Maziko a Boma Lokhala ndi Malire

Lamulo la boma lokhala ndi malire limaloŵa m’chiphunzitso cha malamulo a dziko la America. Maziko ake amabwerera ku Magna Carta wa 1215, amene poyamba ananenetsa kuti mphamvu ya mfumuyo sinali yokwanira ndi kuti ngakhale mfumu inayenera kutsata lamulo. Akatswiri ozindikira monga John Locke anachirikiza ufulu wachibadwidwe kapena moyo, ufulu, ndi chuma , kuti palibe boma limene likhoza kuchotsa mwalamulo, ndipo Baron de Montesquie angaletse kulekana kwa maulamuliro monga chitetezo pa ulamuliro wankhanza. Magne, opanga malamulo a U., osonkhezeredwa kwambiri ndi malingaliro ameneŵa, opangidwa ndi ulamuliro wa boma kumene mwadala amagaŵikana. Iwo amakhulupirira kuti mwa kugaŵira mphamvu ndi kugaŵa manthambi ndi milingo ya boma, angaletsetuke kugaŵana kwa anthu onse ndi kutetezera ufulu wa anthu.

Kupatukana kwa Mphamvu

Malamulo amakhazikitsa nthambi zitatu zofanana, chimodzi ndi chimodzi chogawiridwa. Mfundo I imapatsa mphamvu za lamulo m'Congress, Mfundo III imapereka mphamvu ya ulamuliro kwa Pulezidenti, ndipo Article III imaika mphamvu yachiweruzo m'Khoti Lapamwamba ndi makhoti otsika. Magulu ameneŵa amatsimikizira kuti palibe bungwe limodzi la boma limene lingagwiritsire ntchito ulamuliro wonse wa boma panthaŵi imodzi.

  • Nthambi ya Nthambi: Congress - yopangidwa ndi Nyumba ya Oimira ndi Nyumba ya Malamulo – ndi bungwe lopanga malamulo. Ilo limakhala ndi mphamvu ya chikwama, limavomereza boma kuwononga ndalama, kulengeza nkhondo, ndi kulamulira pakati pa maiko ndi malonda achilendo. Kupyolera mwa makomiti ake oyang'anira, Congress imayang'aniranso kupangidwa kwa malamulo ndi nthambi ya mkulu wa ntchito.
  • Nthambi ya Ulositi: Pulezidenti, monga mkulu wa maulamuliro, amasungitsa ndi kukhazikitsa malamulo a boma, amalamulira magulu ankhondo, amayendetsa malamulo achilendo, ndi kuika oweruza a boma ndi akuluakulu a boma. Nthambi yaikulu imaphatikizaponso mabungwe ambiri a boma amene amafalitsa malamulo ndi kuyendetsa tsiku 76to662 kuyang'anira.
  • Nthambi ya judicial : Makhoti a boma, ofika pachimake m'Khoti Lapamwamba, omasulira malamulo ndi Konsichushoni. Amathetsa mikangano, amagamula kuti malamulo ndi maulamuliro alamulo, ndipo amapereka mpata kwa anthu kuti atsutse boma.

M’buku la Library of Congress, mungawerengemo nkhani zoyambirira za nkhani iliyonse pa mfundo za m’bungweli.

Mapeketi ndi Kulinganizika

Kupatukana kwa maulamuliro kukanakhala kopereŵera ngati nthambi iliyonse ikanalekanitsa anthu.

