Kuzindikira malire a ulamuliro wa boma nkofunika pa chitaganya chilichonse cha demokalase. Kuyenera kwa boma kumagwira ntchito monga maziko a ufulu wa munthu aliyense payekha, kutsimikizira kuti nzika zikhoza kutengamo mbali kotheratu m'kulamulira kwawo. Ufulu umenewu suli mphatso zochokera ku boma koma mwaŵi wachibadwa umene uyenera kutetezeredwa kwa ochenjeredwa. Ufulu wa nzika, wodziŵa zonse ziŵiri ukulu ndi malire a ulamuliro wa boma, ndiwo chitetezo champhamvu kwambiri pa ulamuliro wankhanza. Wotsogolera ameneyu amafufuza maziko, magulu, madongosolo, ndi mavuto amakono a ufulu wa anthu, kupereka lingaliro lokwanira la mmene nzika zingatetezere ufulu wawo.

Maziko a Malamulo a Boma Lokhala ndi Malire

Lingaliro lakuti ulamuliro wa boma uyenera kuumirizidwa si latsopano. Afilosofi onga John Locke anatsutsa kuti ulamuliro walamulo umachokera ku chivomerezo cha olamulidwa ndi kuti anthu ali ndi ufulu wachibadwa ku moyo, ufulu, ndi katundu. Chiphunzitso cha Locke cha kakhalidwe ka anthu, chondandandalikidwa mu Speciect of Government [[FLD:1], zitsogozo zimene anthu amapanga maboma kutetezera ufulu umenewo, ndipo pamene boma liwaswa, nzika zake ziri ndi kuyenera kwa kukana.

Montesquieu anafutukuka pa zimenezi mwa kuchirikiza kugaŵidwa kwa maulamuliro [1] Kupatula, kuweruza, ndi kuweruza . Kuletsa nthambi iliyonse kuti isalamulire. Ntchito yake inasonkhezera kwambiri opanga malamulo a U. James Madison, mu Federalist No. 51 , analemba kuti, “Ngati anthu anali angelo, palibe boma limene lingakhale lofunika. Ngati angelo akanalamulira anthu, osati kunja kapena kuyang'anira boma. Kulingalira kumeneku kunachititsa dongosolo la mayeso ndi lamalirensi limene limakhalabe la boma lopereŵetsa.

Mfundo za nzeru za anthu zimenezi si nthano chabe, koma zimakhudza zinthu zina.

Mbiri Yakale ya Ufulu Woyenera

Pamene kuli kwakuti nkhani yoyambirirayo imanena za Magna Carta ndi Bill of Rights, nkhani yokwanira ya m’mbiri imaphatikizapo zochitika zina zofunika kwambiri.

Mbalame ya Magna Carta (1215)

Posainidwa ndi mawu olembedwa ndi Mfumu John ya ku England, Magna Carta anakhazikitsa kuti mfumuyo sinali yoposa lamulo. Ilo linatsimikizira njira zina zalamulo ndi zikalata zotetezera ku kumangidwa kodzifunira . Claus 39 akunena kuti: “Palibe munthu waufulu amene adzagwidwa kapena kuikidwa m’ndende... kusiyapo mwa chiweruzo cha ausinkhu wake kapena ndi lamulo la dziko.

Buku lachingelezi lakuti Council of Rights (1689)

Pambuyo pa Glorious Revolution, Chingelezi Bill of Rights inaletsanso mphamvu zachifumu, kuletsa belo lopambanitsa, chilango chankhanza ndi chachilendo, ndi kukhazikitsa kuyenera kwa kupempha mfumu. Ilo linakhazikitsanso kufunika kwa chivomerezo cha nyumba ya malamulo kaamba ka msonkho. malingaliro ameneŵa anadutsa ku Atlantic ndi kugwirizanitsa malingaliro a atsamunda pa ufulu.

Mgwirizano wa ufulu wachibadwidwe wa ku United States (1791)

Zowongolera khumi zoyambirira ku ufulu waukulu wa Malamulo a United States: kulankhula, chipembedzo, kusindikiza, msonkhano, ndi kuyenera kwa kunyamula zida, limodzi ndi zitetezero za kufunafuna kosalingalira ndi kugwidwa ndi njirinjiri, kudzimana moyo, ufulu, kapena chuma popanda dongosolo. Bill of Rights idakalibe chizindikiro cha dziko lonse cha ufulu wa anthu.

Chilengezo cha Ufulu wa Munthu ndi wa Nzika (789)

Chikalata chimenechi, chomwe chinatengedwa m’nthaŵi ya Kusintha kwa Chifrenchi, chinalengeza kuti “kulola, katundu, chisungiko, ndi kukana kuponderezedwa ndi” monga ufulu wachibadwidwe. Chinasonkhezera magulu a demokalase m’Yuropu yonse ndi kupanga malamulo ambiri pambuyo pake.

