Table of Contents

Cholinga ndi Kufunika kwa Kuŵerengera

Chiŵerengerochi ndi chachikulu kwambiri komanso chochuluka kwambiri m'dziko. Chimachitidwa zaka khumi zilizonse m’mayiko ambiri, cholinga chake chachikulu n’chakuti munthu aliyense wokhala m’mayiko osiyanasiyana awerengedwe. Kuŵerengera kumeneku si kuwerengedwa chabe. Kufunsa mafunso kumathandiza kuimira demokrase, kufalitsa chuma chosasinthasintha, ndiponso kugwiritsa ntchito mfundo zogwirizana ndi umboni. Mwakumvetsa bwino zimene zikusonkhanitsidwa ndi chifukwa chake, nzika zingayamikire zonse ziŵiri zofunika ndi phindu la kutenga nawo mbali.

Mbiri Yakale Ndiponso Malamulo

Chiŵerengero chamakono chikusonyeza chiyambi chake ku zikhalidwe zakale, kumene olamulira anafunikira kudziŵa ukulu ndi kuchuluka kwa anthu awo kaamba ka msonkho ndi kulembetsa asilikali. Lerolino, kuŵerengerako kumaikidwa m'malamulo m'maiko ambiri. Mwachitsanzo, United States Constitution imalamula kubala zaka khumi zilizonse kuti aone ngati kuimira kogwirizana. Chiŵerengero cha anthu cha 1790 chinakhazikitsa lamulo loyamba la U.S.

Zimene Zikupezeka pa Kampani Yoŵerengera Anthu

Mafunsowa amafufuzidwa kwa zaka zambiri kuti atsimikizire kuti ndi omveka bwino, ofunika, ndiponso kuti sachita zinthu zina zofunika.

Chidziŵitso Chaumwini

Munthu aliyense m’banja ayenera kupereka tsatanetsatane wa chikhalidwe cha anthu. Izi zimaphatikizapo dzina, msinkhu, deti la kubadwa, kugonana, ndi fuko kapena fuko. M'maiko ena, magazini a mafunso amafunsanso za unansi ndi mwininyumba (m., mkazi, mwana, wokhala naye chipinda chimodzi). Zolemba za zaka nzofunika kwambiri kuti muŵerengere miyeso ya kudalirana, kulinganiza malo a sukulu, ndi kuneneratu zaumoyo wa anthu okalamba. Fuko ndi ufuko zimathandiza kusungitsa ufulu wa anthu ndi kuzindikira kusoŵa kwa ufulu wa zaumoyo kapena mwaŵi wa zachuma.

Kulinganiza Banja ndi Maunansi

Chiŵerengero cha anthu chimayambitsa amene amakhala m'nyumba iliyonse ndi mmene amakhalira. Izi zimaphatikizapo anthu a m’banja, kaya ali achibale a mwininyumba, ndi malo a ukwati wawo. Kuŵerengera bwino mabanja n’kofunika polinganiza nyumba, kuchuluka kwa nyumba za anthu a m'mibadwo yambiri, ndi chiŵerengero cha mabanja a munthu mmodzi.

Zizindikiro za Nyumba

Mafunso onena za malo okhalawo ndi oyenerera pa mafomu ambiri a kalembera. Awa amaphatikizapo Kugwiritsa ntchito [madola] (okhala, obwerekedwa, obwerekedwa), mtundu wa nyumba (nyumba imodzi, nyumba, nyumba, nyumba zapamtunda), chiŵerengero cha zipinda, ndi kupezeka kwa zinthu zofunika monga kuthamanga madzi, magetsi, ndi Intaneti. Chidziŵitso chimenechi chimagwiritsidwa ntchito kupenda kukongola kwa nyumba, kudziŵikitsa kuchuluka kwa nyumba, ndi kugula ndalama zoikizira ndalama. Mwachitsanzo, madera okhala ndi mathithi a mathirejiji ambiri a makampani obweretsedwa angafunikire mapulogalamu osiyanasiyana othandizira anthu obwereka kuposa malo okongola kwambiri.

