Chiyambi: Policies ku India, Kuthandiza Anthu Oyang’anira Patsoka

Dziko la India lili ndi dziko lalikulu, kuyambira ku mapiri a Himalaya mpaka ku zidikha za m’mphepete mwa nyanja, ndipo limachititsa dzikolo kukhala limodzi la mayiko a tsoka lalikulu kwambiri padziko lonse. Dzikoli lili ndi pafupifupi ngozi zachilengedwe zonse monga zivomezi, zigumula, mphepo, chilala, kuphulika kwa nthaka, ndi kutentha kwa madzi — pamene kuli kwakuti munthu wapanga masoka monga ngozi za maindasitale ndi kutayika kwa makemikolo kumawonjezera kucholoŵana. Ndi anthu oposa 1.4 biliyoni, kuthekera kwa kuwonongeka kwa anthu ndi kuwonongeka kwa chuma kuli kwakukulu. M’zaka makumi aŵiri zapitazo, India wasintha njira yake yothandiza kuchepetsa mphamvu ya zinthu zopanga zinthu, njira yotetezera, yopanga mabomba, yokonzekera, ndi yochiritsira. Nkhaniyi ikupereka njira ya kukonza kwa kachitidwe kachitidwe kake ka kachitidwe ka zinthu, ndi kayendetseke kake kake ka ka ka ka kayendetseke m’dziko la India lerolino.

Kusintha kwa Kalelo kwa Lamulo la Kusamalira Masoka ku India

Ulendo wa ku India wosamalira ngozi umatha kudziwika m’njira zosiyanasiyana, ndipo pa ulendo uliwonsewu panachitika zinthu zoopsa zimene zinathandiza kuti pakhale mipata yambiri.

Nyengo Yapapita: Chithandizo ndi Chivomerezo

Chisanafike zaka chikwi, kuyang'anira tsoka kwakukulukulu kunali thayo la Ministry of Agriculture and the Department of Relation . Chisamalirocho chinali pafupifupi pa chithandizo ndi kukonzanso kwapambuyo pa 2016, popanda kusamala kwambiri za kuchepetsako kapena kukonzekera. Bhopal Gas Track (19984) ndi chivomezi cha Latur (1993) chinagogomezera kufunika kwa njira yogwirizana kwambiri, koma mfundo yokhudza mfundo zonse sinapezekepo.

Kusintha: Mphepo Yaikulu ya Odisha (1999) ndi Gujarat Tyngue (2001)

Chivomezi cha 1999 Odisha Super Synoi , chomwe chinapha anthu oposa 10,000, ndi chaka cha 2001 chivomezi cha Bhuj (kufa kwa 20,000) chinali nthaŵi zowonongeka. Masokawa anasonyeza kuti njira yochitira zinthu mwa njira yokhayo inali yopereŵera. Zinasonkhezera kupangidwa kwa komiti yamphamvu kwambiri yoyang'anira ngozi ndipo potsirizira pake zinatsogolera ku kulembedwanso kwa Department Act, 2005 — chipangizo chimodzi chofunika kwambiri chalamulo choyang'anira munda.

Nyengo Yamakono: Kuchokera pa Kuchepetsa Ngozi Kufikira pa Kuchepetsa Ngozi

Kuyambira 2005, India wagwirizanitsa malamulo ake ndi madongosolo a dziko lonse, makamaka mafashoni a Seragrama ya Disaster Reduction (2030) . Chigogomezero chasintha kukulitsa mphamvu za chitaganya, kugwirizanitsa kuchepetsa ngozi kulinganiza kwa ngozi (DRR) ku kukonza, ndi luso la zoyendera za kuchenjeza mwamsanga ndi kuyankha. The National Policy on Disaster Management (2009) ndi National Disafed Plan (206, yokonzedwanso 2019)

Malamulo Olamulira pa Tsoka

Kumeneku n’kumene anthu ambiri a ku India amayendera potsatira malamulo osiyanasiyana ndiponso malamulo osiyanasiyana.

Kusamalira Zatsoka, mu 2005

Pangano la zachilengedwe la mu 2005, la pa kampani ya zachuma (DM Act) ndilo maziko a malamulo.

