Federalist Papers imaimiridwa monga imodzi ya malongosoledwe olemekezeka koposa a United States Constitution, kupereka windo m'zifuno zoyambirira za okonza malamulo, dongosolo, ndi ulamuliro. Zolembedwa 85 zofalitsidwa pakati pa 1787 ndi 1788, zolembedwa zimenezi zinakonzedwa ndi Alexander Hamilton, James Maconson, ndi John Jay pansi pa malamulo aunyinji a “Publicam.” Cholinga chawo chinali kukopa nzika za New York, ndi kufalikira kwa Amereka [“ kuchirikiza Komiti Yadziko yatsopano ya Usilikali. Komabe phindu lawo lachikhalire likufikira kutali ndi mphindi za kukopa kwa ndalensi ndi kulinganiza kwa boma kaamba ka ufulu ndi mphamvu, ndi kudziletsa, ndi kusiyanasiyana kwa kumvetsetsa ndi kukhazikitsa kumeneku. Chidziŵitso chalamulo chalamulo cha lamulo ndi kukhazikitsa njira yalamulo ndi kukhazikitsa malamulo a za lamulo.

Mbiri Yakale: Vuto la Nkhani za Chilango

Kuti amvetsetse bwino mikangano ya mu Federalist Papers, choyamba munthu ayenera kuzindikira kufooka kumene malamulo analinganizidwa kukonza. Pambuyo pa kupambana ufulu kuchokera ku Great Britain, maiko khumi ndi atatu akale olamulidwa ndi maiko ochitidwa pansi pa Zigawo za Confederation, mgwirizano wopanda mphamvu imene inapatsa mphamvu zochepa kwambiri ku boma lapakati. Nkhanizi zinatsimikizira kukhala zosakwanira: Nyumba za Mabungwe sizinali ndi ulamuliro wa misonkho, kuyang'aniro ya mayiko, kapena kukhazikitsa gulu lankhondo. Maboma anagwira ntchito monga odziimira okha, kaŵirikaŵiri kukhazikitsa malire awo, kusindikiza zikalata zawo, ndi kupikisana pa malire. Kupanduka kwa Shay mu 1786.587 kuchititsa kuukira kotchuka koopsa kwa chipanicholoŵa chotchuka ku Massachusetts kunali kosatheka chifukwa chakuti boma la dzikolo silinathe kuletsa ulamuliro ndi ulamuliro wa boma la boma logwirizana logwirizana kwambiri.

Pamene Constitution ya Constitution inasonkhana ku Philadelphia mu 1787, nthumwizo zinapanga chikalata chimene chinapanga mphamvu yeniyeni pakati pa maboma ndi boma. Koma kulimbikitsa sikunatsimikizidwe. Otsutsa, odziŵika ndi dzina la Anti-Federalist, anatsutsa kuti Malamulo atsopano adzapanga boma lamphamvu kwambiri lomwe likawononga maboma ndi kupondereza ufulu wa munthu aliyense. Mapepala a Federalist adalembedwa molunjika pa manthawo. Iwo anapereka mfundo, mfundo ndi mfundo yaikulu ya mbali iliyonse ya Malamulo olinganizidwa, kulongosola chifukwa chake mabwalo a maulamulirowo, kufufuza ndi kulinganiza, boma, ufulu wa ufulu wa dziko, wodziimira ufulu wa ufulu wa munthu aliyense payekha, osati wokhawokhawokhawokhawo. Iwo anapereka mfundo yoyenerera yotetezera ndi kusungidwa kwa lamulo ndi dongosolo la malamulo.

Cholinga cha Mapepala a Mafupa Ogwirizanitsa Anthu

Pamaziko awo, nkhanizo zimafotokoza ndi kuteteza malamulo a malamulo monga njira yabwino kwambiri yokhazikitsira boma lokhoza kukhazikitsa malamulo mogwira mtima pamene akulemekeza ufulu wa munthu. Olembawo analongosola vuto lalikulu limene linavutitsa maboma a lipabuliki m’mbiri yonse: mmene angasungire bata popanda kusokonezeka. Zothetsera zawo zinali boma logwirizana ndi boma lokhala ndi malire, lokhala ndi maulamuliro a boma omwe akugwira ntchito. Makonzedwewa, anagwirizana ndi kuletsa kukhazikitsa ulamuliro m'chigawo chimodzi chokha pamene anali kuperekabe ulamuliro wamphamvu wofunikira kusunga mtendere.