Ntchito ya Ntchito ndi Zachuma

Magulu a antchito ndiwo maziko a kuŵerengera anthu. Oyankha amafunsidwa ngati anali pantchito, malova, kapena sagwira ntchito m'milungu yolembedwa. Mafunso ena angafunsidwe pa mafunso a anthu , makampani, kalasi ya antchito [1] (chigawo chaumwini, boma, ntchito yodzigwirira ntchito), ndi maola omwe amagwira. Ngakhale kuti nthaŵi zambiri amasonkhanitsidwa pa kufufuza, angaonekere pa mafunso a kalembera m'maiko ena, kufunsa za ndalama zonse zapanyumba m'chaka chapitachi. Kusintha kumeneku kwa zachuma kumaloŵetsa m'mayeso a ntchito, kupita patsogolo kwa ntchito, ndi magawo a zachuma.

Kulembetsa M’sukulu Ndiponso Pamaphunziro

Mafuno a maphunziro amamaliza maphunziro apamwamba kwambiri, kuyambira pa masukulu a sekondale mpaka pa madigiri apamwamba. Iwo angafunsenso za maphunziro amakono kapena a ku koleji. Maphunziro ofunika kwambiri poona likulu la anthu, kulinganiza malire a sukulu, ndi kupenda chipambano cha maprogramu a maphunziro. Opanga maprogramu amagwiritsira ntchito chidziŵitso chimenechi kudziŵira kumene kuli kofunika kuwonjezera ndalama m'maphunziro kapena maphunziro a ntchito.

Kusamuka ndi Kuchuluka kwa Malo Ozungulira

Mafunso ambiri a kalembera amaphatikizapo funso lokhudza kumene munthuyo ankakhala zaka zisanu zapitazo (kapena panthaŵi ya kalembera woyamba). Zimenezi zimathandiza kudziwa mmene anthu amasamukira m’madera ena, kusinthana kwa mizinda, ndiponso kusamuka kwa anthu chifukwa cha zinthu zachuma kapena zachilengedwe.

Nkhani zapadera ndi Mafunso Owonjezereka

Zimadalira pa dziko ndi nyengo ya kuŵerenga anthu, mamogule ena angaphatikizidwe. Mwachitsanzo, , Survey ya American Community (ACS) ku United States imalandira chidziŵitso chatsatanetsatane ponena za chinenero cholankhulidwa panyumba, kupunduka, inshuwalansi ya zaumoyo, ndi malo a odziŵa bwino ntchito. Mayiko ena amafunsa za chipembedzo, mtundu mwatsatanetsatane, kapena zinthu zina za m’nyumba zofanana ndi kupezeka kwa galimoto. Mafunso owonjezerawa amaperekedwa mosamala kuti akwaniritse cholinga chotsimikizirika cha masamu a kuntchito ndipo sasinthanso chidziŵitso china.

Chifukwa Chake Pamakhala Mafunso Apadera

Kumvetsa zifukwa zimenezi kumathandiza kuti anthu azikhulupirirana ndipo kumathandiza kuti anthu asamachite nawo zinthu zina.

Dzina ndi Chidziŵitso cha Ochezera a pa Intaneti

Maina amasonkhanitsidwa kwakukulukulu kutsimikizira munthu aliyense kukhala woŵerengedwa kamodzi kokha ndi kulola kutsatira ngati chidziŵitso chiri chosokera kapena chosagwirizana. Samagwiritsiridwa ntchito kaamba ka kujambula kapena kuyang'anira. Dzinalo limalekanitsidwa ndi tsatanetsatane pambuyo pa kukonzedwa ndipo limasungidwa chinsinsi pansi pa lamulo lokhwima.

Zaka ndi Kugonana

Ukalamba ndi kugonana ndizo kusintha kwakukulu kwa chiŵerengero cha anthu. Zimagwiritsiridwa ntchito pafupifupi pa chiŵerengero cha anthu chirichonse, kuyambira pa kuŵerengera kuŵerengera kufikira kulinganiza ndalama za Chisungiko cha Anthu. Maumboni a kugonana amatsimikizira kuti ntchito monga thanzi la amayi ndi malo ogonako a akazi amachirikizidwa bwino.

