Bill of Rights, yomwe inavomerezedwa pa December 15, 1791, ndi imodzi ya zikalata zokondedwa kwambiri ndi zotsutsana m’mbiri ya America. Kukonzanso khumi zoyambirira za Lamulo la United States, kunakhazikitsa chitetezero cha ufulu wa munthu aliyense pa ulamuliro wa boma. Kwa zaka zoposa 230, kusintha kumeneku kwasintha kwambiri malamulo a dziko, kusonkhezera magulu a anthu, ndi kutumikira monga chizindikiro cha ufulu padziko lonse. Kumvetsa bwino za ufulu wa anthu sikumafuna kungozindikira kumene kuli chiyambi chake cha mbiri yakale komanso kuyamikira mmene makonzedwe ake atembenuzidwira, kufutukulidwa, ndi kutsutsidwa kwa mibadwo yonse. Nkhani imeneyi imafufuza mmene Bill of Rights Rights of America, misss, kutsata mizu yake, nkhani yake yaikulu, milandu ya makhoti, ndi kutsutsana kwachikhalire.

Mbiri Yakale: Kumenyera Nkhondo Ufulu wa Anthu

Constitution, yolembedwa mu 1787, inapanga boma lapakati lolimba kwambiri kuposa Articles of Confederation. Komabe, Aamereka ambiri anawopa kuti ulamuliro watsopano wa boma umenewu ukanapondereza ufulu umene anamenyera kutetezera pa Kusintha kwa Dziko. Kutsutsana ponena za ngati lamulo la ufulu linali lofunikira kuchotsedwa. Chotulukapo chinali kulolera kwa ndale zadziko kumene kunatulutsa ziwongoletso khumi zoyambirira.

Kutsutsana kwa Otsutsa Federalist v.

Pamisonkhano yokopa ya 1787-1788, misasa iŵiri yosiyana inatulukira. Ofufuza ufulu, otsogozedwa ndi Alexander Hamilton ndi James Madison, anatsutsa kuti Konsichushoni yeniyeniyo inachepetsa mphamvu za boma kupyolera m'maulamuliro oŵerengedwa ndi kuti kuwonjezera malamulo a ufulu kunali kosafunikira ndipo kuopsa, popeza kuti kundandandalika ufulu wina kungachititse kuti ufulu wosaŵerengeka usakhalepo. Anti-FREDALIS [, kuphatikizapo Patrick ndi George Mason, anaumirira kuti popanda chitetezo chomveka, boma likhoza kulowa m’ufulu wotero, chipembedzo, manyuzipepala, ndi maakauzi.

  • Ofufuza za malamulo ankakhulupirira kapangidwe ka malamulo a boma ndi kugaŵana mphamvu, kufufuza ndi kuchepetsa zinthu ndi kuchepetsa zinthu zina ndi zina, n’kokwanira kuteteza ufulu.
  • Otsutsa Kudya Nyama anafuna chitsimikizo cholembedwa cha ufulu wa munthu aliyense monga mkhalidwe wa kululuzidwa.

Ntchito ya James Madison

James Madison, poyamba Federal List, anakhala chisonkhezero chosonkhezera kumbuyo kwa Bill of Rights . Pambuyo pa kulonjeza kusintha pa msonkhano wa Virginia, Madison analinganiza malingaliro khumi ndi asanu ndi aŵiri ozikidwa pa malingaliro a misonkhano ya boma ndi Chilengezo cha Ufulu wa Anthu cholembedwa ndi George Mason. Nyumba za Malamulo zinachepetsa zimenezi kukhala khumi ndi aŵiri, ndipo khumi anavomerezedwa ndi maboma. Zopereka za Madison zinachirikiza choloŵa chake monga “Atate wa Malamulo” ndi wochirikiza ufulu wa anthu. [[FLT: 0] National Declaractives imapereka mbiri yakale ya njira yodziwirira ya [1]

Masinthidwe Khumi: Zitetezero za Core ndi Chisinthiko Chawo

Kusintha kulikonse m’buku la Bill of Rights kumapereka lingaliro la mbali yakutiyakuti ya ufulu wa munthu kapena njira yalamulo. Pamene kuli kwakuti ena akhala okhazikika, ena ayambitsa mkangano waukulu kwa zaka mazana ambiri. Pansipa, tikupenda cholinga chilichonse choyambirira ndi kumasulira kwake kwamakono kupyolera m’malamulo a bwalo lamilandu lotchuka.

