Chiyambi: Posankha Njira Yopangira Madzi

Post-disaster kuchira sikumakhala kochitika motsatizana. Ndi nyengo yachisokonezo, ya zopereka zosonyezedwa ndi zosoŵa za anthu ndi kumanganso kwa nthaŵi yaitali. Komabe mkati mwa kuchuluka kumeneko muli mpata wapadera: mpata wa kukonzanso madzi. Masoka onga mphepo Katrina (2005), ndi magumula a Great East Japan, ndi 20222 a ku Pakistan sanawononge maphampu ndi machiritso . Iwo anavumbula kutha kwa zingwe zachikale, zosayenera kugaŵirikiza, ndi kugaŵana. Mawindo a kusintha ndi opangika, makamaka zaka zitatu asanasokonezeke chidwi ndi kumanganso. Kusintha kwa mawindo kungachititse kusiyana pakati pa njira yomanganso ndi kulephera, ndi kutha mphamvu, kwa zaka makumi ambiri, ndi kugaŵikana kwa zaka makumi ambiri.

Madzi asintha pambuyo pa kusokonezeka kwa zinthu, si kuwonjezeka kwa anthu ofooka; ndi nkhani yoganiziranso mfundo zazikulu zimene zimapangitsa kuti madzi azipezeka, miyezo yapamwamba, ufulu wopeza, ndi kayendetsedwe ka zinthu. Nkhaniyi ikufotokoza njira zimene zingayendetsedwe pochira, mavuto enieni a dziko amene ayenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito, ndi njira zopezera umboni zimene zakhala zikuthandiza pa zinthu zosiyanasiyana.

Mipata Yaikulu ya Kusintha Njira Zoyendetsera Madzi

Kusokonezeka kochititsidwa ndi tsoka kumachititsa zinthu zosadziŵika bwino zimene zimachititsa kusintha: kuchititsa anthu kukhala ozindikira kwambiri, kuwonjezereka kwa ndalama (zonse ziŵiri anthu ndi othandiza), kuchepetsako kwa kanthaŵi ka zopinga za abusa, ndi kufunitsitsa kulandira njira zothetsera zosadziŵika bwino. Malo otsatirawa amaimira mipata yapamwamba kwambiri yoloŵerapo m'zandale.

Kusintha Mfundo za M’Baibulo

Kuwonongeka kwa madzi [1] Mipiti, kupompa masiteshoni, madamu, mafakitale ochiritsira ndi zotsatirapo zooneka kwambiri za tsoka lalikulu. Koma kungokonza zimene zinalipozo kumalimbikitsa mphamvu zofananazo. Kusintha kwa malamulo kuyenera kukhazikitsa miyezo yopirira imene imaposa malamulo a m'mbuyo.

Kupanga Zinthu Zothandiza Kuti Kusinthe Mkhalidwe

Malamulo omanga ndi miyezo ya uinjiniya kaŵirikaŵiri amazikidwa pa chidziŵitso cha mbiri yakale cha ngozi. Post-diaster , izi ziyenera kukonzedwa kuti zisonyeze zizindikiro za nyengo. Mwachitsanzo, kutsatira mphepo ya mkuntho Sandy, New York City inatsatira zofunika zolimba za kukwera kwa madzi oyenda m'mafakitale ake otaya madzi, lamulo losintha zinthu zoikidwa mu Klimate ya 2014 2014. Kusinthaku kungagwiritsiridwe ntchito ku ku kuzika kwa mchenga, zinthu zakuthupi, ndi mphamvu zofunikira kuchirikiza. Mgwirizano ungafunikire kuti nyumba zatsopano kapena zokonzera zikhale ndi chimphepo china cha zaka 100 kuyang'anizana ndi kusintha kwa nyengo kochokera ku shurlifing (m., 50%).

Njira za Kachilombo ka Maluwa

Malo a kudera lakunja kwamakono . "kusintha, chitsulo, kupompa , nkofunika koma kulibe. Lamulo liyenera kugwirizanitsa kapena kulamula kugwirizanitsa malo achilengedwe: kubwezeretsa malo osungirako madzi osefukira, mabwalo okhoza kuloŵeramo madzi osefukira, ndi kumanga malo osungirako madzi otayika. [[FLT] .S. . . i Green Infracture , pulogalamu ya zomangazo zimene zingasinthidwe kubwerera ku mapost-distaster. Mwachitsanzo, pambuyo pa mafunde a 2013, tauni ya Lyoloravis , yophatikiza zinsi zachiŵiro zachi zachika za dziko lake zobiriŵira, zikuchepetsa ndi mavoliyumu 30%.