Fuko ndi Ufuko

Mafunso a fuko ndi fuko amaperekedwa ndi lamulo la ufulu wachibadwidwe, monga ngati Voing Rights Act in the U.S. ndi Lamulo la Kulingana mu UK. Popanda chidziŵitso chimenechi, kungakhale kosatheka kupima tsankho, kukhazikitsa malamulo abwino a nyumba, kapena kupereka ndalama zothandizira maprogramu a m’magulu ochepa. Maguluwo amakonzedwa nthaŵi ndi nthaŵi kusonyeza kamvedwe kakedwe ka anthu ka fuko ndi fuko.

Kupeza Ndalama za Panyumba ndi Ntchito

Kulandira ndalama kumathandiza kutsimikizira kuti pali kuthekera kwa maprogramu a chithandizo cha boma, kutchula matumba aumphaŵi, ndi kuŵerengera ndalama zopezedwa m'makampani a dziko lonse. Kudziŵa ntchito kumavumbula mafakitale amene akukula kapena kuchepa, kumene ntchito zikufunikira, ndi mmene chuma cha m'madera akuyendera. Chidziŵitso chimenechi chimagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi Bureau of Labor Statistics ndi mabungwe ena kutulutsa malipoti a ntchito mwezi ndi mwezi.

Mmene Kuŵerengera Anthu Kumagwiritsidwira Ntchito Pokhazikitsa Lamulo ndi Polinganiza Zinthu

Atasonkhanitsa zinthu ndi kudzitcha, chidziŵitso cha kuŵerenga anthu chimakhala chinthu chosadziŵika bwino pa zosankha zambirimbiri zimene zimayambukira moyo wa tsiku ndi tsiku.

Kuimira Ndale ndi Kukonzanso Malamulo

Imodzi ya njira zachindunji kwambiri za kuŵerengera anthu ndiyo kujambula zigawo za malamulo. Chiwonkhetso cha anthu chimagamula kuti ndi mipando ingati imene boma lililonse kapena dera lililonse limalandira m'nyumba ya malamulo kapena m'chigawo. M'mayiko, chidziŵitso chatsatanetsatane cha anthu a m'madera onse chimatsimikizira kuti chigawo chilichonse chili ndi anthu pafupifupi chiŵerengero chimodzimodzi, kumamatira ku lamulo la "munthu mmodzi, voti imodzi. Kusintha pambuyo pa kuŵerenga kulikonse kungasinthe mphamvu za ndale zadziko kwa zaka khumi.

Kusamuka kwa Boma ndi Maboma

Mabiliyoni a madola m'zipatala za boma amagaŵiridwa motsatira njira zoŵerengera anthu zogwiritsidwa ntchito. Programu zonga Medicaid, National School Lunch Program, kukonzekera makwalala, ndi Community Development Block Grant zimadalira pa kuŵerengera kolondola kwa anthu. Kuŵerengera kochepa kungatayitse anthu mamiliyoni a madola m'dziko pa ndalama zotayika zaka khumi. Kufufuza ndi Pew Charitables [1] Programu , zimasonyeza kuti mazana a maprogramu a maprogramu amagwiritsira ntchito kuŵerengera anthu kuti apeze ndalama zosavuta kulanda anthu ovutika kwambiri.

Kusamalira Thanzi ndi Kulinganiza Zaumoyo wa Anthu Onse

Ukalamba, ndalama, ndi zolemba za zaumoyo zimathandiza akuluakulu a zaumoyo kudziŵa anthu amene ali pangozi ya matenda kapena matenda osatha. Mliri wa CHOVAD-19, anagwiritsa ntchito ndandanda ya anthu kuti adziwe malo oyesera ndiponso zipatala za katemera. Machipatala ndi madipatimenti a zaumoyo amagwiritsa ntchito anthu okhala ndi chiŵerengero cha anthu pokonzekera mautumiki a ana obadwa, chisamaliro cha ana, ndi chipinda cha anthu odziwirira.