Kusintha Koyamba: Ufulu wa Kulankhula, Chipembedzo, Kusindikiza, Msonkhano, ndi Pempho

First Amendment imaonedwa kukhala maziko a demokrase ya America. Imaletsa Nyumba za Malamulo kupanga malamulo okhudza kukhazikitsa chipembedzo, kuletsa kugwiritsa ntchito ufulu wa kulankhula, kusindikiza, kusonkhana, kapena kupempha. Mkupita kwa nthaŵi, Khoti Lapamwamba lagwiritsira ntchito chitetezo chimenechi ku boma kudzera ku Gwero la 144th Amendment’s Proces Claus .A imaletsa kukhazikitsa kusiyanitsa .

  • Upo wa Mawu: Nkhani za Landmark zonga Scheck v. United States (1919) adakhazikitsa “kuopsa kwa fungo ndi kumene kulipo" kuyesa, pamene [[FLT]] Brandenburg v. Ohio [69] anaika chipilala chachikulu choperekera mawu okwiyitsa. Lerolino, kukalikirana chifukwa cha kunyada, kugwiritsa ntchito kwa ndale ya ndale ya kampani ([FLT:]] Citniblens . . . . . FEFC[FLT:]
  • Chipembedzo: Kukhazikitsa kwa Claus kwaumba pemphero la kusukulu, kuonetsedwa poyera kwa zizindikiro zachipembedzo, ndi ndalama za boma za magulu achipembedzo ( Lemon v. Kurtzman, 1971]). Free Express Classie imatetezera ufulu wa anthu kutsata chikhulupiriro chawo, ndi nkhani zaposachedwapa zoloŵetsamo kusagwira ntchito ndi kusamala zaumoyo.
  • Preau ndi Msonkhano: [[FLT :1] Manyuzipepala amatetezeredwa ku chiletso choyambirira, ngakhale kuti nkhaŵa za chisungiko ndi zaukwawo za dziko zimapanga malire. Kuyenera kwa kusonkhana kwakhala mbali yaikulu ku Komiti ya Zaufulu wa Chigawo ndi zitsutso zamakono zonga Black Live Confect.

Ngati muŵerenganso za First Amendment jurisprudency, Cornell Legal Information Institute imapereka chidule chonse [[FLT: 1].

Kusintha kwachiŵiri: Kuyenera Kusunga ndi Kunyamula Zida

Second Amendment imati: “Kusintha kumeneku kunafotokozedwa bwino, kukhala kofunika kwambiri kuti boma laufulu likhale lotetezeka, kuyenera kwa anthu kusunga ndi kunyamula zida, sikudzaswedwa. Kwa mbiri yambiri ya ku America, kusinthidwa kumeneku kunafotokozedwa mwa magalasi a utumiki wa asilikali. Komabe, zigamulo za Khoti Lalikulu mu kujiya ya Columbia v. Heller (2008) ndi McDonald. City of Chicago. (20) anavomereza kuti munthu aliyense ali ndi ufulu wokhala ndi mfuti zaumwini, zonse ziŵiri, zotsutsana ndi zotsutsana ndi malamulo.