  • National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA) . [NT.1] — woikidwa ndi Nduna ya Kazembe, amene ali ndi thayo la kuika malamulo, mapulani, ndi zitsogozo.
  • State Disaster Management Aguilment (SDMAs) .
  • Aguide Digeast Disaster Disaster Management (ma DDMA) — okhala pampando ndi Magi a Chigawo, amene achititsa kachitidwe ka [1] chigawo cha [1]

Lamuloli limalamulanso kuti papangidwe bungwe lothandiza pa ngozi la National Disaster Response Force (NDRF). Limalangizanso za gulu la National Institute of Disaster Management (NIDM) kuti lizigwiritsa ntchito ntchito malo apamwamba a anthu. Limavomereza kuti malamulo ayang'anira ngozi zonse ndipo limakonza ndalama zonga ngati National Disaster Response Fund (NDRF) ndi National Disaster Mitigation Fund (NDMF).

Kusamalira Masoka a Dziko, mu 2009

National Policy imayala maso, mfundo zotsogolera, ndi njira zonse zoyendetsera ngozi.

  • Kugogomezera pa kuchepetsa [Kudziwitsa: 0] kwa tsoka.
  • Kuloŵetsamo mbali zazikulu za kutukuka kwa DR monga ngati ziŵiya zapamwamba, thanzi, maphunziro, ndi kulinganiza matauni.
  • Kulimbikitsa njira zochenjezera anthu ndi kukulitsa mphamvu za akuluakulu aboma.
  • Kusonyeza kuti muli ndi vuto la kugonana ndi amuna kapena akazi ndiponso kuti muli ndi magulu amene ali pangozi (makamaka, opunduka, ana).

Pulogalamu ya za Zambia

NDMP imatembenuza malamulo ku zitsogozo zogwira ntchito. Ilo nlogwirizana ndi Sendai Framey ndipo limaphatikizapo makonzedwe akutiakuti apange maupandu osiyanasiyana. Kukonzanso 2019 kunawonjezera mitu yatsatanetsatane pa masoka achilengedwe ndi zaumoyo wa anthu — yofunika kwambiri pambuyo pa mliri wa CHOVID . Makonzedwewo amagaŵiranso ntchito zowonekera ku chigawo chapakati cha utumiki, maboma, ndi mabungwe a kumaloko.

Chigwirizano cha Boma ndi Chigawo

Boma lililonse lili ndi Plan ya masoka a masoka, yotengera ku ngozi za kumaloko. Mwachitsanzo, Uttarakotand ndi Himachal Pradesh amayang'ana kwambiri pa kugwedezeka kwa nthaka ndi kusefukira kwa madzi a m'nyanja ya madzi oundana, pamene kuli kwakuti maboma a m’mphepete mwa nyanja monga Odisha ndi Tamil Nadu a mkun. Makonzedwe a chigawo ali okongola kwambiri, kuphatikizapo mapu oopsa, opangira zinthu zopangira zinthu, ndi njira zodutsa zochokera.

Ntchito Yochita Makampani: Kodi Ndani Amachita Zinthu Zosiyanasiyana?

Kumeneku ku India, mabungwe ambiri amafunika kugwiritsa ntchito njira zitatu kuti ayendetse ngozi.

Ukulu wa Dziko

  • NDMA , amakhazikitsa malamulo, kukhazikitsa mapulani, ndi kugwiritsa ntchito makompyuta.
  • Kulinganiza kwa Nkhani za Panyumba (MHA) [1] — utumiki wa pafoni wa oyang’anira tsoka, amayang'anira NDRF ndi National Emergency Response Centre (NERC).
  • National Disaster Response Force (NDRF) [1] — 16 a gulu lophunzitsidwa kaamba ka chithandizo ndi chivomerezo chapadera.
  • Dipatimenti ya Media Meteorological (MD) [1] — imapereka maderere ndi mphepo yamkuntho.
  • Indian National Centre for Ocean Information Service (INCOIS) [1] , machenjezo a tsunami ndi mphepo yamkuntho.
  • National Renown Sountant Centre (NRSC) [1] , zithunzithunzi za satellite zogwiritsa ntchito pojambula ndi kupenda kuwonongeka.

Mmene Boma Limakhalira

  • State Management Management (SDMA) Authority
  • Kagulu ka za '''''''''''kagawo kajani Gawo la Zotsatira (SDRF)
  • [[MMWIRI:0] ndi Madipatimenti a Chithandizo [[Mbali 1]
  • State Emergency Operations Centres (SEOCs)

Kukula kwa Malo a Chigawo ndi Kwawo

  • [[MT] Uyang'anira wa Tsitsi la Matsoka (DDMA)
  • Panchayats ndi Urban Minite ya Malo]
  • [[ML:0] Community 28 Based Management Management (CBDMCs) [1]

Malo a mipambo ameneŵa amatsimikizira kuti kupanga chosankha nkoyenera ndi kuti chivomerezo chingayambike pamlingo woyandikana kwambiri ndi anthu oyambukiridwa.

