Chifukwa Chake Nzika Zonse Zimafunikira Kumvetsetsa Udindo wa Boma

Maboma a mtundu uliwonse amapanga pafupifupi mbali iriyonse ya moyo wa tsiku ndi tsiku . kuyambira pa mtundu wa madzi anu a pampope kufikira pa chisungiko cha misewu imene mumayendetsa, kuyambira pa maphunziro a ana anu kusukulu kufikira ku mautumiki angozi omwe amatetezera nyumba yanu. Komabe nzika zambiri sizikudziŵabe za ukulu wa boma umene umasamalira, kuchititsa madandaulo olakwika, ndi kuphonya mipata ya kusonkhezera zosankha zimene zimawayambukira mwachindunji. Kumvetsetsa mitu itatu ya boma ($federal, boma, ndi malo akwawo) sikuli kokha kuyesayesa kwaukana kwa unziko kwamphamvu; ndiko maziko a kukhala ndi nzika yogwira ntchito yoyenerera nduna, yofikira anthu bwino ntchito, ndi kutengamo mbali m’demo za demokrase.

Pamene mudziŵa amene ali ndi thayo kaamba ka nkhani yakutiyakuti, mungachitepo kanthu molunjika. Mwachitsanzo, ngati magetsi a khwalala asweka m'dera lanu, kufikira chiŵalo cha bungwe la boma lanu nkogwira ntchito kwambiri kuposa kulembera bungwe lanu la boma kapena pulezidenti. Mofananamo, ngati mufuna kuchirikiza masinthidwe a zaumoyo, kuzindikira ngati chosankhacho chili ndi Dipatimenti ya za Umoyo ndi Mautumiki a Anthu kapena dipatimenti ya zaumoyo ya boma lanu isankha njira yabwino koposa. Nkhaniyi imasweka mlingo uliwonse wa boma, imafotokoza mmene amagwirira ntchito pamodzi, ndi kupereka chitsogozo chothandiza pa mmene mungagwiritsirire chidziŵitso chimenechi kukhala nzika yoikiridwa ndi yotchuka.

Mfundo Zitatu Zofunika Kwambiri za Boma

Mu United States (ndi madongosolo ena ambiri a democracy), ulamuliro wa boma umagawidwa pakati pa miyalo itatu yosiyana koma yolumikizidwa: boma, boma, ndi malo akwawo. Iliyonse ili ndi malamulo akeake kapena tchata chake, nduna zosankhidwa, bajeti, ndi maulamuliro. Malamulo a U.S. amapereka mphamvu zenizeni ku boma la boma, pamene Tenth Amendment imaika maulamuliro ena onse ku maufumu kapena anthu. United States, ikatero, imagaŵira mathayo ena ku maboma akwawo (maboma), matauni, matauni, ndi zigawo apadera.

Boma: Mphamvu pa Udindo wa Boma

Boma la boma limagwira ntchito ku Washington, D.C., ndipo lili ndi udindo pa nkhani zimene zikukhudza mtundu wonsewo.

  • [[FLT: 0] Ligislate (Chorn) [FULT:1] – Malamulo, amalengeza nkhondo, amalamulira malonda apakati pa dziko ndi maiko ena, ndi amayang'anira msonkho ndi ndalama za boma. Nyumba ya Malamulo ili ndi Nyumba ya Oimira (mamembala 435).
  • Exective (Mabungwe a Chigawo ndi a boma) – Malamulo okakamiza, malamulo a maiko ena, amalamulira magulu ankhondo, ndi kuyang'anira madipatimenti a boma monga Defense, Education, ndi Health and Human Services.
  • Judicial (Khoti la Ufulu ndi makhoti apamwamba) – kumasulira malamulo, kupenda lamulo lawo, ndi kuthetsa mikangano yokhudza lamulo la boma.

Boma la boma limasamalira chitetezo cha dziko, kusamukira m’dziko lina, maunansi achilendo, ndalama, malo oyenera ndi osungitsa ufulu wa anthu, malonda a m'mayiko osiyanasiyana, ndi kusungitsa ufulu wachibadwidwe. Limachitanso mbali yaikulu m’kuchirikiza ndalama ndi kuika miyezo ya maprogramu amene amaperekedwa ndi maboma, monga ngati Medicaid, chithandizo cha chakudya, ndi kumangidwa kwa misewu ya m’khwalala.