  • [[FLT: 0] Gan Control Despoints: Chigamulo cha Heller chinagwetsa chiletso cha mfuti yamanja Washington D.C. koma kusiya malo a malamulo oyenera. Milandu yotsatira yakhala ikulongosola ziletso pa zida zoukira, mphamvu ya magazini, ndi kunyamula kobisika. Kutsutsanako kukupitirizabe m’mbuyo mwa kuwomberana ndi kuwonjezereka kwa upandu.
  • Malamulo a Chigawo ndi Kusintha: Maboma ali ndi malamulo osiyanasiyana kwambiri pa kuyang'anira malo, nyengo zoyembekezera, ndi kutseguka. Lamulo lachiŵiri la Amereka lidakalibe malo ofufuzirapo m'ndale za America.

Kusintha kwachitatu: Kuphatikiza Asilikali

Kusintha kosachitika kaŵirikaŵiri kumeneku kumaletsa boma kukakamiza eni nyumba kwa asilikali m'nthaŵi yamtendere. Kumasonyeza kudandaula kwa atsamunda pa ntchito zausilikali za Briteni ndipo kwatchulidwa m’nkhani zamakono ponena za zoyenera zachinsinsi (m’chitsanzo, Engblom v. Carey [1], 1982. Pamene kuli kwakuti sikunakhaleko, kwasonyeza kuvomereza kwa oyambitsawo zachinsinsi za m’banja.

Mpumulo Wachinayi: Kufunafuna ndi Kusudzulidwa

Demendment Yachinayi imateteza nzika ku kufufuza kosayenera ndi kukomoka, kukufuna zilolezo zozikidwa pa chifukwa chothekera. Kumasulira kwake kunasintha kwambiri ndi kusintha kwa tekinoloji. Lamulo lochotsa [1] Kutsimikizira kopezedwa mosemphana ndi lamulo sikungagwiritsiridwe ntchito m'khoti . Linakhazikitsidwa mu Mapp v. Ohio (1961) ndi kugwiritsidwa ntchito m'maboma.

  • , Kufufuza kwa chinsinsi: Khoti Lalikulu lawonjezera chitetezo chachinayi ku foni zam’manja (] Riley v. California, 2014], GPS kujambula ( United States v. Jones, 2012], ndi maselo a pulogalamu a m'mabwinja ( Centententer v. United States[FL:], 2018]). Malamulowa amazindikira kuti kufufuza kwa masamu ndiko kukopa monga opanga zinthu.
  • [[NTL:0] Procticess : Malamulo oima ndi frisk, kuima kwa magalimoto, ndi kusakhala ndi chilolezo chakugon'la zikupitirizabe kudzutsa mafunso onena za kujambula ndi khunyu losalingalirika.

Kusintha kwa Gawo Lachisanu: Ufulu M’milanduwo ya Apandu

First Amendment imapereka zitetezero zosuliza zambiri kwa anthu oimbidwa mlandu wa maupandu: kuweruza kokulira kwa ajuli kwa maupandu aakulu, kutetezera ku ngozi zoŵirikiza, kuyenera kutsutsana ndi kudzigawa, njira yoyenerera, ndi kulipirira boma kulanda katundu waumwini. Chigamulo chaumwini chachindunji chingakhale chodziŵika bwino koposa kupyolera mwa [[FLT: 0] machenjezo aakulu a a ajuli ([FLT:]] [MV]MANDA v. Arizona , 1966], zimene zimafuna kuti apolisi adziŵitse zoyenera zawo asanaikidwe mlandu.

  • Programme Due : [[FLT Claus .] Makonzedwe Aucimo Claus agwiritsiridwa ntchito kuphatikizapo Bill of Rights zitetezero zambiri zotetezera ku maboma ndi kutetezera ufulu waung’ono monga kufanana kwa ukwati (bergefell v. Hodges, 2015).
  • [[FLT: 0] Dera lotchuka: Ithis Claus yakhala ikutsutsana, makamaka mu Kelo v. Mzinda wa New London (2005], kumene Khoti linalola boma kutenga katundu waumwini kuti litukule chuma.

