Madongosolo opanga maziko a kulamulira kwa demokalase, kutembenuza zokonda za munthu mmodzi ndi mmodzi m'zigamulo zogwirizana. Njira imene mavoti amaŵerengedwa ndi mipando yogaŵiridwa ikhoza kuumba osati chabe zotsatira za chisankho komanso madongosolo a ndale zadziko owonjezereka( "kusanthula madongosolo a gulu, khalidwe la wovota, ndi kuyenerera kwa boma. Kwa nzika, kuzindikira madongosolo ameneŵa ndi chiŵiya chothandiza kwambiri kuloŵerera m’dongosolo la kusanthula ndi kupenda malingaliro a kusintha. Chitsogozochi chimapereka kuyang'ana mokulira pa madongosolo aakulu ogawira ogwiritsira ntchito lerolino, mphamvu zawo ndi zofooka zawo, ndi zitsanzo zenizeni za dziko za mmene akugwira ntchito.

Kodi Dongosolo Lotulutsa Zinthu Zosiyanasiyana N’lotani?

Komiti yovota [1] imatchulidwanso kukhala dongosolo losankhira . ndi malamulo amene amagamula mmene mavoti amapangidwira, kuŵerengedwa, ndi kutembenuzidwira m'mipando kapena m'maofesi. Imalongosola zonse kuchokera ku mafomu a oimba (m., kusankha wofunsira mmodzi, woyembekezera wokulirapo) ku njira yodziŵitsira opambana. Kusankha madongosolo kukhoza kukhala ndi zotsatira zazikulu: kungalimbikitse kapena kuletsa maboma a mgwirizano, kubwezera kapena kupatsa chilango magulu aang'ono, ndipo sikuli koloŵa m’gulu la oimira makampani osankhidwa. Palibe dongosolo lamalonda apamwamba; dongosolo lililonse la malonda opanga malingana, audindo, ndi oŵerengera.

Madongosolo a Elelectal amaikidwa m'milingo iŵiri: ukulu wa mlingo wa chigawo (nambala ya oimira osankhidwa pa chigawo chimodzi) ndi njira yosankhira [1] (mavoti amasinthidwa kukhala mipando). Zinthu zimenezi pamodzi zimasankha kaya dongosolo liyanja malamulo apadera kapena kuimira.

Mitundu Yokulira ya Malo Oulutsira Mitundu

Kumvetsa magulu ameneŵa kumathandiza kumvetsetsa mfundo zomveka za dongosolo lililonse ndi zotsatira zake.

System yojambula ndi kutulutsa zinthu (Poyamba Past-the Post)

Dongosolo la kuchuluka, lomwe limatchedwa kuti loyamba lakumbuyo ndi kupopa (FPTP), ndi limodzi la njira zosavuta zosanthula. Anthu amasankha wofunsira mmodzi pa kuvomereza kwawo, ndi wosankhidwa amene ali ndi mavoti ambiri apambana , ngakhale ngati alandira pang'ono poyerekeza ndi ambiri. FTP imagwiritsidwa ntchito m'mayiko monga United Kingdom, Canada, India, ndi United States (kwa masankhoti ambiri a Nationals). Platetion yake yaikulu ndi: Kumvetsetsa kwake, zotulukapo zake zimadziŵika msanga, ndipo zimatulutsa maboma amodzi.

Komabe, FPTP ili ndi zopinga zazikulu. Nthaŵi zambiri imatsogolera ku zotsatirapo zosadziŵika kwambiri [1], kumene gulu lingapambane mipando yambiri yokhala ndi kuchuluka kwa mavoti a mtundu wonse. Zimenezi zingaletse kutembenuka ndi kugwiritsa ntchito madongosolo aŵiri a mbali ziŵiri, monga anthu aang'ono kwambiri kupambana ndi mipando yotchuka. Kuwonjezerapo, FPP ingatulutse [FLT:]