Mgwirizano wa Kuyang’anira Tsoka: Kupeŵa Kuchira

Malamulo a ku India amatsatira njira yoyendetsera masoka, pozindikira kuti kukhala wokonzeka bwino n’kofunika mofanana ndi kuchitapo kanthu mwamsanga.

Kuteteza ndi Kuchotsa Mimba

Kupeŵa kumaphatikizapo njira zopeŵera ngozi zonse — mwachitsanzo, kukhazikitsa malamulo okhwima omangira m’madera ozungulira dziko lapansi kapena kuletsa kumangidwa kwa nyumba zokhala ndi madzi osefukira.

  • Kumanga malo osungirako mphepo yamkuntho ndi malo obisalako (m’njira, Odisha).
  • Zofunika za maziko ovuta amene alipo monga zipatala ndi sukulu.
  • Kudula mitengo ndi kuyendetsa malo otere kuti achepetse kusweka kwa nthaka ndi ngozi za chigumula.
  • Madzi a m’nyanja ayamba kuulutsa anthu kuti aone za mphepo ya mkuntho, tsunami, ndi madzi osefukira.

Kukonzekera

Kukonzekera kumathandiza kuti anthu ndi mabungwe akonzekere kuchita zinthu.

  • [[FLT :0] Zoyeseza Malock zochitidwa ndi NDRF ndi SDMAs m'masukulu, maofesi, ndi midzi yosatetezereka.
  • Ndawala zodziŵitsa anthu kudzera m'wailesi, wailesi, wailesi, wailesi, wailesi, ndi misonkhano yakumaloko.
  • [[ML:0]] Kufukiza zinthu zothandizira anthu [ monga chakudya, madzi, matenti, ndi mankhwala m'malo oyenerera.
  • Kuphunzitsa maprogramu a oyankha oyambirira, kuphatikizapo mautumiki a moto, apolisi, ndi ogwira ntchito zaumoyo.

Kulabadira

Pakagwa tsoka, njira yothandizira iyenera kukhala yofulumira ndi yogwirizana. Makina ofunika kwambiri ndi monga:

  • Kukonza malo ochitirako zinthu otere ku Emergency Operations Centres (EOCs) m’dziko, m’boma, ndi m’chigawo.
  • Kutha kwa magulu a NDRF ndi SDRF.
  • Kuchipatala ndi kuthawa.
  • Makonzedwe a malo ogona, madzi akumwa, ndi ukhondo.
  • Kuwonongeka ndi kufunikira kupendedwa kuti kutsogolere kugaŵidwa kwa ndalama.

Kuchira ndi Kukonzanso

Kuchira kumaphatikizapo kubwezeretsa zinthu monga kukonzanso zinthu monga kukonzanso zinthu zofunika pamoyo, kuthandiza anthu odwala matenda a maganizo, ndiponso kumanganso bwino.

Kutengamo Mbali m’Magulu ndi Kuchirikiza Malo

Malamulo a India amazindikira kuti anthu ndiwo oyamba kuyankha m'tsoka lililonse. Aapda Mitra [1] (Mbwenzi) wolinganiza antchito odzifunira m’zigawo za tsoka . Maboma ambiri apanga makomiti a kudera a kuyang'anira ngozi pa mlingo wa mudzi. Akazi akuphatikizidwa mowonjezereka, popeza kuti kaŵirikaŵiri amakhala ndi chidziŵitso cha kumaloko ndipo ali ofunika kwambiri posamalira ana ndi okalamba panthaŵi ya mavuto. Kusamuka kuchoka pamwamba pa [1] kupita ku PNG mpaka ku [1] kwakhala chimodzi cha zitukuko zazikulu koposa m'kachitidwe m'dziko la India la tsoka.

Zipangizo zamakono ndi Njira Zochenjezera Anthu Mwamsanga

Ku India, anthu ambiri ayamba kugwiritsa ntchito zipangizo zochenjeza anthu, makamaka za mphepo yamkuntho ndi matsunami.