Chikalata cha Universal Declaration of Human Rights (1948)

Pambuyo pa zowopsa za Nkhondo Yadziko II, United Nations inatenga UDHR, imene inakhazikitsa mpambo wokwanira wa chiŵeruzo, ndale, chuma, chitaganya, ndi chikhalidwe. Ngakhale kuti siikukakamiza mwalamulo, yasonkhezera mapangano ambiri, malamulo a dziko, ndi malamulo. Kuŵerenga malembo onse a UDHR [1].

Mitundu ya Ufulu Woyenera

Ufulu wa boma umagawidwa m’magulu atatu: ndale, chikhalidwe, ndi chikhalidwe cha anthu.

Ufulu wa Zandale

Ufulu wa ndale umathandiza nzika kukhala ndi mbali m’boma. Chofunika kwambiri ndicho ufulu wosankha. Popanda kupotoza ufulu, ufulu wina umakhala wovuta kuutsatira. Ufulu wa ndale umaphatikizaponso ufulu wothamangira udindo, kukhazikitsa zipani za ndale, ndi kutsutsa mwamtendere.

Kuyenera kwina kwa ndale zadziko kofunika ndiko ufulu wa kuyanjana ndi gulu. Nzika ziyenera kukhala zokhoza kulowa m'magulu andale, kaya zipani, maukwati a antchito, kapena mabungwe a anthu ogwirizana, kuti zisonkhezero zonse pamodzi. Popanda kuyenera kumeneku, kusagwirizana kungathetsedwe ndi kutsekerezedwa.

Ufulu wa Anthu

Ufulu wa boma umatsimikizira kuti anthu onse adzachitiridwa mofanana pansi pa lamulo ndi kutetezeredwa ku tsankho. Zili ndi ufulu woweruza milandu mwachilungamo, wosazunzidwa, ndi wotetezedwa kuti adzitetezere okha. Ku United States, lamulo la Civil Rights Act la 1964 ndi lotsatira loletsa tsankho lochokera ku fuko, mtundu, chipembedzo, kugonana, kapena mtundu.

Kufutukuka kwamakono kwa ufulu wachibadwidwe kwa chitetezo cha LGBTQ+ anthu, anthu olumala, ndi magulu ena ocheperapo. [[FLT: 0] Americans Wokhala ndi Chilema Act (1990) ndi zigamulo za Bwalo Lapamwamba pa kulingana kwa ukwati zimasonyeza mmene ufulu wa anthu umakhalira wosintha miyezo ya social. Kuphunzira zambiri ponena za ADA chuma .

Ufulu wa Anthu

Kuyenera kwa anthu kumaphatikizapo kupeza zofunika monga maphunziro, chisamaliro cha zaumoyo, nyumba, ndi chisungiko cha anthu. Pamene kuli kwakuti kaŵirikaŵiri amatsutsana monga “kuyenera kwabwino kwa" kumene kumafuna kuchitapo kanthu kwa boma, nkofunika kutheketsa kukhala ndi phande lokwanira m’chitaganya. Mwachitsanzo, popanda maphunziro, nzika sizingathe kugwiritsira ntchito bwino ufulu wa ndale zadziko. Popanda chisamaliro chaumoyo, anthu sangakhale ndi mphamvu ya kugwira ntchito kapena kuchita nawo ntchito m’moyo waboma.

Malamulo a ufulu wa anthu padziko lonse, monga International Paraven on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, amavomereza kuti zimenezi ndi ufulu woyenerera.

Makina Ochepetsa Mphamvu za Boma

Kuti boma lipeŵe kugonjetsedwa, mademokrase amadalira njira zimene zimayendera ulamuliro, ndipo zimenezi siziphatikizapo malamulo okhwima; zimaphatikizapo njira zoyendetsera zinthu, kuonekera kwa munthu, ndi kuyang’anira anthu.

Kusintha kwa Malamulo ndi Kupenda ndi Kulinganizika

Bukhu la malamulo lolembedwa limakhazikitsa lamulo lapamwamba koposa la dziko. Limagaŵa mphamvu pakati pa nthambi ndi miyalo ya boma. Mwachitsanzo, Lamulo la U.S. limapatsa maulamuliro ena ku boma pamene likusunga ena ku maboma. Kudziloŵetsa kwa ulamuliro kumeneku kumayambitsa malo ambiri oloŵeramo m’boma ndi kutsutsa ulamuliro wankhanza.

Kupenda Chiweruzo ndi Makhoti Odziimira

Chigamulo cha ufulu chingakanthe malamulo kapena zochita za akuluakulu zimene zimaphwanya malamulo kapena ufulu waukulu. Lamulo la chiweruzo, lokhazikitsidwa mu Madison . (1803) , limalola makhoti kupeputsa ntchito za boma. Mphamvu imeneyi ndi yosathandiza; popanda ilo, okhazikitsa malamulo ophwanya ufulu popanda kugwiritsa ntchito njira yodzitetezera.