Madongosolo Opanga Zinthu Zochuluka

Madongosolo aakulu amafuna wobatizidwa kutetezera oposa 50% ya voti kuti apambane. Ngati wobatizidwa safika pachipata chimenechi m'mphindi woyamba, mpangidwe wachiŵiri kapena chisankho cha chisankho amasungidwa pakati pa opikisana apamwamba. Mavoti akuphatikizapo:

  • System Yachiŵiri ya Round (TRS): Igwiritsiridwa ntchito m'masankho a pulezidenti ku France ndi maiko ena ambiri. Ngati palibe woloŵa mpikisano woyambirira, aŵiri otchukawo amapikisana pa chigawo chachiŵiri.
  • Imstant Voing (IRV): Amatchedwanso ovota osankhidwa apamwamba (RCV), dongosolo ili limapereka chivomerezo chambiri m'chosankha chimodzi. Ofunsira audindo mogwirizana ndi zimene akufuna. Ngati palibe wofunsira amene ali ndi voti yoyambirira, wotsala wa malo amodzi amachotsedwa, ndipo mavoti awo amasamutsidwira ku zikondwerero zotsatira zomwe zilipo. Njirayo imabwereranso kufikira pamene munthu woyembekezerayo atsegulira khomo lalikulu. IRV imagwiritsiridwa ntchito ku Australia’s House of Aclations ndi masankhoti m'maunyinja angapo ku mizinda ya U.S.

Madongosolo aakulu amatsimikizira kuti wofuna kupambana ali ndi chichirikizo chachikulu, kupeŵa chochitika chimene wofuna kubatizidwa amapambana ndi kuchuluka kochepa. Komabe, madongosolo aŵiri ozungulira angakhale odula ndipo angawonongeke ndi kutsika kwa kambalame kachiŵiri. IRV imachotsa kufunika kwa kuthamanga kwapadera koma ingakhale yovuta kwambiri kwa oyang’anira ovota ndi masankho.

Kuimira kwa Malamulo (PR)

Kuimira kwa proportigation kuli ndi cholinga cha kugawira mipando m'nyumba ya malamulo mogwirizana ndi mavoti amene gulu lililonse limalandira. Madongosolo ameneŵa alinganizidwira kutsimikizira kuti mipando ya gulu imafanana ndi mbali yake ya voti yotchuka. PR imagwiritsidwa ntchito m'mademokrase ambiri, kuphatikizapo Ulaya ndi Latin America. Mitundu yaikulu yambiri ilipo:

  • Party-DH PR: [[FLT: 1] Votars ndandanda ya chipani (nthaŵi zina chotsekedwa, kumene chipanicho chimasankha dongosolo; nthaŵi zinatsegula, kumene ovota angasonkhezere dongosolo la ofunsira). Setts amagawiridwa kugwiritsira ntchito njira yonga [[FLT:] ... chigawo [[FLT:] [FLT]], [[FLT:]]] [kamodzi], [FLT] muyezo, kapena [[FTLT] Woyera-Lamuë . Mtu wa gulu limatulutsa zotsatirapo zambiri koma zingatsogolere ku madongosolo osiyanasiyana ndi kufookereza zigwirizano zawo pakati pa mapulogalamu osiyanasiyana.
  • Wosandutsidwa mmodzi Vote (STV): Ofunsira ntchito m'zigawo zambiri. Okhoza kulowa chigawo cha mavoti kuti asankhidwe, ndipo mavoti otsala amasinthidwa. STV imaphatikiza zotulukapo zogwirizana ndi kuvota kochitidwa ndi wosankhidwa, kulola ovota kusankha pakati pa ofunsira a chipani chimodzimodzi. Amagwiritsiridwa ntchito ku Ireland ndi Malta.
  • Mavoti aŵiri: mmodzi wa wofunsira ndi mmodzi wa pa patomu. Mipando ya pa liwiro imagwiritsiridwa ntchito “pamwamba . Zipatso za chigawo chimodzi ndi ndandanda ya chipani cha dziko kapena chigawo chimodzi kuti zikhale ndi chigawo chimodzi. MMP imagwiritsidwa ntchito ku Germany, New Zealand, ndi kwina kulikonse. Imapereka zonse ziŵiri zoimira za kumaloko ndi kulinganiza kwake ndi chimodzi cha pa pa pa pa pa pa pa pa patokha.