Kusintha Zinthu Kwachisanu ndi chimodzi: Kuyenera Kuzengedwa Mlandu Wabwino

Pa sixte Amendment pamapereka chitsimikizo cha mlandu wa mwamsanga ndi wapoyera wa ajuli m’chigawo chimene upandu unachitidwa, kuyenera kwa kudziŵitsidwa mlandu, kuyang’anira mboni, kukakamiza umboni, ndi kukhala ndi thandizo la uphungu. Ufulu wa kupereka uphungu unafutukulidwa kwambiri mu Gideon v. Wainwr[[FLT:] [1963] [63], zimene zinafuna kuti anthu oimba mlanduwo aperekere olephera kuwazenga mlandu. Pambuyo pake, [FLT:] Argiver v. Ham'. Ham'[FL:3] [12] [12]

  • [[FLT: 0] Jury Combing: Kuyenera kwa juli yopanda tsankho kumafuna kuti kusankha ajuli kukhale komasuka ku tsankho la fuko ( Batson v. Kentucky, 1986).
  • [[MLT:0] Kuzenga mlandu kwachangu: [[FLT :1] Act ya Criminal Justice ndi programu ya kuyesa yamakono cholinga cha kuletsa kumangidwa kosalekeza popanda kuzengedwa mlandu.

Kusintha kwa Seveni: Kuvomereza Mlandu wa Chiŵeniŵeni

Kukonza kumeneku kumasungitsa ufulu wa mlandu wa oweruza m’milandu yachiŵeniŵeni kumene ndalama za mkangano wa boma zimaposa madola makumi aŵiri. Pamene kuli kwakuti sizikuloŵetsedwa m’zigawozo, zidakali zofunika m’kutsutsana kwa boma, makamaka m’mikangano ya tort ndi mapangano. Seventh Amendment imagogomezera lamulo lakuti nzika wamba ziyenera kugamula nkhani zenizeni, osati oweruza okha.

Kusintha kwa Malamulo Kwachisanu ndi Chisanu: Nkhanza ndi Chilango Chachilendo

Kusintha kwa zinthu kwachisanu ndi chitatu kumaletsa belo lopambanitsa, liwongo lopambanitsa, ndi chilango chankhanza ndi chachilendo. Kumasulira kwake kwaumba mikangano ya chilango cha imfa, mikhalidwe ya ndende, ndi chilango. Milandu ya papepala imaphatikizapo Furman v. Georgia [7972], imene imaletsa chilango cha imfa, ndi [[FLT:]. Simmons [1] (2005], zimene zimaletsa kuphedwa kwa ana. Mpeto wa chiletso chinanso chimaletsa chilango chimene chimaletsa kwa kanthaŵi kochepa cha upandu ([FLD:]] Florida .[FLD:] .[FLD]] 2010]

Mpumulo Wachinayi: Ufulu Woyenerera Unalandiridwa ndi Anthu

Ninth Amendment imanena kuti kuŵerengeredwa kwa ufulu wina mu Malamulo sikudzalingaliridwa kukana kapena kuchotsa ena amene asungidwa ndi anthu. Chinali cholinga cha kutsutsa Anti-Federalist kuopa kuti kundandalika ufulu wachindunji kungatanthauze kuti ufulu wina sunakhaleko. Ngakhale kuti si gwero la ufulu wachindunji, latchulidwa m'nkhani zokhudza zachinsinsi, kuphatikizapo Grisdold v. Connecticut [1] (65) yomwe inaletsa lamulo loletsa kuletsa kuletsa kuletsa kulera, ndi Reo v. Wde . Wade . Wade . [12] [7]).

Kusintha kwa Chikhumi: Mphamvu Zotsala ku United States

Demendment ya khumi yosungira zinthu sizinaperekedwe ku boma la boma kapena kuletsedwa ku maboma kapena anthu. Ilo limaphatikizapo lamulo la boma ndi kuchepetsa ukulu wa boma. Nkhani zaposachedwapa monga National Federation of Independent Business . Sebelius [1] (20:2] ndi [] Murphy v. NACA) (2013) Development kuti imenyetse lamulo la United States lokhudza ufulu wa boma. Ilo likupitiriza kukhala mfundo yaikulu m'nkhani zokhudza ufulu wa maboma, kusamala zaumoyo, ndi malamulo a za chilengedwe.