Federalist Papers imagogomezera kuti lamulo ndi dongosolo sizingakwaniritsidwe kokha mwa zolinga zabwino. Zimafuna mabungwe amene amagwirizanitsa zikondwerero za olamulira ndi ubwino wa anthu. Monga momwe James Madison analembera motchuka mu Federalist No. 51, “Kusankha kuyenera kupangidwa kuti kugonjetse chikhumbo.” Mwakugawa mphamvu pakati pa malamulo, nduna, ndi nthambi zachiweruzo, ndi kugawanso nyumba ya malamulo kukhala zipinda ziŵiri, Malamulo amatsimikizira kuti palibe mfundo imodzi imene ingalamulire boma lonse. Kufufuza kumeneku ndiko maziko a ufulu wolamulidwa ndi boma loyenera kuchitapo kanthu kena koma kuletsa kuyendetsa zinthu mwalamulo.

Pambuyo pa kukonzedwa kwa madongosolo, nkhanizo zimafotokozanso za maziko a maganizo ndi a kakhalidwe ka anthu. Mu Federalist No. 49, Madison akunena kuti ulemu wa anthu kaamba ka Malamulowo umagwira ntchito monga mphamvu yokhazikika. Ngati lamulo lalikulu likhoza kukonzedwa kaŵirikaŵiri ndi misonkhano yotchuka, boma lingakhale losakhazikika ndi losadziŵika bwino. Mwakupangitsa malamulo kukhala ovuta kukonza, opanga malamulowo amafuna kuchirikiza malamulo m’malamulo mwa malamulo amene angaposetse zikhumbo zake. Malamulo anthaŵi yaitali ameneŵa ndi ofunika kuti munthu amvetsetse malamulo ndi dongosolo la malamulo ndi dongosolo la malamulo, osati kungozindikira kuti chilungamo chimafunika kusasinthasinthasintha kwa kanthaŵi kochepa chabe.

Mfundo Zazikulu Zokhudza Chilamulo ndi Dongosolo

Mapepala a Federalist amagogomezera mitu ingapo imene idakali yofunika kwambiri pa malamulo a ku America ndi kuyendetsa chilungamo.

Kupatukana kwa Mphamvu

Mwinamwake lamulo lalikulu la malamulo ndilo kugaŵidwa kwa maulamuliro. Malamulo amagawa boma la dziko kukhala nthambi zitatu zosiyana: lamulo (Connor), mkulu (Prezidenti), ndi jaji (makhoti a boma). Nthambi iliyonse imapatsidwa madongosolo osiyanasiyana a ntchito ndipo imaikidwa ndi njira zosiyanasiyana. Nthambi yachikazi imasankhidwa ndi anthu, yosankhidwa ndi maboma, kapena yoikidwa ndi moyo wa manthambi. Kupatulidwa kumeneku kunalinganizidwa kuletsa munthu aliyense kapena gulu la anthu kuti agwiritse ntchito mphamvu zonse za boma. Monga momwe Hamilton akufotokozera m'mabungwe a Federalist No. 78, judiary ndi “ntha yachiŵa yauching'ono chifukwa chakuti siilamulira lupanga kapena chikwama, ndipo iyenera kudalira pa mabungwe a boma.

Palamulo ndi dongosolo, kupatukana kwa maulamuliro kumatanthauza kuti palibe ulamuliro umodzi womwe ungapange zonse ziŵiri malamulo ndi kuwakakamiza. Nyumba ya malamulo iyenera kukhazikitsa malamulo omvekera bwino; mkulu wa oweruza ayenera kukhazikitsa malamulowo mopanda malire; oweruza ayenera kuwamasulira mopanda tsankho. Kupatula kwa maulamuliro kwamitundu yambiri. Motero nzika zimafuna kupita ku nthambi zosiyanasiyana ngati munthu mmodzi wachita zolakwika. Lamulo lopanda chilungamo lingatsutsidwe m’khoti; kubwezera mlandu kungapendedwe ndi kupendedwa ndi chiweruzo; lamulo lapamwamba limene lingapitiridwe. Kupatulidwa kwa maulamuliro kumagwira ntchito yopondereza ulamuliro imene kaŵirikaŵiri imatsogolera ku chipwirikiti ndi chitsenderezo.