Njira Zosiyanasiyana Zoyendera

Kupyola MMP, madongosolo ena osanganiza alipo amene amaphatikiza mbali ziŵiri za kuchulukana kwa FPP ndi kuimira kwa ndandanda popanda kutsimikizira kulingana konse. Mwachitsanzo, Chosankha china (chogwiritsiridwa ntchito ku Japan, South Korea, ndi Russia] n’chosiyana ndi ma TCP ndi chimodzi chogwiritsa ntchito FPTP ndi chimodzi choimira cha gulu PR . popanda kulinganiza kusiyanitsa kwa kugaŵana kwa masinthidwe. Chotulukapo nchachimodzi koma kaŵirikaŵiri chimakhala ndi magulu aakulu. Maiko ena amagwiritsira ntchito mavoti a m'magetsitsa. , kumene gulu ndi ovota ambiri amalandira mipando yowonjezereka kuti apeze magawo ogwira ntchito.

Njira Zina Zodziŵika

Madongosolo angapo ofala ayenera kutchulidwa kuti:

  • Borda Count : Ofunsira madeti, ndipo mfundo zimagawiridwa pa malo alionse (m’ lekuatiso, 1 poilo pa malo omalizira, 2 kwa chiŵiri, ndi zina zotero). Wofuna kulowa malo ambiri amayanja . Dongosolo limeneli limayanja otsalira ambiri kuposa otsalira.
  • [[FLT: 0] Kuvota kogwirizana: Mavoti angavoterere ambiri oyembekezera monga momwe amavomerezera. Wofuna kusankhidwa ndi chivomerezo amapambana. Kuvota kovomerezeka nkwapafupi ndipo kumachepetsa kuvota kwapadera, koma sikumatenga mphamvu ya kukonda.
  • Kutulutsa: Mavoters shareti a wobatizidwa aliyense pa myeso (mlongo, 0-10). Wofuna kulembetsa amene apambana mzera wapamwamba koposa. Njira imeneyi imalola ovota kufotokoza zokonda zodziŵika bwino koma angakhale osavuta kuŵerengera ndandanda yapadera.

Mapindu ndi Zopinga za Madongosolo Otulutsa Madzi

Njira iliyonse yovota imaphatikizapo malonda.

Mapindu

  • Chosankha ndi Chisonyezero: Madongosolo ozikidwa pa mizera amapereka njira zomveka zosonyezera zokonda, kuchepetsa kufunika kwa kuvotera kwa nthanthi.
  • Fair failor : Madongosolo operekera ndemanga amatsimikizira kuti malingaliro a anthu ochepa ndi zipani zazing'ono zingawonetsere mipando yawo kuchirikiza kulimba mtima.
  • Kutaya Mavote: Madongosolo amene amatumiza mavoti kapena kugwiritsira ntchito zigawo zazikulu (m’chitsanzo, STV, MMP) amatsimikizira kuti mavoti ambiri athandize kusankha wobatizidwa.
  • Umboni: Madongosolo a chigawo chimodzi (FPP, ziŵiri zungulira) amapanga kugwirizana kowonekera pakati pa ovota ndi nthumwi yawo ya kumaloko, kupangitsa icho kukhala chopepuka kwa ovota kuchititsa oŵerengera kuŵerengeredwa.
  • Kusintha kwa Voter Turnout : Madongosolo olingaliridwa kukhala oyenera (m’njira, PR) angawonjezere kutuluka, makamaka pakati pa ochirikiza a zigawo zazing'ono zimene zimawona mwaŵi weniweni wa kuimira.