  • Kufufuza kwa Prezidenti: Congress ingapose ndi voti ya trips m'zipinda ziŵiri zonse ziŵiri, kukana kutsimikizira makampani a pulezidenti, kukana ndalama za mabwana, ndi kuchotsa Pulezidenti chifukwa cha “chiwembu, chiphuphu, kapena maupandu ena aakulu ndi olakwa.
  • Kufufuza pa Congress: Prezidenti angapereke mphamvu pa lamulo, angaitanitse Nyumba ya Malamulo ku nthaŵi yapadera, ndipo angapereke malamulo a akuluakulu osonyeza mmene malamulo omwe alipo amasungidwira − ngakhale kuti malamulowo adakali oyenera kupendedwa ndi zosankha za kuchirikiza ndalama.
  • Kufufuza kwa judicial pa nthambi zonse ziŵiri: Makhoti, kupyolera mwa mphamvu ya kupenda kwachiweruzo, angagamule malamulo kapena machitidwe apamwamba amene amaswa Konsichushoni. Pulezidenti amaweruza, koma ayenera kutsimikiziridwa ndi Nyumba ya Malamulo, ndipo akatsimikiziridwa, amatumikira moyo, kuwatetezera ku chitsenderezo cha ndale zadziko.
  • Zikhoterero pa judiary: Congress zingasinthe ulamuliro wa makhoti aang'ono, kupereka zisinthiro za lamulo kuti zisinthe mafotokozedwe achiweruzo, ndipo (zosagwiritsiridwa ntchito) kutsutsa oweruza a boma kaamba ka kusadziletsa.

Kuti mumve zambiri zokhudza mmene macheke ndi maadiresi amagwirira ntchito, webusaiti ya Nyumba ya Malamulo ya ku United States imapereka mfundo zothandiza.

Mlanduwo wa Ufulu

Malamulo oyambirira sanaphatikizepo kuŵerengeredwa kwatsatanetsatane kwa ufulu wa munthu mmodzi ndi mmodzi, mfundo imene inadetsa nkhaŵa otsutsa . Kuti asungitse kusungidwa kwa manyowa, James Madison analinganiza mpambo wa zobweza zimene zinakhala Bill of Rights, yovomerezedwa mu 1791. Kukonza kuletsa mwachindunji mphamvu za boma ndipo kwafutukulidwa pang’onopang’ono kugwiritsa ntchito boma mwa njira yoyenerera ya Genear Amendment.

  • Kusintha koyamba: Malamulo okhudza kukhazikitsa chipembedzo, kuchepetsa chipembedzo, kusokoneza ufulu wa kulankhula, kusindikiza, msonkhano wamtendere, kapena kuyenera kwa kupempha boma kuti lithetse zidandaulo. Imeneyi ndi njira yothetsera maulamuliro a demokalase.
  • Mpambo wosintha zinthu: imatetezera kuyenera kwa anthu kusunga ndi kunyamula zida, kuyenera kumene Khoti Lalikulu lanena kuti ndi munthu mmodzi wokhala ndi kulephera kwa mbiri yakale (m’chitsanzo, ziletso za kukhala ndi anthu opatuka).
  • Demendment yachisanu: Kuchinjiriza ku kufufuza kosayenera ndi khunyu. Kusungidwa kwa malamulo kumafunikira chilolezo chochirikizidwa ndi chothekera, ndipo umboni wopezedwa woswa kubwezera kumeneku kaŵirikaŵiri umachotsedwa pansi pa lamulo lopatula.
  • Fith Amendment: Imatsimikizira kuweruza kwakukulu kwa ajuli kaamba ka maupandu aakulu, imaletsa ngozi kuŵirikiza kaŵiri, imatetezera kudzipatula, ndi kutsimikizira kuti palibe munthu aliyense amamanidwa moyo, ufulu, kapena chuma popanda dongosolo loyenera la lamulo. Imaphatikizaponso kuchotsa Claus , kufunikiritsa kulipiridwa pamene katundu waumwini atengedwa kaamba ka kugwiritsiridwa ntchito kwa anthu onse.
  • Kusintha kwa mlingo: Forbid beils, faindi yopambanitsa, ndi zilango zankhanza ndi zachilendo. Zimenezi zimasintha maziko a mikangano yokhudza mikhalidwe ya ndende, chilango cha imfa, ndi chilango chochepera.

Nkhani yonse ndiponso mbiri ya kukonza kulikonse, zilipo m’Nyumba ya Zinthu zakale ya National Archives.