Mapeketi ndi Kulinganizika

Pamene kuli kwakuti kulekana kwa maulamuliro kumagaŵira ntchito zosiyanasiyana ku nthambi iliyonse, kuyang'anira ndi kulinganiza kumatsimikizira kuti palibe nthambi imene ingalamulire ina. Pulezidenti angapereke lamulo; Nyumba ya Malamulo ingaletse zimenezo ndi mavoti aŵiri. Nyumba ikhazikitsa mapangano a pulezidenti ndi kukhazikitsa mapangano. Nyumba ingathe kutsogolera nduna za boma, kuphatikizapo Pulezidenti, ndipo Nyumba ya Malamulo imachititsa kuzenga mlandu. Khoti la judicaria lingalengetse malamulo osagwirizana ndi mphamvu ya kupenda kwachiweruzo (mphamvu imene Hamilton amatetezera patalikitsata mu Federation No.). Ndipo Pulezidenti amagamula, kukhazikitsa lamulo lovomerezeka. Maboma ameneŵa amapanga njira imene nthambi zonse ziŵirizo ndi mphamvu yolimbana nayo.

Kuchokera ku lingaliro la lamulo ndi dongosolo, kuyang'ana ndi kulinganiza kumaletsa boma kuchita zinthu mofulumizitsa kapena mobisa. Lamulo limene limadutsa m'nyumba zonse ziŵiri za Congress, limapulumuka chiwongola dzanja cha prezidenti, ndipo pambuyo pake limapulumuka kuyang'aniridwa kwa lamulo m'makhoti. Njirayi siimapereka chilungamo changwiro chachilungamo. Ndilo dongosolo la munthu, koma limachipangitsa kukhala chothekera kwambiri kuti malamulo azisonyeza kulinganiza ndi kulemekeza malamulo a malamulo. Mayeso amaperekanso chitetezero: ngati nthambi imodzi ikhala yankhanza, inayo imakhala ndi njira yoimirira. Imeneyi ndi yosiyana ndi malamulo a ulamuliro wa a auchiweruza, kumene mphamvu zonse zimachokera ku magwero imodzi ndi kusemphana ndi kupondereza. Masopenyeka a Federal Divial amakhala dongosolo lowongolera lolinganiza zinthu lolinganiza zinthu m’malo mwa mphamvu yake.

Ulamuliro wa Maboma ndi Kukhazikika kwa Dziko

Mutu wa nkhani yaikulu ya Federalist Papers ndi kufunika kwa boma lamphamvu lapakati kusungitsa bata ladziko ndi kukhazikitsa malamulo mofanana m'maiko onse. Mu Federallist No. 23, Hamilton akunena kuti maulamuliro opatsidwa kwa boma la dzikolo ayenera kugwirizana ndi zinthu zoikiziridwa ku chisamaliro chake . Kutetezera kwa onse, kusungidwa kwa mtendere wa anthu onse, ndi malamulo a malonda. Ngati boma la dzikolo silinakhale ndi mphamvu yokweza magulu ankhondo, levy, kapena malonda, silingakhoze kuyankha ziwopsezo kapena kupandukira kwa mkati mwa dziko. Lamulo la malamulolo lipanga lamulo lalamulo lolamulira dziko lonse, lolamulira oweruza ndi akuluakulu a boma, ngakhale pamene pali mikangano. Malamulo ameneŵa a boma a boma a boma a boma akakhala oyenerera lamulo.

Komabe, olemba Federal listed akudziŵanso za kuopsa kwa kuchuluka kwa dziko. Anapanga dongosolo la boma limene boma limapanga mphamvu zokha pamene maboma akusunga ulamuliro wa onse pa nkhani za kumaloko. Magawawa amachepetsa kusemphana maganizo pakati pa maulamuliro a dziko ndi boma pamene akutsimikizira kuti boma likhoza kuchitapo kanthu pankhani za nkhaŵa za dziko. Pa malamulo ndi dongosolo, zimenezi zikutanthauza kuti mabungwe a boma monga FBI ndi makhoti a boma angapereke malangizo ophwanya malamulo, uchigaŵenga, uchigaŵenga, ndi mabungwe ovuta, pamene boma ndi mabungwe akomwe akugwira ntchito yaikulu ya tsiku lakufikira tsiku, kuweruza, kuweruza, ndi kukhazikitsa lamulo. Ubwino wa boma ndi ulamuliro uli wogwirizana nthaŵi zonse pa malamulo, zigamu za khoti, ndi malamulo andale zadziko, ndi malamulo oyendetsera mfundo za m'malamulo ogwirizana m'malamulo a boma: kukhazikitsa lamulo lalikulu loyenera kukhazikitsa lamulo lolamulira, koma lamulo lakwaniridwa ndi loyenera kukhazikitsa lamulo.

