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Kumvetsa Kholiji ya Electoral: Maziko a Demokrase ya ku America

Electoral College si malo, koma njira yokhayokha ya ku America yosankha Pulezidenti ndi Pulezidenti wa United States. Imene inapangidwa m'Malamulo, yakhala nkhani ya mkangano kuyambira pamene dziko linakhazikitsidwa. Kumvetsa dongosololi n’kofunika kwa aliyense amene akufuna kuchita nawo masankho ndi kukambirana ndi anthu odziwa bwino za boma.

Mmene Kholiji ya Electoral Imagwirira Ntchito: Yendani Panjira

Njira ya Electoral College imaphatikizapo mbali zingapo, kuyambira pa kusankhidwa kwa opanga masankho mpaka kuikidwa chikalata chomaliza ndi Nyumba ya Malamulo.

1. Makompyuta Osonyeza Maselo

Boma lililonse limalandira osankhidwa angapo olingana ndi chiŵerengero cha Osankha (nthaŵi zonse aŵiri) ndi Oimira ake m'Nyumba (imene imasiyana malinga ndi anthu). Chigawo cha Columbia, ngakhale kuti si boma, chimagawiridwa atatu pa 23 Demendment. Chiŵerengero cha osankha ndi 538, kuimira 100 Senators, 435 Oimira D.C.

Kusankha Adokotala

Chisankho chachisawawa chisanachitike, zipani za ndale zadziko m'boma lililonse zikalata za osankhidwa ndi osankhidwa [1] Okhulupirika m'chipani, akuluakulu a boma, kapena ochirikiza zaunduna. Pamene nzika zivota kaamba ka wosankhidwa wa pulezidenti mu November, iwo kwenikweni amakhala akusankha chikalata cha osankha. Maina a osankha sawonekera pa chiloti; mmalo mwake, ovotawo amaona maina a ofunsira a pulezidenti ndi a pulezidenti.

Malo Ovomerezeka

Pa Tsiku la Chisankho, ovota anaponya mavoti awo. Mu 48 Genet ndi D.C., wosankha amene amapambana mavoti otchuka kwambiri (kuchuluka, osati kwenikweni ochuluka) amalandira mavoti onse a bomalo. Izi ndi zonse zimene zimatenga dongosolo. Mavoti aŵiri ndi Maine ndi Nebraska, amene amapanga mavoti osankhidwa ndi chigawo cha Boontal chigawo chachikulu kuphatikizapo aŵiri. Mwachitsanzo, ku Nebraska, nkotheka kwa ofuna kugaŵa mavoti a boma.

4. Kukumana ndi Openduza

Mu December, pambuyo pa zotulukapo za chisankho chitatha ndi boma lirilonse, osankha amakumana m’malikulu awo a boma kuti aike mavoti awo alamulo [1] chisankho chimodzi cha Prezidenti ndi chimodzi cha Pulezidenti. Mavoti ameneŵa alembedwa pa Makalata a Vote, amene kenaka amatumizidwa kwa Pulezidenti wa Khoti (Prezidenti wa United States) ndi kwa akuluakulu ena osankhidwa.

Kuŵerenga Maiko a Electoral m’Nyumba za Malamulo

Kuchiyambi kwa January, msonkhano wa Congress umakhazikitsa mavoti osankhidwa. Pulezidenti wa Bungwe la Malamulo, monga Pulezidenti wa Nyumba ya Malamulo, amayang'anira kuŵerengera. Wosankha amene alandira mavoti pafupifupi 270 amalengezedwa kuti apambane. Ngati wosankhidwa safika 270, chisankhocho chimaponyedwa ku Nyumba ya Oimira Oimira, imene imasankha Pulezidenti (nthu ya boma iliyonse imalandira voti imodzi) ndipo Khotiyo yasankha Pulezidenti wa Unduna wa Malamulo. Zimenezi zangochitika kaŵiri okha m'mbirimbiri: mu 1800 ndi 1824.