Magawo a Maphunziro ndi Sukulu

Malo a sukulu amadalira pa zimene anthu akudziwa kuti zidzachitika m’tsogolo akadzaloŵa m’masukulu atsopano, ndiponso kuti anthu amene amaphunzira Chingelezi azipeza ndalama zothandizira pa maphunziro apadera.

Zoyendera Ndiponso Zinthu Zowonongeka

Malo oyendetsera galimoto, kuchuluka kwa anthu, zonsezi zimapezeka m’mafunso a kalembera. Akatswiri a za maulendo amagwiritsa ntchito mfundo zimenezi popanga njira zodutsa anthu, posankha misewu yatsopano kapena mabasi, ndiponso pokonza malo oyendetsera galimoto zamagetsi.

Kupita Patsogolo kwa Zachuma ndi Zosankha za Malonda

Makampani apeza njira zolembera anthu kuti adziwe kumene angatsegule masitolo atsopano, zinthu zimene angapereke, ndi mmene angagulitsire.

Kubisa, Kubisa Chinsinsi, ndi Kuteteza Chidziŵitso

Kudera nkhawa za kukhala pawekha kumachititsa kuti anthu asamachite nawo zinthu zina, ndipo n’kofunika kwambiri kudziwa kuti kalembera wa anthu amatetezedwa kwambiri.

Kutetezeredwa Mwalamulo

Ku United States, Mutu 13 wa Malamulo a United States umaletsa antchito a Census kugawana chidziŵitso chaumwini chodziŵika. Kuswa malamulo kumapatsa chilango chowopsa, kuphatikizapo zaka zisanu m’ndende ndi ndalama zokwana $50,000. Malamulo ofananawo alipo m'maiko ena. Statistics Authority imatsimikiziranso kuti chidziŵitso chaumwini chimasungidwa kwa zaka 100 chisanatulutsidwe kaamba ka kufufuza kwa mafuko.

Kusintha Malo ndi Kupanga Zinthu

Luso lapadera lokhala ndi maina ndi maadiresi silimatulutsidwa. M’malo mwake, njira zoŵerengera monga kusinthanitsa madata ndi (kutumiza mfundo zina pakati pa mabanja ofananawo) ndi jekeseni wa phokoso zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kuteteza munthu aliyense. Zimenezi zimalola ziŵerengero zolondola pamene zikuteteza zinthu zachinsinsi. Bungwe la Census Bureau limathandizanso kupeŵa njira zodzitetezera, kuphatikizapo njira zosiyanasiyana zachinsinsi, kuwonjezera ofufuza otetezera.

Zimene Zimachitika Mukamatsatira Zimene Mwalemba

Kuŵerengera anthu kumalembedwa m'nthaŵi ya kutumiza ndi kusungidwa pa olemba a m'makampani otetezeka. Pambuyo pokonza, chidziŵitso chakuzindikira chimalekanitsidwa ndi ziŵerengero. The Census Bureau imaletsedwa mwalamulo kugawana chidziŵitso chanu ndi bungwe lina la boma, kuphatikizapo kusungidwa kwa lamulo, akuluakulu a boma, kapena mabungwe opereka msonkho. Malo osapondedwa ameneŵa ndi onse ndipo asungidwa kwa zaka zoposa zana limodzi.

Kusintha kwa Funso la Kuŵerengera

M’kupita kwa nthawi, anthu akhala akufufuza zinthu zambiri zokhudza kalembera, ndipo zimenezi zasonyeza kuti zinthu zapita patsogolo pa luso la zopangapanga, chikhalidwe cha anthu, ndiponso zinthu zina zofunika.

Mapepala Akhala Ongoyerekezera

Kuŵerengera koyambirira kunachitidwa ndi olemba mafomu a mapepala. Chiŵerengero cha 2020 cha U.S. chinasonyeza nthaŵi yoyamba imene mabanja ambiri analabadira pa Intaneti. Kusintha kumeneku kuchepetsa kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa mapepala, kuwonjezera zolemba, ndi kulola kufunsa mafunso. Mu 2021, UK inachititsa kuti pa Intaneti pakhale zotsatirapo zooneka bwino, ndi mapepala omwe alipo popempha. Kupanga mafomu a manambala kumathandizanso kumasulira, kutsimikizira kwa nthaŵi yeniyeni, ndi kufalitsa mwamsanga zotsatira zake zoyambirira.