Zobwezera

  • Strategic Volution: Pansi pa FPTP ndi TRS, ovota angamve chitsenderezo cha kuvota kaamba ka wosankhidwa wosayenerera kupeŵa “kuchotsa voti yawo pa kujambula kwanthaŵi yaitali, kupotoza kachitidwe kowona ka zokonda.
  • Kupitira: Madongosolo angapo (STV, MMP, Borda , kuvota) kumafuna ovota kumvetsetsa njira zapamwamba kapena za ndandanda, zimene zingakhale chopinga kugawana ndi kuwonjezera mtengo wa kuyang'anira.
  • Nkhani za Kusoŵetsa mbuyo: Mu FP, ovota m'madera otetezereka angaone kuti voti yawo siimakhudza. Mosiyana ndi zimenezi, m'mitu ya zipani yokhala ndi mindandanda yotseka, ovota sangasonkhezere dongosolo la ofunsira, kuchepetsa kuŵerengera kwaumwini.
  • Goverment Stactive : [[FT:1] Madongosolo olinganiza kwambiri angatsogolere ku makhomalalamu ogaŵanika kumene kupangidwa kwa mgwirizano kuli kovuta ndi maboma kukhalabe kwa nthaŵi yochepa, monga momwe zimawonedwa ku Israyeli ndi Italy nthaŵi zina.

Maphunziro a Case of World

United States: Dongosolo la Kulambira ndi Zotulukapo Zake

United States amagwiritsira ntchito kwambiri njira yovota [[FLT: 0] m'madera ambiri (FP) kwa Nyumba yake ya Oimira ndi malumbiro a boma. Masankho a Presidenti amagwiritsira ntchito Electoral College, njira yovuta imene imagwiranso ntchito pa mfundo zachikhalidwe m'mayiko ambiri. Otsutsa FPPP yalimbikitsa kuti gulu lamphamvu la Democraticism ndi Republican liyang'atse dziko lapansi. Magulu achitatu onga a Liberian kapena Green timagulu sapambana kaŵirikaŵiri kupambana mipando, ngakhale kuti angasonkhetse ndi kujambula mavoti kuchokera kwa anthu akuluakulu. Otsutsa kuti FPP mu U. [FF:GRGRG] AFFFFFFFFFFF] ndi kuvoteration thirations thicto yapafupi, ngakhale kuti angachititse mavoti athandiza kutulutsa mavoti, kuwonjezera kwa anthu opanga mapangano otchuka.

Germany: Kuphatikizana kwa Member Proportigation

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . mmodzi wa wofunsira [FLT: FP] ndi mmodzi wa mndandanda wa boma. Mapazi a gulu lonse a Bundestag amasonyeza mbali ya gululo. Dongosololi lachititsa maboma ogwirizana okhazikika, makamaka kutsogolera ku chigawo chachikristu cha Democratic Union (CD) kapena Chipani cha anthu (SD) chotsogolera pamodzi ndi mabwenzi aang'ono monga Green kapena Democrat. Komabe, latsogoleranso kuwonjezereka kwa “mipando ya Bghan, ndi kukonza mabindi a Bregday, ndi kukonzanso vuto lalikulu kwambiri pakati pa dziko la Germany.

Australia: Ranked-Choice Voing

Australia amagwiritsira ntchito kusanthula kwa chivoti (chosankhidwa choikidwa m'mavoti) kwa Nyumba ya Oimira. Osankha chiŵerengero akakhala osankhidwa mwa njira yosankha, ndi njira ya kuchotsa ndi kubwezera imathandiza kuti wopambanayo alandire chivoti chachikulu. Dongoli lawonjezera kuvota kwa ntchito, koma masankho amasonyeza kukhutira kwakukulu ndi kukhoza kulinganiza. Nthaŵi zambiri masankhoti akuona mlingo wapamwamba wa kukondera pakati pa magulu, ndipo njirayo imachitidwa ndi kuchepetsa ndawala yolakwika kuyambira pamene ofunsirawo ayenera kuchita apilo lachiŵiri ndi lachitatu. Khoma lakugwiritsira ntchito mavoti amodzi (kuvotapo owonjezereka) m'zigawo, m'magawo amodzi, kaŵirikaŵiri amaphatikizapo mapangano a m'maungwe ena a m'maungwe amodzi. [Foctivelselset ]