Magawano: Kugaŵanitsa Mphamvu Pakati pa Dziko ndi United States

Maboma a boma amagaŵa ulamuliro pakati pa boma la dziko ndi maboma, aliyense wokhala ndi ulamuliro wake pa nkhani zina.

  • Maulamuliro a dziko: Malamulo amapereka ulamuliro wa boma pa nkhani za dziko – kukhazikitsa ndalama, kulengeza nkhondo, kuyang'anira malonda apakati pa maiko ndi maiko ena, kuchititsa mayanjano, ndi kukhazikitsa malamulo achilengedwe ofanana.
  • State (maulamuliro apadera): Demendment imasiyira maulamuliro onse amene sanapatsidwe ku United States kapena kuletsedwa ku maboma. Zimenezi zimaphatikizapo ntchito ya polishi, maphunziro, malonda a m'dziko, kugwiritsira ntchito malo, malamulo a ukwati, ndi kuchititsa masankho.
  • Mphamvu zanthaŵi zonse: [[FLT :1] Milingo yonse iŵiri ya boma ingapereke msonkho, kupanga misewu, kukongola ndalama, kukhazikitsa makhoti, ndi kusungitsa malamulo m'madera amene ulamuliro ukugwirizana. Pamene malamulo a boma ndi a boma akutsutsana, Supremacy Claus wa Konsichushoni imapanga lamulo la boma kukhala lolamulira.

Federalism siisintha. Mkati mwa zaka mazana ambiri, kufutukuka kwa ulamuliro wa dziko kupyolera m'mawu a zamalonda ndi mphamvu yowononga ndalama kwasintha kulinganiza, komabe maboma atsala malaboratori a demokrase, kuyesa malamulo amene pambuyo pake angavomerezedwe monga. Nkhondo za Contemporary – monga ngati boma la chamba kuletsa malamulo a boma oletsa lamulo la boma la mankhwala osokoneza anthu, kapena kutsutsa boma kukhazikitsa lamulo la boma la oloŵa m'dzikomo , kufanizira kusagwirizana kopitirizabe kwa ulamuliro wa maboma aŵiri.

Mbali ya Khoti Lalikulu Pokwaniritsa Malire a Mphamvu

Khoti Lapamwamba ndilo womasulira Konsichushoni, ndipo zigamulo zake zimalongosola malire a ulamuliro wa boma. Chiphunzitso cha kupenda kwachiweruzo chinakhazikitsidwa mu [[FLT: 0] Marbury . Madison [1] (1803), pamene Woweruza Wamkulu John Marshall anatsimikizira mphamvu ya Khoti kulengeza kachitidwe ka Congress popanda kugamula kwa boma. Mlanduwuwu unapereka kupenda kofunika kwambiri pa malamulo ndi nthambi za boma.

Zosankha za pa farkmark zafutukuka kapena kukwaniritsa malire a ulamuliro wa boma. [FLT: 0] MCULLCH v. Maryland [1] (1819) anatsimikizira ulamuliro wa boma pansi pa Klaus ndi Seat Claus, pamene [[FL:2]] New York v. United States [FLT] [FLT]] [19] [19] [19] ndi [[FLT:] Prent v. United States[FFFF:5] [197]) adayambiranso mphamvu ya Congress zolamulira maboma. [zaposachedwapa], National Federation of Intecodential . [FFFFULT], pansi pa mphamvu ya dziko lonse., Sebelus [FLT7] (202]) (202]) (ikuthandiza chigamu cha Af.[97]

Mavuto Amene Akhalapo Poletsa Boma Kulamulira

Madera ambiri amayambitsa mkangano waukulu wonena kuti kaya boma lapitirira malire ake.