Mfundo Zofunika Kwambiri Zokhudza Koleji ya Electoral

  • Zosandutsa kanema: 538
  • Summo kupambana: 270 voti zosankhidwa
  • Nambala ya maboma amene apambana: 48 (maplot D.C.)
  • Malamulo amene amagaŵa mavoti: Maine ndi Nebraska
  • Chiŵerengero cha nthaŵi zimene wofuna kubatizidwa anapambana udesidenti popanda kupata chisankho chotchuka: Masanu (1824, 1876, 188, 2000, 2016)
  • Osankha opanda chikhulupiriro: Ofufuza amene amavotera wobatizidwa wosiyana ndi amene analonjeza. Maboma ena ali ndi malamulo operekera chilango kapena kulowa mmalo a osankhira otero. Mu 2020, Bwalo Lapamwamba linagamula kuti maboma angafune osankhidwa kutsatira zikalata zawo.

Magwero a Mbiri Yakale: Chifukwa Chake Oyambitsa Analenga Koleji ya Electoral

Electoral College inakonzedwa pa msonkhano wa Constitution wa mu 1787. Oyambitsawo anatsutsana njira zingapo zosankhira Pulezidenti: kuvota kotchuka, masankho ndi Congress, kapena kusankha kwa akuluakulu a boma. Iwo anakana kuvota mwachindunji pa zifukwa zingapo:

  • Lack ya kulankhulana kwa mtundu: M'zaka za zana la 18, dziko linali lochedwa ndi kukambitsirana. Oyambitsa anawopa kuti osankha akanangodziŵa opita kumadera ena.
  • Mantha a "kulamulira kwamphamvu" ambiri oyambitsa sanakhulupirire demokrase yachindunji, akumakhulupirira kuti wosankha wosazindikira angasonkhezeredwe ndi ma demogue.
  • Mphamvu yolamulira: Mayiko aang'ono akuda nkhaŵa kuti maboma aakulu adzalamulira chivoti chotchuka. Electoral College inawapatsa mawu amphamvu kwambiri (chifukwa chakuti boma lililonse limalandira mavoti atatu osachepera pa anthu).
  • Ukapolo ndi Atatu-Finth Ololera: Pansi pa Kulolera Kutatu kwa Akufa, anthu ogwidwa ukapolo akuŵerengedwa kukhala atatu mwa atatu a munthu kaamba ka zifuno zoimira, kukweza mphamvu ya kusankha ya maiko a Kum’mwera popanda kupatsa anthuwo ufulu wa kuvota. Choloŵa chimenechi chidakali mkangano.

Dongosololi linapangidwa kuti likhale ndi opanga masankho a nzeru ndi odziimira paokha. Komabe, zimenezo zinasintha mwamsanga kukhala zokhulupirika pa zipani ndi dongosolo lamakono kumene osankha amalonjezedwa kwa opita.

Kusuliza Koleji ya Electoral

Kwa zaka zambiri, anthu ambiri akhala akunena kuti kholiji ya Electoral yatha ntchito, si ya demokalase, kapena kuti si yachilungamo.

Chisulizo chotchuka kwambiri nchakuti munthu wofuna kulowa ufumu wa pulezidenti popanda kupambana mavoti ambiri m'dziko lonselo. Izi zachitika pa masankho asanu: 1824, 1876, 1888, 2000, ndi 2016. Otsutsa amanena kuti zimenezi zimapeputsa lamulo la "munthu mmodzi, voti imodzi" ndipo zingatsogolere kwa pulezidenti amene sasankhidwa ndi anthu ambiri a ku America.