India: Demokalase Yaikulu Koposa Padziko Lonse pansi pa FPTP

India akuyendetsa masankho aakulu koposa padziko lonse. M'kachitidwe ka masankho, dongosolo la FPP-pambuyo pa njira yake yoyamba ya Lok Sabhaha (Nyumba ya Anthu). Mosasamala kanthu za kusuliza kodziŵika bwino kwa FPTP, dongosolo lakhala ndi demokrase yosiyana kwambiri, yamitundu yambiri. Mchitidwe, dongosolo la ku India la FPTPP latulutsa maulamuliro amphamvu pamlingo wa dziko (m. g., Baratiyatata Party mu 2014 ndi 2019) komanso likuchititsa kuchotsapo maproportial , [1] magawo ambiri ogwirizana ndi mavoti aakulu a mipando. Magulu ambiri amalamulira m'mayiko awo, ndipo saletsa kuimira gulu laling'ono m'ka la Sab kutsimikizira kubweretsa ufulu. Komabe, kuvomereza kuchirikiza kuwongolera kwa kuchirikiza kutchuka kwa anthu ena.

Chiyambukiro cha Madongosolo Osinthasintha pa Demokrase

Kusankha njira yovotera kumathandiza kwambiri kuposa kusiyanitsa zotsatira za masankho . Madongosolo amene amatulutsa nyumba zoyamwitsa ndi oimira kumawonjezera kudalira ndi kukhutitsidwa kwa anthu. Mwachitsanzo, kuimira kulingana kumayendera limodzi ndi wovota wamkulu, woimira kwambiri akazi ndi anthu ochepa, ndi zotsatira zake zosiyanasiyana. Kumbali ina, madongosolo aakulu a boma angapange, maboma oŵerengera mlandu amene amapanga malamulo abwino koma angachotsepo magulu ena.

Madongosolo oulutsa zinthu amayambukiranso chikhalidwe cha ndale zadziko . M'maiko a FPTP , “kutenga dala zonse” maganizo amalimbikitsa ndale zadziko ndi ndawala yotsutsa. M'madongosolo a PR, kumanga ndi kulolera molakwa kumakhala miyezo, kutsogolera ku ulamuliro wotchuka. Komabe, PR angalolenso magulu oloŵerera kupeza malo, monga momwe zimawonera m'maiko ena a ku Ulaya. Kulinganizika pakati pa kuimira ndi kukhazikika kumakhalabe kulimba kwapakati pa dongosolo la osankhidwa.

Magulu a kusintha zinthu padziko lonse amasonyeza nkhaŵa zimenezi. Magulu onga ngati Fairvote ku United States ndi yoona za kusintha kwa Sosaite [1] mu mkupiti wa ku United Kingdom wolimbika wa madongosolo amene amakhulupirira kuti adzawongolera zotsatira za democracy. Nzika zingagwirizane ndi nkhani zimenezi mwa kuphunzira za madongosolo ogwiritsidwa ntchito m'maiko awo ndi kuchirikiza masinthidwe amene amagwirizana ndi makhalidwe awo.

Kumaliza

Kuzindikira mavota osiyanasiyana kumakonzekeretsa nzika kusanthula chilungamo ndi kupambana kwa ntchito zawo zosankhidwa. Kuchokera ku kupepuka kwa ntchito yoyamba mpaka kuchuluka kwa PR ndi kuchuluka kwa mavoti a gulu, njira iliyonse imapereka njira yosiyana yomasulira. Njira iliyonse imapereka mavoti abwino, koma kuzindikira za malondawo kumachititsa osankhidwa kupanga zosankha zodziŵika bwino ndi kutenga nawo mbali m’makani okhudza kusintha zinthu. Monga mmene democracy imachitira, zida zogwiritsidwa ntchito kuŵerengera ndi kupenda zimene anthu angafune zidzapitiriza kukhala mbali yofunika ya mmene amadzilamulira okha. Kukhalabe odziŵa bwino ndi kukwaniritsa ntchito, kungathandize kuti madongosolo ovota pansi pa kukwaniritsa chilungamo, kuŵerengera zinthu ndi kugonana ndi kugona pa mtima wa democracy.