Kuteteza Ufulu wa Anthu m’Nyumba ya Malamulo Yomangidwa Mwalamulo

Anti-Federalist inafuna lamulo la ufulu wa munthu aliyense payekha ku boma latsopano. Pamene kuli kwakuti Federalists poyamba ananena kuti kuikidwa kwa ufulu kunali kosafunikira . Chifukwa chakuti Malamulo a Malamulo enieniwo anagamula mphamvu za boma ku maulamuliro amenewo potsirizira pake, ndipo Bill of Rights adawonjezedwa mu 1791. Koma Malamulo a Boma ali ndi chiphunzitso chapamwamba cha kutetezeredwa kwa ufulu. Pakadali Federalist Paps No. Pa maulamuliro 84, Hamilton ananena kuti malamulo a Malamulowo ndi lamulo la ufulu chifukwa chakuti amakhazikitsa boma lokhala ndi mphamvu zopereŵeruza. Mwachitsanzo, malamulowo sapereka mphamvu zoletsa kulankhula, palibe chitetezero chenicheni chomwe chinafunikira. Kuwonjezerapo, kapangidwe ka boma ka boma kayendetsedwe ka maulamuliro, ndi kulinganiza ufulu wa boma, kuletsa kuletsa ufulu wa kuphwanya malamulo.

Palamulo lamakono, mutu umenewu ndi wofunika kwambiri. Umaphunzitsa kuti ufulu suli chabe malonjezo osadziŵika bwino; uli m'makonzedwe a bungwe. Ufulu wa woimbidwa mlandu ku mlandu wachilungamo umatetezeredwa osati ndi Malamulo Achisanu ndi chimodzi okha komanso chifukwa chakuti oweruza ali odziimira paokha, oweruza ali ndi mlandu, ndipo apolisi amayang'anira mphamvu za boma. Kuyenera kwa kulankhula kwa ufulu kumatetezedwa ndi malamulo a ku Oyamba, komanso ndi mfundo yakuti Nyumba ya Malamulo ili ndi mphamvu zochepetsetsa ndi kuti ingaikidwe pa masankhoti. Chidziŵitso cha Federali ndi chakuti ufulu sungakhale wopulumuka m'chimbudzi; iwo amafuna dongosolo la boma limene limaletsa mphamvu yopanda lamulo. Kumvetsetsa kumeneku kwa zaka mazana ambiri kwasintha malamulo a kukhazikitsa malamulo a ku judiary Courtment kuchirikiza ku chipani cha ku Briti. Ilo n’kumbukiridwa bwino ndi lamulo lotsutsana ndi lamulo loyenera.

Kuvuta kwa Lamulo ndi Dongosolo Lamakono

Malamulo osonyezedwa m'Malamulo a Federalist Paper akupitirizabe kusonkhezera malamulo a America m’njira zazikulu. Malamulo amakono a malamulo amamangidwa pa dongosolo limene zolemba zimenezi zinathandiza kukhazikitsa. Malingaliro a Khoti Lapamwamba kaŵirikaŵiri amatchula Mapepala monga zitsogozo zodalirika ku ku luntha loyambirira la Malamulo. Pamene kuli kwakuti Bwalo lamilandu silimawaona monga ogwirizana, mphamvu zawo zokopa nzazikulu kwambiri, makamaka m’nkhani zophatikizapo kugaŵidwa kwa maulamuliro, unduna, ndi udindo wapamwamba.

Chimodzi cha ziyambukiro zamakono zazikulu kwambiri chikukhudza kulinganiza pakati pa chisungiko ndi ufulu wa anthu. Pambuyo pa 9 / 11, boma la boma linakulitsa mphamvu zake zoyang’anira ndi kutsekera mwalamulo monga USA PATRIOTT Act. Otsutsa ambiri anatsutsa kuti zimenezi zinaswa zitetezero za Fourne Amementment persyst ndi nkhanu ndi njira zofunikira za kukhazikitsa malamulo a boma. Ochirikiza anatsutsa kuti ulamuliro wamphamvu wa boma unali wofunika kusungitsa chisungiko cha dziko. Mkanganowo umatchulanso mfundo zenizeni zopangidwa m'Malamulo a Federalist Papers: kuti ndi mphamvu yaikulu chotani imene boma la dziko liyenera kukhala nayo kusungitsa bata, ndipo kuti muyezo mphamvuyo imakhala yopondereza? Oyang'anira boma lamphamvu liyenera kupendedwa mosamalitsa ndi kutsimikizira pulogalamu yamakono. Nthaŵi zambiri, pamene kuli kopanda kulephera kutsutsa lamulo la chigamulo. [4]