2. Kulimbana Kwambiri ndi Kusefa kwa Magazi

Chifukwa cha kupambana kwa dongosolo lonse, ndawala za pulezidenti zimasumika maganizo kwambiri pa mipikisano yaing'ono ya "timagent " (monga Florida, Pennsylvania, Michigan, Wisconsin, Arizona, Georgia, ndi Nevada). Voters mu "kutetezereka" magawo ndi maufumu [1] kuwona maulendo a mkupiti, kusatsatsa malonda, ndi kusamala kwa lamulo. Zimenezi zimayambitsa chisonkhezero chosayerekezereka cha wovota kuzungulira dzikolo.

3. Kusokonezeka kwa Zinthu m’Maboma Opanda Udani

Ngati mukukhala m’dziko limene mulidi ndi mfundo yakuti chivoti chanu n’chotsimikizirika, mungaone kuti chivoti chanu n’chosathandiza kwenikweni.

4. Pali Anthu Opanda Chikhulupiriro Amene Angazindikire

Ngakhale kuti osankhidwawo sachitikachitika, angavotere ndi kuvota munthu wina amene akufuna kubatizidwa osati amene analonjeza.

5. Kucholoŵana kwa Zinthu ndi Kusintha kwa Zinthu

Ngati palibe wosankha amene afika pa mavoti 270, chisankhocho chimaponyedwa ku Nyumba ya Oimira. M’chochitika chimenecho, nthumwi za boma ziri ndi voti imodzi, mosasamala kanthu za nzika, zimene zingatsogolere ku chotulukapo chimene chimasiyana kotheratu ndi voti yotchuka. Ichi sichinachitike chiyambire 1824, koma kuthekerako kukukhalabe ponena za osuliza.

Mikangano Yochirikiza Koleji ya Electoral

Anthu oteteza koleji ya Electoral ananena kuti imathandiza pa ntchito zofunika kwambiri za malamulo ndiponso kuti anthu asamavutike ndi zinthu zina.

1. Zimateteza Malo Aang’ono ndi Kumidzi

Electoral College imatsimikizira kuti maboma aang'ono ndi okhala ndi anthu ochepa ali ndi mawu m’masankho a pulezidenti. Popanda zimenezi, oyembekezera kulowa m'dziko lililonse anganyalanyaze boma kusiyapo la anthu ambiri monga California, Texas, Florida, ndi New York. Dongosolo la m'dzikolo limakakamiza anthu kumanga migwirizano yaikulu m’madera osiyanasiyana.

2. Kulimbikitsa Mafuko

Electoral College imagogomezera ntchito ya maboma m'dongosolo la boma. Chisankho chimaperekedwa pamlingo wa boma, ndipo njirayo imalongosola malire a boma. Dongosololo limatchulanso mlingo wa nzeru m'njira imene amapangira mavoti a voti, monga momwe ikuonekera ku Maine ndi Nebraska.

3. Kuletsa Kufafaniza Malo Aakulu Ochepa a M’matauni

Popanda koleji ya Electoral, oyembekezera kubatizidwa angasumike kwambiri m’madera a m’mizinda ndi kunyalanyaza zikhalidwe za kumidzi. Ochirikiza akugwirizana kuti voti yotchuka ikanapatsa mphamvu yoposa kumadera angapo okhala ndi anthu ambiri, kunyalanyaza mbali zina zonse za dzikolo.

Chimathandiza Kuti Maluwa Akhale Olimba

Njira yopambana imapereka wopambana wowonekera pa usiku wa chisankho (kapena masiku otsatira), kupeŵa kufunika kwa kuthamanga kapena kufotokoza kocholoŵana kwa dziko lonselo. Mosiyana ndi, voti yotchuka ingatsogolere ku mikangano yambiri yonena za madera ambiri ngati mphepete mwa pepala ndi aang'ono kwambiri.

Kusintha kwa Mbiri ndi Malamulo

Kwa ambiri, Electoral College ndi mbali ya dongosolo la Malamulo ndipo iyenera kusungidwa pokhapokha ngati pakhala kukonzanso kochitidwa ndi malamulo.