Kuchenjeza kwa Mkuntho

India Meteorological Department (IMD) yawongolera maluso ake ochenjeza ndi mphepo yamkuntho ndi marada a Doppler, chidziŵitso cha satellite kuchokera ku INSATÍ3D, ndi kujambula bwino. Chotulukapo: imfa za mphepo zatsika kwambiri. Mwachitsanzo, Tribumpo Phailin (2013) inayambukira anthu oposa 12 miliyoni koma imfa 50 zokha zinasimbidwa, poyerekezera ndi 10,000 mu mphepo yamphamvu ya 1999. Boma la Odisha la anthu 1.2 miliyoni — lotsogozedwa ndi machenjezo olondola IMD — ndilo lakufalitsa.

Njira Yochenjeza Tsunami Mwamsanga

Pambuyo pa tsunami ya mu 2004 ya ku Indian Ocean, India anakhazikitsa Tsunami Early Lidge Centre (ITEWC) ku INCOIS, Hydrabad . Imapereka machenjezo patangotha mphindi 10 kuchokera ku chivomezi. Dongo la Intellic system limagwiritsa ntchito makina osindikizira pansi pa nyanja, mafunde, ndi masiteshoni a madzi osefukira.

Kulosera za Chigumula

Bungwe la Central Water Commission (CWC) limagwira ntchito m’malo oposa 300 oneneratu za madzi osefukira pa mitsinje yaikulu.

Zipangizo zamakono zimagwiritsidwanso ntchito pofufuza mmene zinthu zawonongeka. Bungwe la National Renow Moneal Souncing Centre limagwiritsa ntchito zithunzi zapamwamba za masetilaiti pojambula malo amene madzi anasefukira ndiponso poona malo amene anthu akhudzidwa pakangotha nthawi yochepa ngozi itatha.

Kusamalira Tsoka: Ndalama ndi Mabanki

Ndalama zokwanira n’zofunika kwambiri.

  • National Displation Fund (NDRF) [1] — kaamba ka yankho lamwamsanga ndi mpumulo.
  • National Disaster Mitigation Fund (NDMF) [1] — kwa ntchito zazitali (zokhazikitsidwa posachedwapa).

Maboma amasungitsanso State Disaster Response Fund (SDRF). Kuwonjezerapo, Makampani Commission (bungwe lalamulo) amapatsa ndalama zoperekera kwa maulamuliro a ngozi zozikidwa pa mfundo zina. Bungwe la 15 la Ndalama linalangiza kuti pakhale kukhazikitsa kopatula [[FLT: 0] National Disaster Distion Management Management Fund (NDRMF) [NFL:1] ndi [FLT:] State Disaster Disragence Management Fund (SRMFF) kukhazikitsa mlandu ndi ntchito zokonzekera — kusintha kwakukulu kuchokera ku ku kuyeseza kwa nthaŵi yoyamba kumene ndalama zambiri zinawonongedwa pa chivomerezo.

Kufufuza za Matenda: Kugwira Ntchito Kwauchinyama

Chitsanzo cha Kuyang’anira Mphepo ya Odisha

Odisha asintha kuchoka pa tsoka la 1999 kufika pa chizindikiro cha padziko lonse. Bomalo linamanga nyumba zosungiramo mphepo yamkuntho 800+ m'zikwiyi, linakhazikitsa malo opatulidwa a Odisha State Disaster Management Authority (OSDMA), ndi kuikizira anthu odzipereka mwamsanga. Kupambana kwa kuchotsa anthu pa mphepo ya Spice Phailin (2013) ndi Fhani (2029) — ndi kutayikitsa moyo pang’ono kwambiri — kwanenedwa ndi lamulo limeneli.

Madzi a Uttakant (2013) ndi Kusintha kwa Kayendetsedwe ka Ntchito

Madzi a Uttarank a mu 2013, amene anayambika ndi kusefukira kwa madzi oundana, anapha anthu oposa 5,000. Tsokali linaphetsa anthu ofooka pokonza malo ozungulira (m’chitsanzo, madamu ndi misewu yomangidwa m'madera osalimba) ndiponso kuchitika tsoka m'mapiri. Pambuyo pa chaka cha 212013, boma linakonzanso njira zake zoyang'anira ngozi, linalimbikitsa kuyang'anira nyanja za madzi oundana, linaletsa kumangidwa m'madera apamwamba a Britishrisk, ndiponso linawongolera njira zochenjezerapo kuti madzi agwere.