Malo ena kumene Federalist Papers imamvedwa ndi chiphunzitso chamakono cha [FLT: 0] chimawomboledwe cha dziko. Pansi pa chiganizo chapamwamba, lamulo la boma lingapose lamulo la boma pamene Congress afuna kukhala ndi munda. Izi nzofunika kaamba ka malamulo a dongosolo la zamalonda, miyezo ya malo okhala, kusamuka, ndi madera ena amene amafunikira kukhazikika kwa dziko. Mwachitsanzo, Ceaoc Air Act imakhazikitsa miyezo ya dzikolo imene imaletsa kufooka. Mofananamo, lamulo la boma la boma la kampani yosamuka lingalephere kukhazikitsa zoyesayesa kusamuka. Malamulo ameneŵa amaletsa ntchito ya malamulo a boma otsutsana amene adzafooketsa lamulo ndi kukhazikika kwa boma. Malamulo ogwirizana a boma akupereka ufulu umenewu: njira yogwirizana ya malonda ndi dongosolo lalamulo lalamulo la boma. Malamulo a boma akupereka kulinganiza kwa dongosolo la boma logwirizana.

Oweruza a ufulu, otetezeredwa ndi Hamilton mu Federal List No. 78, amakhalabe maziko a lamulo ndi dongosolo la America. Oweruza a Federal amasunga maofesi awo panthaŵi ya makhalidwe abwino (mwachidziŵikire) ndipo malipiro awo sangachepetsedwe pamene ali mu ofesi. Zitetezero zimenezi zakonzedwa kutsimikizira kuti oweruza ali omasuka kugamula milandu mogwirizana ndi lamulo, popanda kuopa kubwezera. Kudziimira kwawo n’kofunika kwambiri posunga malamulo a lamulo: pamene woweruza akulamula boma kutulutsa umboni, kapena kuletsa njira yopanda lamulo, kuti lamulolo lisamaliridwe. Popanda ufulu walamulo, boma lingangonyalanyaza kuweruza, ndipo lamulo lonse likhoza kulowa m’chigawa. Chivomerezo cha bungwe la judia chigamu cha ulamuliro kapena chipani choyang'anira ntchito yolimbana ndi ulamuliro yokhudzana ya ulamuliro, monga momwe liyenera kukhalira m'malamulo. [F4] [4] [4] [4] Malamulo onse: "[4]

Ndiponso, Federalist Papers imagogomezera mobwerezabwereza lamulo la anthu pa lamulo lapanga mwambo walamulo wa Amereka. Lingaliro lakuti malamulo ayenera kukhala aunyinji, apoyera, oyembekezeredwa, ndi okakamiza mofananamo lakhazikika mu Century Procession Clauss. Khoti Lapamwamba lakhala ndi malamulo osadziŵika bwino kapena oswa malamulo chifukwa chakuti iwo amalephera kupereka malamulo abwino kwa nzika ndi kupempha lamulo loletsa ufulu wa anthu. Lamulo la chitetezo chofanana, lochokera ku Generacletivement Reformation, likumavomerezanso nkhaŵa yakuti boma liyenera kuchitira nzika zonse mofanana pamaso pa lamulo. Pamene boma lipereka lamulo limene limagwira ntchito kokha ku gulu linalake kapena, limapereka malamulo ofiira pansi pa onse a ufulu ndi malamulo a ufulu wa ufulu wa kukhazikitsa malamulo. Lamulo losatchulanso mfundo yofanana ndi lamulo lokhudzana la malamulo a boma lokhudzanalo, lomwe limalamulira lamulo lodziŵika bwino lomwe liyenera kuperekedwa ndi lamulo lokhudza lamulo loti likhale loti likhale lokhudza anthu.