Zoyesayesa za Kusintha Kapena Kupititsa Patsogolo Electoral College

Pakhala kuyesa koposerapo kwa zaka zambiri kuti asinthe kapena kuchotsapo Electoral College.

Kusintha Kochitidwa pa Malamulo

Njira yolunjika kwambiri yochotsera Electoral College ndiyo kukonzanso kochitidwa ndi lamulo, kumene kumafuna zilolezo ziŵiri thithithi m'zipinda zonse ziŵiri za Congress ndi kupekedwa ndi magawo atatu a maiko (38 maiko). Zobwezera zambiri zalingaliridwa, koma palibe zimene zakhala chipambano m'nthaŵi zamakono. Nyumbayo inali pafupi mu 1969, pamene Nyumba inapitirira chitsutso chotchuka, koma inaikidwa m'Bata.

Chigwirizano cha Boma Lotchuka Chotchedwa Vote Interstate (NPV)

Njira ina ndiyo National Popular Vote Interstate Community , kugwirizana pakati pa maboma kubwezera mavoti awo onse osankhidwa kwa wopambana wa chivoti cha dzikolo. Chogwirizana chokha chimagwira ntchito pamene chikhala ndi maboma okwanira (pachiwonkhetso chonse cha 270 cha mavoti osankhidwa) kutsimikizira zotsatira. Pafupifupi 2024, maboma 17 ndi D.C. Chivoti chonsecho cha 209 chakhala chikugwira ntchito. Chosankhacho sichinafikirebe pachitseko 270, koma chimasonyeza kachitidwe kapadera ku mfundo ya dziko lotchuka popanda chivoti cha lamulo. Lamulo la bungwelo lapanili lafunsidwabe, koma silinalowetsedwabe khoti la khotilo.

Kuti mudziwe zambiri pa NPV, onani webusaiti yalamulo National Popular Vote [1]

Chidziŵitso Chogwira Ntchito Kaamba ka Kukhala Nzika

Kumvetsa koleji ya Electoral si maphunziro chabe, koma kumathandiza kwambiri pa zimene mumachita pa demokrase ya ku America.

Dziŵani Mbali ya Boma Lanu

Onani ngati mkhalidwe wanu ndi "mzinda wa kukwawa," "utetezereka," kapena boma lokhala ndi mavoti a voti (Maine ndi Nebraska). Ngati mukukhala m'dziko lozungulira, voti yanu ikhoza kupatsidwa chisamaliro chowonjezereka kuchokera ku ndawala. Koma ngakhale mumkhalidwe wotetezereka, kuvotera nkhani chifukwa chakuti imakhudza mafuko a mpikisano wa mpikisano (Sanate, Nyumba, boma ndi maofesi akwanu) ndi kuimira ndale zadziko lanu.

Chitirani Kusiyana Kotchuka ndi Kusiyana kwa Mabuku a M’mafilimu

Zindikirani kuti voti lotchuka la dziko silikugamula wopambana.

Kambiranani

A Electoral College amakambirana kwambiri za ndale ndiponso za anthu. Kudziwa kumathandiza kuti mukambirane bwino za mfundo zimene zikufunika kuchitika panopa, kuti musinthe zinthu kapena kuti musinthe njira zina.

Ganizirani Mmene Ntchito Yanu Imakhudzira

Ovota ena m'maiko osapikisana amamva kukhala okhumudwa. Komabe, pali njira zomveka: kudzipereka kwa kampani, kupereka zinthu zogwirizana ndi makhalidwe anu, ndi kutenga nawo mbali m'masankho aakulu, amene angakhale ovuta kwambiri kuposa masankho wamba m'mayiko ena.

Tsatirani Zimene Mumachita Pambuyo pa Tsiku la Chisankho

Dziŵani kuti chisankho sichimatha pa Lachiŵiri loyamba Lolemba litatha mu November. Mavoti a gulu amaikidwa mu December ndi kuŵerengedwa mu January. Kumvetsetsa masitepe ameneŵa kumakuthandizani kutsatira mbiri molondola, makamaka pa masankho apafupi kumene zitokoso kapena zosimba zingachitike.