Kusintha Mafunso a Anthu

Mwachitsanzo, m’chaka cha 2020 cha ku United States, anthu a mitundu yosiyanasiyana ayamba kuwerenga zinthu zosiyanasiyana zokhudzana ndi chikhalidwe chawo.

Kugwirizanitsa ndi Atsogoleri

Mabungwe amakono oŵerengera anthu akugwiritsa ntchito kwambiri makampani a boma pofuna kukwaniritsa zinthu zolakwika komanso kukonza zinthu molondola.

Malingaliro Ofala Olakwika pa Kuŵerengera

Kufotokoza zinthu molakwika kungachititse kuti anthu asamatenge nawo mbali.

"Kuŵerengerako kumagwiritsiridwa ntchito kulondola kapena kuthamangitsa alendo.

Kuŵerengera anthu sikumadziwika ndi anthu otsatsa malonda. Lamulo limaletsa mwachindunji kuŵerengera anthu aliyense.

Ndipo mayankho anga adzagulitsidwa, kapena adzagwiritsidwa ntchito potsatsa malonda.

Malinga ndi lamulo, munthu aliyense sangapereke mayankho ake kwa zaka 72, koma ndi anthu okha amene amafalitsa nkhani zimene anthu ambiri sangakwanitse.

"Mafunso a kuŵerenga anthu ali odzifunira."

M’maiko ambiri, kumaliza kuŵerenga anthu nkoyenerera mwalamulo. Kukana kuyankha kapena kupereka chidziŵitso chonyenga kungatulukepo. Komabe, mafunso angapo osasankha (monga ngati kuti ndi mwamuna kapena mkazi m’maiko ena) amalembedwa bwino lomwe. Kumvetsetsa zimene zikufunika kumathandizira kupeŵa chilango.

Kuŵerengako sikuli kwa ine ayi.

Nkhanizo zimafotokoza zinthu zambiri zokhudza anthu a m’dera lanu, kuyambira pa mipando ya m’tauni, kufika pa ndalama zolipirira laibulale yakwanuko.

Mmene Mungamalizire Kufunsa Molondola M’kaundula

Kuti atsimikizire kuti banja lanu limaŵerengedwa molondola, tsatirani njira zosavuta zimenezi.

Muziyamikira Aliyense Amene Amakhala M’nyumba Mwanu

Ngati wina akukhala nanu kwakanthawi (monga wophunzira wa ku koleji amene amakhala kutali koma akubwerera kwawo), tsatirani malangizo amene amapezeka m’gulu la anthu amene mumawalembera.

Khalani Okonzekera Mapepala Ofunika

Mukafunsidwa za ntchito, muzikhala ndi khadi lanu lothandiza.

Muzigwiritsa Ntchito Intaneti Mwamsanga

Kuyankha pa Intaneti kwafulumira ndiponso kwabwino kuposa mapepala. Mudzalandira kalembedwe kapadera kuti mutsimikizire kuti munthu mmodzi yekha ndiye achitapo kanthu. Ngati mutalephera, wotenga anthu angachezere kunyumba kwanu. Kuyankha mwamsanga kumachepetsa kufunika kwa munthu wotsatira, kusunga ndalama za msonkho.

Ngati Muli Wokaikira, Funsani Mkulu wa Ntchito

Ngati simukudziwa kuti ndani angayankhe funso linalake kapena kuti angayankhe bwanji, pitani pawebusaiti ya kalembera ya boma ya m’dziko lanu.

Kufufuza nkhani za anthu si chinthu chongopeka chabe, koma ndi chida chopangidwa mwaluso chimene chimapereka mfundo zofunikira zokhudza demokrase, chilungamo, ndiponso kupitiriza.