Boma: Kuchuluka kwa Anthu

Chilichonse cha maboma 50 chili ndi boma lakelake, losonyezedwa pa kakonzedwe ka boma koma logwirizana ndi zinthu zofunika za chigawo. Maboma ali ndi mphamvu yapadera .

  • Maphunziro a boma (miyezo ya zachuma, njira zopezera ndalama)
  • Zoyendera (misewu ya kumpoto, kulembetsa magalimoto, ndi kulembetsa)
  • Kutetezeka kwa anthu (apolisi a boma, owongolera, ndi makhoti a milandu yambiri ya upandu ndi milandu yachiŵeniŵeni)
  • Thanzi la anthu onse (mahospital, maprogramu a katemera, malamulo a malo okhala)
  • Kulandira mamejaji a akatswiri (madokotala, maloya, aphunzitsi)
  • Mabungwe opanga zisankho (kulembetsa mapepala a boma, malo oonera)

Maboma amapanga bwanamkubwa (wotsutsa), nyumba ya malamulo ya boma (kusiyapo Nebraska unicaral), ndi dongosolo la khoti la boma. mabungwe a boma amakhazikitsa malamulo ndi malamulo amene amakhudza chilichonse kuyambira pa malamulo omanga ndi kuphatikizapo malonda.

Boma Lakumene Tikukhala: Anthu Ndi Ogwirizana Kwambiri

Maboma akwawo . . . . . . makampani, matauni, midzi, matauni, matauni, ndi zigawo zapadera (zigawo za sukulu, maulamuliro a madzi, makampani opereka katundu amene amakhudza anthu a m'dzikolo mwachindunji. Iwo ali ndi ulamuliro woperekedwa ndi boma, kaŵirikaŵiri pansi pa tchata cha boma. Udindo wa anthu wamba umaphatikizapo:

  • Kugwiritsa ntchito misewu
  • Kusungitsa malamulo kwa kumaloko (Madipatimenti a boma)
  • Kuteteza moto ndiponso chithandizo cha mankhwala
  • Mapaki a anthu onse, malaibulale, ndi maprogramu a zosangulutsa
  • Kusonkhanitsa zinyalala zolimba ndi kukonzanso zinthu zina
  • Misewu ya m’deralo, makwalala, ndi magetsi a m’khwalala
  • Zilolezo ndi malamulo osungitsa malamulo

Akuluakulu a boma amaphatikizapo mamayala, mameya a bungwe la mzinda, akuluakulu a boma, mamembala a sukulu, ndi antchito osiyanasiyana oikidwa. Chifukwa chakuti boma la kumaloko limafikirika kwambiri [1] misonkhano imachitidwa pagulu, ndipo akuluakulu a boma kaŵirikaŵiri amakhala kokha foni yochokera kwa nzika.

Chifukwa Chake Kusiyanitsa Pakati pa Makhalidwe Ofunika pa Ntchito ndi Uphunzitsi

Imodzi ya mapindu odziŵika kwambiri a kuzindikira milingo ya boma ndiyo kupanga zosankha zanzeru pa bokosi la olati. Pamene mudziŵa kuti nyumba yanu ya malamulo ya boma imakhazikitsa njira zothandizira maphunziro ndi kuti bungwe la sukulu lakwanu lipereke ntchito kwa woyang'anira, mungapende oyembekezera malo ameneŵa ozikidwa pa nkhani zofunika mmalo mwa mapepala osadziŵika bwino. Lingaliro limodzimodzilo limagwira ntchito pa miyeso ya misonkho yolingaliridwa: kuwonjezereka kwa msonkho pa konti yanu ya ballet kungasonkhetse laibulale yatsopano, pamene kuli kwakuti kuyesayesa kwa boma kungasinthe mmene sukulu zikuchirikizidwa m'dziko lonse.