Mafunso Ofunsidwa Mobwerezabwereza Ponena za Koleji ya Electoral

Kodi chimachitika n’chiyani ngati munthu wina wamwalira kapena walephera kuchita zinthu zina asanafike ku Electoral College?

Mkhalidwe umenewu suli wolongosoledwa bwino m’Bungwe la Malamulo, koma zipani za ndale zadziko ziri ndi makonzedwe ogwirizana. osankha angavomere woloŵa mmalo, kapena Congress angapereke lamulo kulongosola mkhalidwewo. palibe chochitika choterocho chitachitika.

Kodi ovota angalangidwe chifukwa chosatsatira voti yotchuka?

Inde, m'maiko ambiri. Mu 2020, Bwalo Lapamwamba linagamula mu Chiafalo v. Washington [1] imene imalamulira kukhazikitsa malamulo ofuna osankha kuvotera ofunsira amene adalonjeza kuchirikiza. Maboma ena amakakamiza ndalama kapena kuchotsa osankhidwa opanda chikhulupiriro.

N’chifukwa chiyani masankho aakulu ndi mavoti ali ofunika kwambiri?

Kumvetsa mmene nthumwi zimapatsidwira m’mipikisano imeneyi n’kofunikanso kwambiri kuti munthu akhale nzika zodziwa bwino za dzikolo, monga mmene zimadziŵira amene akuonekera pa chisankho.

Kodi Eslectoral College imakhudza motani opita kuchigawo chachitatu?

Opita kugawo lachitatu sapambana mavoti a voti chifukwa cha kupambana kwa dongosolo lonse. Komabe, iwo angachite monga "osankha" mwa kujambula ofunsira akuluakulu m'maboma akufupi, amene angakhudze zotsatira zake. Mwachitsanzo, Ralph Nader mu 2000 ndi Jill Stein mu 2016 anasulizidwa chifukwa cha kugwiritsa ntchito mavoti a Democratic projects m’maboma aakulu a shemp.

Kaamba ka kuwona kwatsatanetsatane kwa mbiri yakale, National Archives ya United States imapereka kufupikitsa kwabwino kwa njira ya Electoral College: Kodi Electoral College n’chiyani? ndi mapu operekera ndemanga pa Win [[FLT ] n’zothandiza kwambiri kutsatira masamu a volution panthaŵi yeniyeni.

Kumaliza: Electoral College mu Demokrase Yamakono

Electoral College idakali imodzi ya mbali zotsutsana kwambiri za dongosolo landale la United States. Ndi ntchito ya nthaŵi yake, yopangidwa ndi zololera zimene zinakhudzana ndi mavuto a akuluakulu a boma a 18 apakati. Lerolino, imagwira ntchito m'dziko losiyana kwambiri lokhala ndi kulankhulana kwapanthaŵi yomweyo, kusanthula kwakukulu, ndi kusintha kwakukulu kwa ndale zadziko. Kaya mukuona kuti ndi chitetezo cha boma kapena cholepheretsa kuimira bwino, kumvetsa Electoral College ndi mbali yaikulu ya maphunziro a anthu a kudziko. Nzika zokhala ndi chidziŵitso chabwino kwambiri cha masankho, zikhoza kugawana nawo bwino masankho, kugawana nawo mtsogoleri wadziko, ndi kukambirana nawo motsatira njira yosankha bwino kwambiri mtsogoleri waufulu.

Kuti muŵerenge zambiri ponena za mbiri ndi kukonzanso kwa Electoral College, [[FLT: 0] kuloŵa kwa Encyclopædia Britannica kumapereka kusanthula kokwanira, ndipo gulu la FairVote limapereka chidziŵitso pa zoyesayesa za kukonzanso zosankhidwa: Fairvote pa Elctoral College .