COVID ←19 Monga Tsoka la Zamoyo

COVID 16) Mliri unayesa njira yoyendetsera ngozi za India. Poyamba, bungwe la NDMA linapempha kuti lipereke malangizo otsegulira zinthu. Bungwe la National Disaster Management Plan 2019 linaphatikiza mutu wa masoka achilengedwe, womwe unathandiza kuti pakhale maziko a mavuto a thanzi. Kuphunziraku kukuphatikizapo njira zokonzera za m’tsogolo, komanso mfundo zolimbikitsa kwambiri za kagwiridwe ka moyo wa anthu ndiponso njira zothandizira anthu kukonza zaumoyo.

Mavuto a Kukwaniritsa Zochita

Ngakhale kuti pali malamulo amphamvu, pali mavuto ambiri amene akupitirizabe:

  • Nyumba zosakwanira: madera ambiri akumidzi alibebe chenjezo loyambirira (m'ch., kuphatikiza mafoni ndi magalimoto m'mapiri akutali).
  • [[MML:0] Mipata ya upandu pamalo akwanuko: DMAS m'madera ambiri samagwira ntchito kwambiri ndipo saikonda kwambiri.
  • Kusintha kwa kusungunulidwa: Kuwonjezereka ndi ukulu wa nyengo yowopsa (mafunde, mafunde osefukira, mikuntho) imaposa njira zamakono zosinthira.
  • Kugwirizanitsa: mathayo ogogoda nthaŵi zina amachedwetsa; mwachitsanzo, pakati pa madipatimenti a kampani ya zandalama ndi SDMAs.
  • Kuzindikira: Ngakhale ndi tcheru, anthu ena safuna kusamuka chifukwa choopa kutaya ziŵeto kapena katundu.
  • [[FLT: 0] Urban upandu: Kusintha kwa mizinda kosakonzekera m'matauni kokhala ndi madzi osefukira kapena madera okangalika ndi chivomezi (m', Mumbai, Delhi, Bengaluru) imayambitsa mapangano atsopano amene malamulo amene alipo akungoyamba kumene.

Malangizo Amtsogolo: Kumanga Dziko la India Lokhala ndi Tsoka

Chikalata cha lamulo cha India chikugwirizana mowonjezereka ndi malo oyamba a Sendai Framework ya “Kumanganso Bwino. [1] Kubwererako kumaphatikizapo:

  • National Coalition for Discip Reduction (NCDR) : A staketorer kugwirizanitsa zoyesayesa za DRR m'zigawo.
  • Programu ya kutetezera: Yosumikidwa pa ntchito za mzinda zanzeru kuphatikiza madzi osefukira, matsindwi obiriŵira, ndi nyumba zatsoka.
  • School Safety Programme:[[FL:1] Kuchititsa maphunziro a ngozi kusukulu ndi kuchititsa kuyeseza koseketsa kwanthaŵi zonse.
  • [[NTL:0] Kulinganiza kwa Klimathiadive: Kugwirizanitsa kuyang'anira tsoka ndi National Action Plan on Climate Change (NAPCC) kutsimikizira kuti zosonyeza za nyengo zikudziŵitsa mapu oopsa ndi mapu a malo opangira zinthu.
  • Kulamulira Maboma Akwanuko:[[FT:1] Khoma la 15 la Ndalama linavomereza kuti pafupifupi 10% ya ndalama zonse zoyendetsera tsoka ziperekedwe kwa mabungwe a kumaloko kaamba ka kuchepetsa ntchito.

Ndiponso, India akuthandizira mwamphamvu kuchepetsa ngozi za dziko lonse kupyolera mwa kugwirizana kwa mabitera, kugawana luso lochenjeza ndi maiko oyandikana nawo, ndi kutenga nawo mbali m'mapulatifomu a UN. National Disaster Management Authority [1] Authority [[FLT: 1] nthaŵi zonse imasintha zitsogozo zake kuti zikhale ndi machitachita abwino kwambiri padziko lonse.

Kumaliza

Malamulo a ku India asintha kwambiri kuchokera ku zopereka za chithandizo chakale mpaka kuchepetsako pulogalamu yonse. Dissaster Management Act 2005 , [FLT:] National Progacy 2009 [[FLT:], ndi [FLT] Nationalal Palsystem Plan [[4] kuchepetsapolation Plan yopereka maziko amphamvu alamulo ndi ogwirizana. Kupambana m'chimphepo kumatchula monga Odisha ndi kuyendetsa kwa luso la zopanga zoyambirira zamakono m'dziko lonse lapansi kuonetsa mphamvu ya kusintha kumeneku. Komabe, kusintha kwa madera a m'madera akung'onoang'ono, ndi kuwonjezera kukonzanso kwa mlingo wa mavuto a ku India. [FF]