoso chake m’khoti, malamulo alamulo amagwiritsidwa ntchito nthaŵi zonse. Kumvetsetsa mafotokozedwe osiyanasiyana a kumasulira (chiyambi cha malamulo, kukhalira ndi kukhalira ndi malamulo, purpositism , ndi ena. . "auctivesism , ndi opanga malamulo okhala ndi zida zoyendera kupenda malamulo ndi ntchito zalamulo mochenjera. Malamulo a malamulo a malamulo ndi kumasulira amwambo amatsimikizira kuti malamulo akhalabe othandiza, koma amayambitsanso kusagwirizana pakati pa kukhazikika ndi kusintha kwa demokrase ndi kuyang'anira. M'nyengo ya magaŵano a ndale zadziko ndi kusintha a zamakono, luso la anthu olingalira bwino ndi kulongosola bwino malamulo alamulo angatsimikizire ufulu wake ndi ufulu wa malamulo.

Kuti muŵerenge mowonjezereka, funsani Constitution Center ya dzikolo kaamba ka chuma cha maphunziro pa Constitution ya U.S., kupenda Cornell Information Institute ya Malamulo , kapena kupenda zigamulo za mabwalo aakulu pa Project .