Kulinganiza, kulondola ndiko chinthu chimodzi chokha. Ngati muli wodera nkhaŵa ndi kusintha kwa nyengo, mungalankhule ndi woimira wanu wa boma ponena za miyezo ya dziko, kupanga malamulo a mphamvu zobwezeretsedwa, ndi msonkhano wa mzinda wanu wokhudza kubzala mitengo kapena malamulo a njinga. Kufufuza kwa Pew Research Center kunapeza kuti 24% ya Aamereka okha ndiwo angatchule bwino ma dati atatu a boma, ndi kumvetsetsa pang'ono kwambiri kuti ndi ati amene amasamalira malamulo akutiakuti ( PREW FYCCCC /[FLT 1]]). Kugawana kumeneku kumachepetsa mphamvu ya kugawana kwa anthu ndipo kungasiye zosankha zosuliza m’manja za anthu otchuka.

Mmene Boma Limathandizira: Kugwirizana pa Zinthu Zamphamvu

Kumvetsa mfundo zimenezi kumathandiza nzika kuti zizilankhulana pa nthawi imene nkhani yapansipansi yatsekeka.

Mathayo Ogawana

Madera ochepa ndi a boma, boma, kapena malo akwawo. Maphunziro ndi chitsanzo chachikulu: boma limapereka ndalama kudzera mwa Thet I (sukulu zolandira ndalama zochepa) ndi kuika zofunika za ufulu wa anthu, maboma amakhazikitsa njira zamaphunziro ndi zoyendera, ndi magawo a sukulu oyang'anira aphunzitsi, maphunziro, zosankhidwa, ndi kukonza. Mofananamo, zoyendera kaŵirikaŵiri zimadalira pa ndalama za boma (m’mphindi yaing'ono), kukonza ndi kumanga, ndi kukonza misewu yaing'ono.

Fiscal Federalism: Ndalama Zimayenda Mosiyanasiyana

Madola ambiri otsala amapita kaŵirikaŵiri ku maboma ndi madera kupyolera m'maprogramu a ndalama zoperekedwa. Ena amapereka ndalama zaumoyo ndi “zowoloka,” kutanthauza kuti ayenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito pazifuno zakutizakuti (m’chitsanzo, nyumba zopeza zochepera), pamene kuli kwakuti ena ali“ zopereka zopatsa ndalama zowonjezereka za boma. Maboma amalandiranso ndalama za boma kaamba ka maphunziro, mautumiki a zaumoyo, ndi chisungiko cha anthu. Kwa nzika, zimenezi zikutanthauza kuti ngati mukufuna kuchirikiza ndalama zambiri za laibulale yanu yakwathu, mungafunikire kukhutiritsa ofesi yanu yonse ya mzinda ndi nyumba yanu ya boma yanu ya malamulo.

Kugwiritsira Ntchito Lamulo ndi Kudziwonjola

Malamulo a Federal kaŵirikaŵiri amakhazikitsa miyezo yochepera imene maboma angapitirire koma osagwa pansi. Mwachitsanzo, Ceaner Air Act imafunikira maboma kukwaniritsa miyezo ya dziko ya mkhalidwe wa mphepo, koma maboma angatsatire malamulo okhwima ngati asankha. Komabe, lamulo la boma lingachotseretu boma kapena kachitidwe ka kumaloko kotheratu , mwachitsanzo, lamulo la boma la boma la boma la kusamuka limachotsa boma kapena kuyesa kwa kumaloko kukhazikitsa malamulo oletsa anthu oloŵa m’dziko. Nzika zimene zimamvetsetsa kupulupudza zingachirikize bwino kwambiri chimene chili chothekera pamlingo uliwonse.

Kufufuza Nkhani za Odwala Ogwirizana ndi Boma

Phunziro Loyamba: Kulabadira kwa CHOVID - 19

Mliriwo unasonyeza mmene milingo yonse itatu ya boma iyenera kugwirizanirana . ndi mmene kusagwirizana pakati pawo kungapangitse kusokonezeka. Boma la boma (CDC, HHS) linatulutsa zitsogozo, akatemera ovomerezedwa, ndi kugaŵira chithandizo cha mankhwala. Boma linagamula malamulo otsekereza, kukhazikitsa ndi katemera. Maboma a m’dzikolo anayesa ndi kutumiza malamulo a katemera, kukhazikitsa malamulo a zaumoyo, ndi kutumiza malangizo a zaumoyo a anthu a m'chitaganya afunikira ngati kutsekereza ndi kuchotsa ma moration. Anthu amene anafunsira mobwerezabwereza kusalandira ntchito. Amene anamvetsa kachipang'ka ku Dipatimenti yawo ya zaunija ya zaumoyo kaamba ka mankhwala, kapena ku bungwe lawo la zaumoyo m'tauni yawo adawona bwino kwambiri.