Kulinganiza ndi Kulamulira kwa Chilamulo

Kutsatira malamulo kumatsimikizira kuti boma silingachotse moyo, ufulu, kapena katundu popanda njira zoyenerera. Zimenezi zimaphatikizapo kuzindikira, kumvetsera, Wopanga zosankha mosakondera, ndi kuyenera kwa kukopa. Lamulo limafuna kuti malamulo akhale omveka, apoyera, ndi otsatiridwa mofanana.

Chigwirizano cha Anthu ndi Manyuzipepala Omasuka

Chipani cha anthu champhamvu . kuphatikizapo mabungwe osapanga , magulu a malonda, ndi manyuzipepala odziimira paokha . Amapanga monga ngati kuyang’anira ulamuliro wa boma. Atolankhani amavumbula ziphuphu, ochirikiza kutsutsa malamulo osalungama, ndi nzika wamba zimagwiritsira ntchito zoulutsira za anthu kulinganiza. Maboma amene amayesa kutsendereza oseŵera ameneŵa kaŵirikaŵiri amayang’anizana ndi chitsutso cha m’nyumba ndi cha mitundu yonse.

Zisankho Zabwino ndi Zopanda Malamulo

Masankho amapereka mpata wokhazikika woloŵa mmalo mwa akuluakulu amene amagwiritsira ntchito ulamuliro molakwa. Koma masankho okha ngosakwanira; ayenera kukhala omasuka ku kupondereza, kutsendereza ovota, ndi kuloŵerera kwa maiko ena. Kuŵerengera koonekeratu, mabungwe a masankho odziimira okha, ndi ndawala zamphamvu nzofunika kuti masankho akhale mayeso enieni.

Mavuto a Nthaŵi Ino ku Ufulu wa Anthu

Ngakhale kuti pakhala zaka zambiri, ufulu wa anthu ukusokonezeka kwambiri m’zaka za m’ma 2000 zino.

Kupeza Zinthu Zokwanira za Boma Ndiponso Kukhala Kokha kwa Makompyuta

Mbadwo wa makompyuta wathandiza kuyang'anira zinthu. Mabungwe a boma amayang'anira njira zolankhulira, kusonkhanitsa metadata, ndi kugwiritsa ntchito nkhope. Ngakhale kuti kaŵirikaŵiri amayenera kuteteza dziko, machitachita ameneŵa angaziziritse ndi kusokoneza zinthu zachinsinsi. Ku United States, PUTRIOT Act [[FLT:] ASTURA MUS] Act yofuna kuteteza mayeneretso a anthu pambuyo pa 9 /11, ndipo amachititsa kudera nkhaŵa za kuukira. Osuliza mfundo zambiri zimatsutsa kuti zolemba zambiri zikuswa zachinsinsi za m'dziko lachinayi zikuswa Chisanu. Kusintha kwaposachedwapa konga [[FLT:] USUST:3] Kuyesa kulinganiza malamulo oyenera, koma mikangano ikupitirizabe. [FL:] Kufufuza zinthu zambiri kuchokera ku Eccctic Foundation Foundation [FFF]

Tsankho ndi Kusalingana Madongosolo

Malamulo angatsimikizire mwalamulo kuti pali kulingana, koma tsankho likupitirizabe. Kusankhana mitundu, mipata, kupezeka kwa nyumba, ndi tsankho m'dongosolo la milandu kumachititsa kusoŵa ufulu wa anthu. Magulu monga Black Live Confect asonyeza mmene chiwawa cha apolisi chimakhalira cha anthu ochepa. Mofananamo, tsankho kwa akazi, LGBTQ, ndi zipembedzo zina za anthu zikufalikira m’madera ambiri. Kusamalira nkhani zimenezi sikumafuna kusintha kwalamulo komanso kusintha kwa maganizo ndi machitachita a zachikhalidwe cha anthu.

Kupondereza Kukana ndi Kutha kwa Maufumu a Democratic Norm

Maboma ena amatsendereza dala chitsutso kupyolera m'kufufuza, kuvutitsa atolankhani, ndi milandu yankhanza (SLAP sut). M'mademokrase, kuchuluka kwa atsogoleri a populism amene amaukira makhoti a kudziimira, oulutsa, ndi umphumphu wa osankhidwa kumapereka chiwopsezo. Pamene malamulo ofanana ndi zotsatira za kusanthula kapena kupeŵa ma nepotism , kuswedwa kwa mphamvu kumakhala kofooka. Nzika ziyenera kuyesayesa kutetezera kutsendereza kulephera kwamwaŵika kumeneku, popeza kaŵirikaŵiri zimavuta kubwezeretsa kuposa malamulo olembedwa.