Kulemba Mameseji Osonyeza Kuyendetsa Zinthu ndi Oika Moyo Pangozi

Kusintha kwa malamulo kungapangitse ntchito zopanga zinthu zambiri ndi mapu enieni oika moyo pangozi. Kudziŵa kumene mapaipi osavuta kuwonongeka alipo . ndi mkhalidwe wawo . Zokhoza kukonzedwa. Pambuyo pa chivomezi cha 2010 ku Christchurch , New Zealand, mzindawu unapangidwa njira yoyendetsera madzi a pakompyuta yomwe imagwirizanitsa chidziŵitso cha kugwedezeka kwa zinthu, kulola mphamvu yobwezeretsa maboti aakulu ovuta kwambiri. Maji a geslativiti afunikira madongosolo otero kwa onse okhala ndi madzi onse, ndi kukonza ndi mabolobodi a pachaka.

Kuwongolera Miyezo ya Madzi ndi Kuchuluka kwa Madzi

Masoka amawononga mphamvu ya madzi yopereka mankhwala ambiri ndipo amayambitsa zinthu zatsopano zowononga madzi ndi zinthu zina zotayidwa ndi mankhwala a m’mafakitale ndi tizilombo tosaoneka ndi masoka.

Kulimbitsa Malinga Apamwamba

M’miyezi yotsatira tsoka, mabungwe angayendetse malamulo okhwima kwambiri odziŵika bwino a zinthu zowononga, makamaka amene ali ndi ngozi zosadziwika bwino. Mwachitsanzo, pambuyo pa 2014 Elk Exk , boma linasamutsidwa kuti litengere ndandanda ya makemikolo a maindasitale amene ayenera kuyang'aniridwa ndi madzi owonjezera. Malamulo apamwamba angatsatire [FLT]] UNICEF-W . Zitsogozo za mu 2014 za ELT .

Kulondera Zinthu Zamakono ndi Njira Zochenjezera Mwamsanga

Malamulo a kayendetsedwe ka madzi kanthaŵi kangafunikire kuyang'anira kwenikweni kwa madongosolo a madzi, makamaka kaamba ka zizindikiro za microbial monga E. coli ndi Cryptosporidium, komanso malamulo a makemikolo. Mzinda wa Milwaukee , Wisconsin, pambuyo pa kubuka kwakukulu kwa psestosporidiosis mu 1993 (zimene zinapha anthu 69 ndi kudwala zoposa 4000,000), kukonzanso njira yake ya madzi kuti ifune kupitiriza kuyang'anira kuwonongeka kwa makampani ake a kachiritso. Madongosolo oyambirira a kuchenjeza kuti masetilaiti ndi mizere ikhale ngati mkhalidwe wothandiza kuti apeze chithandizo chatsoka.

Malamulo Oletsa Kudya Moŵa ndi Owonjezera

Madzi oŵira amakono ndi maatomu amodzi okha. Kusintha kwa malamulo kungachititse madongosolo a kukonza zinthu (m’chitsanzo, kusamwa, kusagwiritsa ntchito, madzi oŵira) ogwirizana ndi chidziŵitso chenicheni cha madzi, kuchepetsa zothodwetsa zosafunikira pamene mukuonetsetsa kuti kuli bwino. Kuwonjezera apo, malamulo angafunikire kuti likulu lililonse la anthu likhale ndi programu ya madzi owonjezera oikidwapo pasadakhalepo, madzi osungidwa m’mabotolo, kapena makina oyendera magalimoto [1] Kuthandiza kukonza zinthu zoipitsa madzi m'maola angapo. Magazi a ku Japan amachepetsa njira ya Mtengo wa Zam'madzi, okonzedwa ndi kukonzedwa pambuyo pa 1995 chivomezi, amalamula kuti boma za kumaloko zikhale ndi programu yamwayi wamwadzi ndi kukonza m'maola 24 amodzi.