Kuphunzira Nkhani 2: Ntchito Zopanga Zinthu

Ganizirani za kufutukuka kwa misewu yaikulu. Boma la boma limapereka ndalama zambiri kudzera ku Infraclactive Investicement and Jobs Act, limakhazikitsa zofunika zoyendera malo okhala, ndi kuyang'anira malamulo a chitetezo. Dipatimenti ya boma yokonza ntchitoyi iyenera kukambirana ndi bungwe la mzinda, kugula malo, ndi kuyendetsa. Maboma a m’dzikolo angafunikire kuvomereza kusintha kwa malo, kuchotsa zinthu zothandizira kuti ziyendetsedwe, ndi kudera losamalira za phokoso ndi magalimoto. Munthu amene akufuna kupenda mmene ntchitoyo ikuyendera papaki yakwawo ayenera kukambirana ndi bungwe la projekiti la DOT, pamene munthu wina wodera nkhaŵa za ntchitoyo ayenera kupereka ndemanga ku DOT m'nyengo yapoyera.

Zolepheretsa Kumvetsa Ntchito za Boma

Mosasamala kanthu za mapindu owonekera bwino, zopinga zingapo zimaletsa nzika kumvetsetsa mokwanira kapangidwe ka boma. Chiphunzitso nchowonekeratu: chiŵerengero cha maulamuliro otsaganapo pakati pa mabala, zigawo za sukulu, zigawo zapadera kuchokera ku ulamuliro wa udzudzu mpaka ku chitetezo cha moto. Mmereka weniweni angalamuliridwe ndi pafupifupi atatu kapena anayi, limodzi ndi nduna zake zosankhidwa, ma bajeti, ndi malamulo.

Malo a chidziŵitso chofikirika amawonjezera vutolo. Mawebusaiti a boma kaŵirikaŵiri ngothina, achikale, kapena ovuta kugwiritsa ntchito. Malongosoledwe a maudindo amagwiritsira ntchito lamulo loletsa oŵerenga ambiri. Mwachitsanzo, kusiyana pakati pa dera ndi mzinda kungakhale kobisa: ziŵerengero zamwambo zopereka mautumiki onga makhoti ndi mandende, pamene mizinda ikuchita mautumiki ambiri a m'mizinda, koma m'madera ambiri mizera yasokonezeka modabwitsa.

Aamerika ogwirizana ndi mphamvu ya ndale zadziko [[FLT :1] amagwiranso ntchito. Nzika zina zimakhulupirira kuti kuloŵerera kwawo sikungasinthe, chotero samavutika kuphunzira mfundo zazikulu. Malinga ndi lipoti la KHNT Foundation, 26 peresenti yokha ya Aamereka amakhulupirira kuti iwo angapange kusiyana pakati pa chitaganya chawo mwa zochita za boma ([[FLT:]] Kight Foundation ). Kuswa kayendedweku kumafuna osati maphunziro okha komanso zotulukapo zowoneka ndi kugawana nawo.

Njira Zothandiza Zowongolera Kumvetsetsa ndi Ubwenzi Wanu

Kuti mudziwe bwino malamulo a boma, simufunikira digiri.