Kuphunzira ndi Kukhala Nokha

Maluso a boma akusonkhanitsa chidziŵitso cha nzika kuyambira pa kuukira kwa pa September 11. Chikalata cha USA CHA PRITT ndi kusinthanso zinakulitsa ulamuliro wa kuyang'anira makompyuta, kutumiza makalata a zamalonda, ndi kugwiritsira ntchito zikalata zaumoyo wa dziko. Otsutsa amanena kuti kuyang'anira kochuluka kumaletsa Kukonza kwachinayi kutetezera , pamene otetezerawo amatsutsa kuti zipangizo zimenezi n’zofunika kuti athetse upandu. [FLT: 0] Carpenter v. United States [1] , Supreme Court inagamula kuti boma limafunikira chilo choyenera kupeza malembo a maselo akale, chizindikiro chakuti chinsinsi cha magetsi chimasangalala ndi chitetezo cha lamulo. Komabe malirewo adakalibe, makamaka ndi kutchuka kwa maluso a zamakono otchuka.

Malamulo Otsogolera ndi Ntchito Yosatsatira

Mapulani a maulamuliro aŵiriwo atembenukira kwambiri ku maofisala a akuluakulu ndi zida zina zapadera kuti akwaniritse zolinga za boma pamene Nyumba ya Malamulo yatsekedwa. Mwachitsanzo, malamulo akuluakulu agwiritsidwa ntchito kukonza kusintha zinthu za anthu, malamulo a malo okhala, ndi maprogramu a ophunzira okhululukira. Pamene kuli kwakuti Pulezidenti ali ndi nzeru zokulira kutsogolera nthambi ya akuluakulu, makhoti nthaŵi zina aswa malamulo akuti kupitirira ulamuliro wa boma kapena kusagwirizana ndi cholinga. Nkhani yotchuka [[FLT: 0] Yokhudza achinyamata Commentart & Tube Co. v. Sawyer [1] [195] Sainter . (52] Amaletsa Pulezidenti Bruman kuyesa kutenga zitsulo pankhondo ya Korea, kukhazikitsa kuti Pulezidenti asapange lamulo la kusamuka pa malamulo. Covertiation pa malamulo oyendera malamulo a ophunzira oyenderana.

Boma Lolamulira

Mabungwe a boma monga Environmental Protection Agency, Security and Exchange Commission, ndi Department of Health and Human Services amafalitsa malamulo zikwi zambiri chaka chilichonse amene ali ndi mphamvu ya lamulo. “boma la boma” limadzutsa mafunso akuti kaya Nyumba za Ufumu zapereka mphamvu zochuluka kuti zisakhale ndi akuluakulu a boma. Chikhoti chachikulu cha “Chevron kuchedwa. [Chevron ndi] [PUP] U.S.A., Inc. ndi Nyuzi. Zifukwa za Natural Confense [[FLD], 1984] chinatsogolera makhoti kuti abwerere matanthauzo a malamulo osokoneza. Komabe, zaka zaposachedwapa, zaona kuthaŵa ku Chevron, ndi khoti lalikulu la maulamuliro kapena la zandale. Zotsatira za ulamuliro za ndale zofunikira kuvomereza mlandu wofanana ndi kuweruza. [F.]

Kusamalira Thanzi ndi Kuchitapo Kanthu Kosavuta

Ntchito ya boma m'zaumoyo imaimira kulimbana kosatha pa malire a malonda ndi mphamvu yokhoma misonkho. Lamulo la munthu aliyense pa Affordive Care Act – lofuna anthu kugula inshuwalansi ya zaumoyo – linachirikizidwa monga msonkho mu NFIB v. Seberius [1] , koma khotilo linakana poyera mfundo yakuti Nyumba ya Malamulo ikhoza kukakamiza ntchito yamalonda. Pambuyo pake mavuto a Medicaid kuwonjezera kukwera ndi kulipira ndalama zowonjezera zoyendetsera mphamvu za boma. Monga momwe malamulo atsopano a zaumoyo ndi zigamu za boma ndi malingaliro akutulukira, chipwirikiti pakati pa ufulu ndi ufulu wa dziko lonse chimakhala chowopsa.