Kulimbikitsa Kusiyana Kwake Koyenera ndi Kulankhulana

Masoka akuwononga kwambiri anthu ochepa opezekapo, mafuko ochepa, anthu a m’dzikolo, ndi anthu okhala m’malo amwayi. Kusintha njira za madzi kuyenera kuchotsapo kwambiri mavuto amene masoka achilengedwe amawonjezeka.

Kukonza Malo Osungidwiratu

Mabanki a kukonzanso zinthu zapambuyo pobwera ku United States nthaŵi zambiri kumadera amtengo wapatali kwambiri. Lamulo lingabwezeretse mphamvu imeneyi mwa kufuna kuti chigawo chochepa cha ndalama zoyendetsera madzi chiperekedwe ku madera osauka. Izi zija zija zija za “Juce 40” zoyendera ku United States, kumene pafupifupi 40 peresenti ya ndalama za boma zimayendera madera osiyanasiyana. Kwenikweni, Bipartasan Infrastructure Law (2021) la malamulo otero, ndipo chinenero chofanana ndi chimenechi chingalowetsedwe m'lamulo lokonzanso tsoka padziko lonse.

Kuloŵa M’gulu ndi Kupanga Chikalata cha Cone - Sega

Kulinganiza kwa pansi pa nthaka sikumakwaniritsa zosoŵa za anthu ovutika. Lamulo liyenera kulamula kuti pakhale njira zogamulirapo zogamulapo [1] kuphatikizapo makutu a anthu m’zinenero zambiri, malo oyendera magetsi ofikirapo, ndi makompyuta a anthu a m’deralo . Pamabwalo onse oyendera madzi othandizira kukonzanso. Zokumana nazo za pambuyo pa Katrina New Orleans zimasonyeza kulephera kwa kumanganso malo otsika osungirako zinthu: Malo ambiri ofikira anthu anabwezeretsedwa ntchito yawo ya madzi pomalizira, ngati kuti, poyerekezera ndi, pambuyo pa 2017, maprogramu a kuyesa njira za madzi pokonzanso, kubwereranso mwamsanga ku mapiri akutali.

Kusintha kwa Zinthu

Masoka amachititsa mabanja kusoŵa chuma, kupanga ndalama za madzi kukhala zosafunikira. Lamulo lingayambitse ziŵerengero zapakanthaŵi kapena zotengera za ndalama zozikidwa pa nyengo ya kuchira. Chosatha, kutseguka kwa pulogalamu ya madzi ndi “chipatso cha moyo” ndalama (mlikiti wochepa kwambiri waulere) zingagwiritsidwe ntchito. Lamulo la Free Basic Water, lokhazikitsidwa pa mapost-apartheid, limapereka chitsanzo chimene chingasinthidwe ndi madeti a post-distaster. Malamulo ameneŵa ayenera kugwirizanitsidwa ndi madongosolo opereka ndalama zambiri. Monga manyukito a owonjezera pa osakhala a ogwiritsira ntchito kapena boma.

Kugwiritsa Ntchito Malo Opangira Madzi Ogwiritsidwa Ntchito Pokonza Zinthu

Masoka akusonyeza kuti pali malo ochititsa kaso pakati pa madzi akumwa, madzi otayika, madzi a mkuntho, madzi apansi panthaka, ndi kuyendetsa madzi a pansi pa nthaka. IWRM imapereka njira ina yogwirira ntchito imene imagwirizanitsa malo ameneŵa ku malire a madera osiyanasiyana ndi madera ena.

Kulinganiza Kubwereranso kwa Mtsinje

Madzi salemekeza malire a tauni. Malamulo a Post-disaster ayenera kukhazikitsa kapena kulimbikitsa mabungwe a m'mitsinje (RBOs) okhala ndi ulamuliro wogwirizana wogwirizanitsa nthaka ndi kuyendetsa madzi kumadera osiyanasiyana. Pambuyo pa kusefukira kwa madzi kwatsoka kwa 2002 ku Central Europe, maiko onga Germany ndi Austria anakulitsa kugwirizana kwawo kudzera m'Makomiti a International Commission for the Protection of the Danube River, kutsogolera ku makonzedwe a kuyendetsa kwa chigumula cha madzi ndi kukonzanso zachilengedwe. Njira zofanana ndi zimenezi zingagwiritsiridwe ntchito kuti chigawo chilichonse chikhale ndi moyo watsoka.