Zotsatirapo za Chikhalidwe cha Anthu: Mmene Lamulo la Ufulu Wachibadwidwe Linakhudzira America

Buku la Bill of Rights silimangolembedwa mwalamulo; lakhudza kwambiri chikhalidwe cha anthu a ku America, mabungwe a chikhalidwe chawo, ndi chikhalidwe chawo.

Mabungwe Omenyera Ufulu wa Anthu

Kuchokera ku kuletsa kunka ku Civil Rights Movement ya ma 1950 ndi 1960, ochirikiza ufulu wa anthu agwiritsira ntchito Bill of Rights kulamula chilungamo. Zotetezera za First Amendment zinali zofunika polinganiza mayanjano, magudumu, ndi kutsutsa. Chipembedzochi chinagwiritsa ntchito ufulu wa kubala, pamene LBGTQQ . Chikalata chotchuka chinatchula za malamulo a malamulo a malamulo mu “Letter of Birming Jail. Pambuyo pake, bungwe la ufulu wa akazi linadalira pa Ninth ndi 1. [FLBT+]

  • Kulingana kwa 'Act : Bill of Rights, pamodzi ndi Masinthidwe (kukonzedwanso kwa ufulu wa anthu, 13, 14th, 15th), anapereka maziko alamulo a Brown v. Board of Education (1954) ndi Chikalata cha ufulu wa Chiŵeniŵeni cha 1964.
  • Ufulu wa Akazi: Ufulu wa kukhala achinsinsi (wozikidwa pa Kuyamba, Chachinayi, Chachisanu, ndi Ninth Amendments) wozikidwa Roe v. Wade [FLD : 3] ndi milandu yotsatira yokhudza kuletsa kutenga mimba ndi kugonana.
  • LBTQ+ Ufulu: Lawrence v. Texas (2003]) adakankhira malamulo a sodoma pogwiritsa ntchito njira yokwanira 147 Demetrip, ndipo [[FL:4] feefell adagwiritsira ntchito zonse ziŵiri njira ndi chitetezo chofanana.

Kuvomereza: Kupereka Chikalata cha Ufulu wa Anthu ku United States

Poyambirira, Bill of Rights inachepetsa boma la boma. Barron ndi Baltimore (1833) anatsimikizira zimenezi. Pambuyo pa Nkhondo ya Chiŵeniŵeni, Mencement ya 145 (1868) panalinso lamulo la Mchitidwe wa Claus limene Bwalo Lapamwamba linagwiritsira ntchito pang’onopang’ono kugwiritsira ntchito mbali yaikulu ya Bill of Rights ku boma ndi maboma akomweko. Pofika chapakati pa zaka za zana la 20, chitetezo chonse chachikulu kusiyapo zachitatu, Wachisanu, ndi bungwe lalikulu la ajuli la Commeter la . Dongo limeneli linatsimikizira kuti maboma sangaswe ufulu wofunika, kukhazikitsa malo a pansi a ufulu kudutsa dziko lonselo.

Kumasulira kwa Masiku Ano ndi Mavuto

M’zaka za m’ma 2000 zino, bungwe la Bill of Rights likulimbana ndi mavuto atsopano okhudza luso la zoyenerera, nkhawa za chitetezo cha dziko, ndiponso kugawanika kwa anthu.

Kulankhula Mwaufulu m’Masiku Omwe Akungofika Masinkhu Amakono

Kukwera kwa masiteshoni a zaunyinji monga Facebook, Twitter, ndi YouTube kwadzutsa mafunso ponena za chimene chimapanga ufulu wa kulankhula pa Intaneti. Khoti Lapamwamba lanena kuti kulankhula kwa pa Intaneti kumatetezedwa kwambiri, koma nkhani zikutsala: mapulatifomu angaletse ogwiritsa ntchito? Kodi ayenera kuonedwa ngati otsatsa malonda a boma? Maganizo monga Packham v. North Carolina (2017) imatsimikizira kuti zoulutsira mawu ndizo zamakono za anthu. Komabe, mikangano yokhudzana ndi yotsutsa kulembera, ndi kusokoneza masankhoti ikupitiriza kuyesa malire a Chigamulo Choyamba. ALU GA PO .