Kusadziŵa Zinthu Molakwika Ndiponso Kusamvana

Kufalikira kwa chidziŵitso chonyenga, kaŵirikaŵiri chosonkhezeredwa ndi manyuzi, kungapotoza kukambitsirano yapoyera ndi kuchepetsa chidaliro mwa mabungwe. Maboma angapezerepo mwayi mawu otsutsa otsutsa kapena kulungamitsa ziletso pa kulankhula.

Kulamulira Kokulira m’Makonzedwe

Pamavuto (pandemic, masoka achilengedwe, zigaŵenga), maboma nthaŵi zambiri amatenga mphamvu zangozi. Ngakhale kuti nthaŵi zina, mphamvu zimenezi zingagwiritsiridwe ntchito molakwika. Mwachitsanzo, maulamuliro oletsa ndi kubwerera kumbuyo panthaŵi ya kubadwa kwa munthu pa mliri wa CHOVAD19 anadzutsa mafunso okhudza kulingana. Makhoti m'mayiko ambiri anathetsa ziletso zambiri. Kuyang'anira malamulo ndi kuloŵa kwa dzuŵa pothandiza kuti mphamvu zamwadzidzidzi zisakhale zachikhalire.

Ntchito ya Nzika Poteteza Ufulu wa Anthu

Pajatu pali zinthu zimene munthu angachite:

  • [[FLT: 0] Adzipereke okha [ pa ufulu wawo ndi ntchito ya boma lawo. Chuma chaulere kuchokera ku magulu onga ACLU ndi [[FLT :4] Institute [FLT :5] imapereka mfundo zoyambira zabwino kwambiri.
  • M'chosankha chilichonse [[FLT:] kuphatikizapo mafuko a kumaloko ndi apakati. Akuluakulu a boma kaŵirikaŵiri amakhala ndi chiyambukiro chachindunji pa ufulu wa anthu.
  • Kugwirizana ndi chitaganya cha anthu mwa kugwirizana kapena kuchirikiza magulu amene amayang'anira zochita za boma, kutsutsa kuphwanya ufulu wa anthu, kapena kuchirikiza kusintha kwa malamulo.
  • Kuteteza ufulu wa mawu mwa kulankhula ndi kulimbikitsa kutsutsana kotseguka, ngakhale ngati malingaliro sakondedwa. Mphero ya anthu yamphamvu ndiyo chitetezo chabwino koposa choletsa kusanthula.
  • Akuluakulu a boma ali ndi mlandu [ mwa kulankhulana ndi oimira, kupezeka m’maholo a tauni, ndi kugwiritsira ntchito malamulo a boma kupenda ntchito za boma.
  • Ufulu wa komiti yachiweruzo mwa kutsutsa makhoti ndi kuchirikiza ulamuliro wa lamulo.

Malingaliro a Padziko Lonse ndi Miyezo ya Padziko Lonse

Ufulu wa maiko umasiyana m'maiko onse, koma lamulo lamitundu yonse limapereka maziko. International Pangano la International pa Chivomezi ndi Political Rights (ICCPR) , yovomerezedwa ndi maiko oposa 170, imakakamiza maboma kulemekeza ufulu wa kulankhula, msonkhano, ndi njira zoyenerera. Madongosolo achigawo onga European Convention on Human Rights ndi Interpreciana American Court of Human Rights of Human Rights amapereka njira kwa anthu kufunafuna masinthidwe kuposa maboma awo.

Komabe, kugonjera sikoyenera. Maboma audindo kaŵirikaŵiri amasaina koma amanyalanyaza mapangano. Ngakhale mademokrase amatsutsidwa kaamba ka machitachita onga kumangidwa kosalekeza ku Guantámo Bay kapena kugwiritsa ntchito foni popanda chilolezo. Kumvetsetsa miyezo ya maiko kumathandiza nzika kuchirikiza chitetezo champhamvu ndi kuvumbula chinyengo.

Kumaliza

Kuzindikira malire a ulamuliro wa boma sikuli njira ya maphunziro yosungira ufulu. Ufulu wa kumasuka ndi kutetezeredwa, si kwachikhalire; kuyenera kutetezeredwa nthaŵi zonse. Mbiri imasonyeza kuti ufulu wa nzika ukafuna ndi kuvomerezana pamene nzika zingokhala. Njira za boma zochepetsedwa ndi kupima, uyang'aniro wachiweruzo, chitaganya cha anthu, khazikitsani dongosolo limene limagwira ntchito ngati mbali iliyonse ikugwira ntchito. Nzika iliyonse ili ndi udindo wosamalira mayeso a democracy, ndi kukhala ndi mphamvu yoŵerengera, tingatsimikizire kuti boma lidakalibe mtumiki, osati mbuye, osati mbuye wa anthu.