Kutsutsana kwa Patsogolo: Mphamvu ya Maboma ndi Maboma

Lerolino, mikangano ya boma ndi lamulo ndi malamulo ikupitirizabe kukhala ndi makhoti ndi malamulo. Nkhani zonga ngati kuvomereza chamba, mizinda yopatulika, ndi zoyenera zovota zimapangitsa kulinganiza kwa ulamuliro wa boma ndi boma. Mwachitsanzo, maboma ambiri alola kusanguluka ndi kupitirizabe kuswa malamulo a boma. Dipatimenti ya Chilungamo yakhala ndi lamulo lopanda mgwirizano, koma malamulo a boma akusonyeza kuti malamulo a boma ali ndi ulamuliro woyesa ndi njira zosiyanasiyana zochitira zinthu zoweruza milandu, koma boma limasunga mphamvu yalamulo kusungitsa malamulo ake ngati asankha. Zimenezi zimapangitsa kuti oyambitsawo azikhala ndi malamulo a boma omwe ankayembekezera kuti angopitiriza kupikisana ndi kukambirana. Gulu la bungwe la Perpall limapereka yankho la ufulu wa kukhazikitsa malamulowo.

Mofananamo, kutsutsana pa “lamulo ndi dongosolo” m'nkhani ya kusintha kwa apolisi kukukhudza nkhani za macheke ndi malingana. Mayeso a apolisi kaŵirikaŵiri amagogomezera kufunika kwa uyang'aniro waumwini, makamera a bungwe, ndi zotulukapo za lamulo za chisembwere. Masitepeŵa ali mayeso amakono a lamulo la Federalist kuti mphamvu ziyenera kupendedwa kuti ziletse kuchitiridwa nkhanza. Chiphunzitso cha Supreme Court cha kuchinjiriza oyeneretsedwa, chimene kaŵirikaŵiri chimatetezera akuluakulu a boma ku ku ku kulakwa kwa anthu, chasulizidwa kukhala choluluza. Nyumba za malamulo ndi malamulo zikutsutsana pakalipaja zimene zingawonjeze kulinganiza pakati pa kusungidwa kwa lamulo ndi zoyenera zalamulo. Federalist Papersitis ikutikumbutsa kuti zonse ziŵiri nkofunika: chiphunzitso cha anthu popanda ufulu woyenerera, ndipo anthu opanda ufulu wa kutetezera. Chiyeso chiku

Kumaliza: Kupirira Kukwera Mapepala a Mafupa Oŵerengera

Federalist Papers idakali chitsogozo chofunika kwambiri ku kuyesa boma la America. Zimafotokoza chifukwa chake lamulo ndi dongosolo sizimafuna malamulo okha, koma maluso olinganizidwa bwino amene amagaŵa, kugaŵa, ndi kuyang'ana mphamvu. Zimaphunzitsa kuti kulondola dongosolo sikuyenera kuloledwa kuphimba ufulu, ndi kuti ufulu ungangokhalapo m’malamulo okhazikika, otsimikizirika. Zolembazo zimapatsanso kuwona kwa moyo: Amavomereza kuti anthu si angelo, ndi kuti dongosolo lililonse la boma liyenera kulinganizidwira kuchita ndi chikhumbo, mfundo, ndi kulephera kwa atsogoleri.

M’nthaŵi zathu za mikangano, Federalist Papers imapereka lingaliro laphindu. Zimatikumbutsa kuti lamulo silimangochitika lokha / limafuna nzika zatcheru, makhoti odziimira, ndi osankhidwa a akuluakulu amene amalemekeza malamulo. Makambitsirano a mphamvu za boma, ulamuliro wa maulamuliro, ndi ufulu wa munthu aliyense amene Oyambitsawo akugwira ntchitowo akuonekerabe. Mwa kubwerera ku mawu a Publius, tingamvetsetse lingaliro loyambirira lakuti malamulo athu ndi kupanga zigamulo zodziŵira bwino za mmene angasungire malamulo ndi kulinganiza m’zaka za zana la makumi aŵiri ndi loyamba.

Kuŵerenga kowonjezereka, mawu onse a Federal List Papers akupezeka kuchokera ku Laibulale ya Congress pa https:/guides..gov.goc. khodifi la mapepala / mapepala olembapo [1]. National Constitution Center imapatsa chitsogozo chothandiza pa [[FLT:] HTTP: Aer: Aercesworvement. org/inct-constitution / constitution . Kuloŵa pansi kwambiri m'mbiri, onani [FLT:] Mapepala: Kuŵerenga Chitsogonjezo [FL:] [FLT] [FLT] [FLP]