Ufulu wa Mfuti ndi Chitetezo cha Anthu

Mpando wachiŵiri wa Kusintha zinthu udakali umodzi wa malo otchuka kwambiri. Pambuyo pake Heller [1] ndi [FLT :2] [FLT]] McDonald , makhoti aang'ono asunga malamulo ambiri a mfuti, koma Bwalo Lapamwamba lamilandu lakhala ndi malingaliro okayikira kwambiri. [Kutsatira [FLT:] [FLT]] New York State Rifle & Pistol Association v. Bruen [FLT:] [202] [202], Bwalo linakantha pansi pa New York's Rinalt lobisa malamulo oletsa kwambiri, likusunga malamulo amakono oyenera kugwirizana ndi mwambo wa m'mbiri. Chigamuchigamuchigamuchichichichichichichichichichichichichichichichichichichichichichichi cha chikuchititsa kutsutsa boma ndi kutsutsa chipani chakwa chakwa chakwa cha kumalo akumalo.

Kupeza Zinthu Zofunika pa Moyo Wanu

Demendulo lachinayi likuyang'anizana ndi chitsenderezo chosalekeza kuchokera ku maprogramu a boma oyang'anira, zosonkhanitsa za chidziŵitso ndi makampani, ndi tekinoloji yatsopano. USA Patriot Act (2001) mphamvu zoyang'anira; kusintha kwa pambuyo pake monga USA Freedom Act (2015) kubwezeredwanso m'zopereka zambiri. Khoti Lapamwamba lazindikira kuti anthu amayembekezera moyenerera kukhala okha pa foni yawo ( Karbarter ) ) koma akupitirizabe kuyankha mafunso onena za kufufuza kwa ziŵiya, kuyang'anira, ndi kuzindikira nkhope.

Chilango Choopsa ndi Kukonzanso Zinthu kwa Malamulo 8

Chiletso cha Seveni cha chiletso chankhanza ndi chachilendo chidakali maziko a mkangano pa chilango cha imfa. Pamene kuli kwakuti Khoti Lapamwamba silinathetseretu chilango cha imfa, lachepetsa kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwake kwa anthu opunduka mwanzeru (]] Attins v. Virginia Virginia , 2002] ndi aja omwe ali pansi pa 18 (] RYP[FLT]] ). Kupha kwanthaŵi yaitali, kuyembekezera pamzera wa imfa, ndi kusiyanitsa fuko kwatsogolera ku kukula kwa chitsutso ndi ma modiagement m'maiko ambiri.

Mapeto ake: Mfundo Yonena za Ufulu Wachibadwidwe

Bill of Rights si nkhani ya mbiri yakale. Chikalata chamoyo chimene chikupitiriza kuumba anthu a ku America m’njira zazikulu. Zitsimikizo zake za ufulu waufulu, ufulu wachipembedzo, ziyeso zolungama, ndi zachinsinsi zaumwini zimapereka maziko a democracy imene imasunga ulemu wa munthu aliyense pa boma mochenjeredwa. Panthaŵi imodzimodziyo, kutchuka kwake ndi mbiri yakale kumatanthauza kuti mbadwo uliwonse uyenera kumasulira tanthauzo lake latsopano. Kuchokera ku bungwe la Federalist-Anti-Federalist mpaka ku nyengo ya makono, Bill of Rights idakalibe mphamvu yaikulu yolimbanirana, yochonderera, ndi kutetezera. Kumvetsa kwake kuli kofunika kwa nzika iliyonse imene imafuna kuzindikira ufulu umene umalongosola United States ndi kutengamo mbali m'ntchito yokhazikitsa ufulu.