  • Gwiritsirani ntchito mafaelo a mafaelo ovomerezeka. Webusaiti USA.gov imakulolani kupeza boma lanu, boma, ndi akuluakulu a boma mwa kuloŵa pa adiresi yanu. Tchulani tsamba lino ndi kuliyendera chisankho chilichonse.
  • Inachititsa msonkhano wa boma wakomweko. Msonkhano wa mzinda, khonsati, ndi misonkhano ya pulatimenti ya sukulu zikhoza kugamulidwa kwa anthu. Ngakhale kuwonerera pa intaneti imodzi kungamveketse nkhani zimene zagamulidwa kwa inu. Mudzamva kaŵirikaŵiri antchito akubweretsa mavuto ndipo akuluakulu a boma akukambiranani molunjika.
  • Zilolezo za manyuzipepala a boma. Makampani ambiri a boma ndi mabungwe a boma amatumiza chidziŵitso cha mameseji onena za ntchito zimene zikuchitika, kumvetsera kwa anthu, ndi kusintha kwa malamulo. Zimenezi nzaulere ndi kukuthandizani kulinganiza zosankha zimene zimakhudza mudzi wanu.
  • Gwiritsirani ntchito ziwiya za maphunziro a boma. [[FLT :1] Mabungwe a Noparastisan onga iCBIC (oyambitsidwa ndi Woweruza wakale Sandra Day O’Connor) amapereka maseŵera aulere ophunzitsa magawo a boma ndi kugaŵana maulamuliro. Ophunzira achikulire angatengenso maphunziro aufulu pa Intaneti kuchokera ku malo onga kora kapena ku Khan Academy’s refecuries.
  • Chitani “mapu ya pulogalamu ya pulogalamu. [1] Nthaŵi yotsatira mukakumana ndi vuto la anthu [1] Chitsime, programu yoŵerenga yosweka pasukulu ya mwana wanu, kapena mkangano womalemba [1] mlingo wa boma limene muganiza kuti lili ndi ulamuliro. Kenako tsimikizirani mwa kuyang'ana webusaiti ya boma kapena kuitana bungwelo. M’kupita kwa nthaŵi, chizoloŵezi chimenechi chimapanga mapu a maganizo opanga kuyendetsa malo.

Kugonjetsa Mavuto: Zimene Maboma Angachite Kuti Athandize

Pamene kuli kwakuti kuyesayesa kwa munthu aliyense kuli kofunika, maboma ena ali ndi thayo lakukhala owonekera bwino ndi nzika. Kutulutsa kulankhulana kwapoyera nkofunika: bungwe lililonse la boma liyenera kufotokoza bwino lomwe ukulu wake ndi zimene anthu angayembekezere kuchokera ku ilo. Matauni ena apanga “sitolo yoleka" kumene anthu anganenerepo nkhani za kampani ndipo angakhoze kuloŵeretsedwa modzi ku chigawo chakumanja. Maphunziro a Body amene samaphunzitsa mapulinsipulo ongo koma “zakuti apezere". Monga mmene angalembedwere ndemanga pa lamulo lolingaliridwa kapena mmene angapezere woimira wanu. [FLT:]

Mayiko angachepetsenso kusokonezeka mwa kugwiritsa ntchito mayina ndi ntchito za boma. Mwachitsanzo, kufotokoza kusiyana kwa borough, tauni, mudzi, ndi mzinda kungakhale kodabwitsa ngakhale kwa anthu a nthawi yaitali. Zithunzi zosavuta ndi zikalata zokhala ndi mawu osavuta zolembedwa pa Intaneti ndiponso m’nyumba za anthu zikhoza kutseka mwendowo.

Kumaliza: Kudziŵa Ndiko Njira Yoyamba Yopezera Mphamvu

Kumvetsa miyalo ya boma sikuli chinthu chamtengo wapatali . N’kofunika kwa aliyense amene akufuna kuumba dziko. Mukadziwa ngati chigamulo chapangidwa ndi Nyumba ya Malamulo, nyumba ya boma, kapena bungwe lanu lomanga nyumba, musiya kuwononga mphamvu zanu pa madandaulo osagwira ntchito ndi kuyamba kuyang'ana mapu anu a mphamvu kuti mukhale ndi mphamvu. Mumakhala wofufuza wodziŵa bwino, wochirikiza wogwira mtima kwambiri, ndi wothandiza kwambiri pa demokrase. Nyumba za boma, boma, ndi boma lakwanu, zingaoneke ngati zinthu zopanda ntchito, koma kwenikweni ndi mapu a mphamvu ya m'mudzi wanu. Phunzirani kuŵerenga mapuwo, ndipo simudzaganizanso kuti mufuna kupanga kusiyana.