Kusamuka ndi Boma

Kusintha kwa boma kwakhala kuimira boma. Pamene kuli kwakuti boma la boma lili ndi mphamvu yolamulira za chilengedwe ndi kusungitsa malire, maboma ayesa kulamulira osamukira kudziko popanda kulembedwa kupyolera mwa malamulo awo – mwachitsanzo, SB 1070 ya boma la Arizona yofunidwa kuyang'anira malo a kusamuka panthaŵi yoletsedwa mwalamulo. Arizona v. United States . , Khoti Lalikulu linakantha zinthu zingapo monga momwe linachotsedwera ndi lamulo la boma koma linasiya “kuonetsa mapepala ako . Mapangano ambiri pa mizinda yopatulika, zoletsa, ndi pulogalamu ya Otetezera za ku Oskasukswana (DAC) akupitirizabe kufunsa mafunso ponena za ufulu ndi chigwirizano cha boma.

Kutsatira Lamulo la Pandemic ndi Mphamvu za Madzi Odzifunira

COVID 16) Mliri wa Covid unawona maboma onse akukhazikitsa malamulo, malamulo a kubisa, mabizinesi, ndi ziyeneretso za katemera. Zochita zimenezi zinayambitsa mavuto a lamulo pansi pa First Amendment (mpangidwe wachipembedzo), njira yoyenerera (ufulu wa zachuma), ndi malamulo a boma (boma lolamulira). Khoti Lapamwamba, m'nkhani zonga Chiroma Katolika Diocese cha Brooklyn v. Cuomo , kuchepetsa boma lakwanikiza ziletso zopezekapo pa mautumiki achipembedzo, polingalira kuti iwo sanali auchete ndipo akugwira ntchito. Mliri waponso wosonyeza kutsutsana pakati pa malamulo a za zamwambo ndi kuyang'anira, ndi maboma ena ochirikiza mphamvu zaumoyo wa anthu.

Luso la Zaluso, Kalankhulidwe, ndi Mphamvu za Boma

Kukula kwa makampani oulutsa nkhani za anthu kwasokoneza malo oonetsera zinthu a First Amendment. Malamulo a boma ku Texas ndi Florida pofuna kuletsa kukhutira ndi zimene ali nazo ndi mapulatifomu akuluakulu avutiko atsutsidwa kuti ndi kuswa ufulu wa makampani achinsinsi, pamene kuli kwakuti njira za boma zolankhulirana ndi makampani a zachikhalidwe zakhala zoipitsa zinthu ndi zoipitsa. Khoti Lapamwamba likulimbana ndi ngati boma lingakakamize mapulatikiti kukamba nkhani zimene lingaletse, ndi ngati boma limaletsa kuswa ufulu wotsutsa Lamulo Loyamba. Nkhanizi zikuimira malire atsopano m'kambitsirano wa boma lokhala ndi malire pa nyengo ya makompyuta.

Kumaliza

Kuzindikira malire a ulamuliro wa boma la United States nkofunika kwambiri kuti pakhale chilolezo ndi chidziŵitso cha nzika zogwirizana ndi boma. Kugaŵikana kwa dongosolo – kugaŵikana kwa maulamuliro, mayeso ndi kulinganiza, Bill of Rights, ndi unistism – imakhalabe maziko, koma mbadwo uliwonse uyenera kumasulira ndi kugwiritsa ntchito mfundo zimenezi ku mavuto atsopano. Nkhani zapanthaŵi ino za kuyang'anira maloleshoni zimasonyeza kuti nkhani ya kuchuluka kwa ulamuliro wa boma sizingathetsedwe. Kwa aphunzitsi ndi ophunzira, kupenda malire ameneŵa sikumapereka kokha kuŵerengera kochitidwa ndi malamulo a democracy komanso kuyamikira kwambiri kwa makhalidwe amene amalamulira dziko la America. Mwa kupenda mbiri yakale, nyumba zotetezera, ndi mikangano yamakono, nzika zikhoza kukhala ndi phande zabwinopo m'ntchito yosungabe maulamuliro oyenera.