Chakudya chamadzi ozizira cha Nexus Policies

Masoka kaŵirikaŵiri amasokoneza osati madzi okha komanso manyowa ndi chakudya. Malamulo oikidwa ndi lamulo ayenera kugwirizanitsa zosankha za madzi ndi kuchuluka kwa mphamvu ndi zofunikira za magetsi. Mwachitsanzo, pambuyo pa kusefukira kwa madzi kwa 2011 Thailand . Kumene kunayambukira anthu 14 miliyoni ndi kuwononga nyumba ya maindasitale ndi ya ulimi ya dzikolo. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Zofunika za Ecosystem (EBA)

Zamoyo zabwino . Wettlands , maglub, nkhalango . Kusungitsa madzi achilengedwe, madzi osefukira, ndi kuyeretsa madzi. Lamulo lingaperekedwe ku chigawo china cha ndalama zochiritsira (m., 15%) kuti ziperekedwe kukonzanso ndi kutetezera zinthu zachilengedwe, kupimidwa ku ziyambukiro za kusungidwa kwa madzi. Bank ya World Eba’s for Ater Security program imapereka chitsogozo pa kugwirizanitsa njira zotetezera ngozi za dziko.

Kulamulira ndi Kusintha kwa Mabungwe

Kusintha kwa madzi kumafuna osati kokha malamulo atsopano komanso mabungwe amphamvu. Kuchira kwa Post-disaster kungakhale chochititsa kukonzanso maulamuliro a madzi.

Kupanga Mitembo Yodziimira

Mathirakiti ambiri amadzi ogwira ntchito pansi pa kuloŵerera kwa ndale zadziko, kutsogolera ku kuchepa kwa zinthu ndi kusagwira ntchito. Malamulo angakhazikitsa olamulira achuma ndi apamwamba ndi apamwamba ndi mawu otsimikizirika, kupanga zigamulo zooneka bwino, ndi mphamvu zosungitsa. Pambuyo pa chivomezi cha 2010 ku Haiti, boma . Ndi thandizo lapadziko lonse, adapanga National Diretate of Dweating Water and Sanitiation (DINEPA) monga bungwe lodzilamulira lokha. Pamene kuli kwakuti mavuto atsala, kulekana kwa bungwelo kuloledwa kaamba ka dongosolo lapamwamba ndi kuyang'anira zinthu zabwino kuposa mmene zinalili muutumiki wapitawo.

Kuwongolera Kuyang’ana ndi Kupezeka kwa Zinthu

Zosankha za kukonzanso zimapangidwa kumbuyo kwa zitseko zotsekedwa. Lamulo liyenera kulamula anthu kuti apeze njira zopezera madzi abwino, mapu a zamaziko, ndi kukonzanso malo amene aikidwa. Mapulatifomu a zachidziŵitso, ofanana ndi amene anapangidwa pambuyo pa chivomezi cha ku Nepal cha kumanganso nyumba, angasinthidwe kuti apange madongosolo a madzi. [FLT] NAWS Man Information System [1] [[FLT:] [FLT] ndi chitsanzo cha kupezeka kwa onse opeza bwino magetsi a pa Intaneti; madongosolo ofanana ndi ameneŵa ayenera kukonzedwa kuti apeze bwino.

Kulimbikitsa Umisiri wa Kumene Tikukhala

Malamulo a nyukiliya a dzikolo sagwira ntchito ngati makampani akuno alibe luso la zopangapanga ndi ndalama zoyendetsera ntchito. Kusintha kuyenera kuphatikizapo ndalama zoperekera ndalama zothandizira kuphunzitsidwa, kusamutsidwira ku kampani zamakono, ndi ntchito zothandizira othandizira ntchito za ntchito. Pambuyo pa tsunami ya mu 2004 ya ku Indian Ocean , Aceh ku Indonesia, analandira ntchito yaikulu yomanga madzi othandizira kugwiritsa ntchito ndalama zoikizira chuma chambiri, zimene zinathandiza kukonza ndalama ndi kutulutsa ndalama zimene zinapezeka zaka zambiri pambuyo pa nyengo yoyamba yokonzanso.

Kusintha Zinthu

Mipata imakhala ndi ndalama zochepa popanda ndalama zokwanira. Kusintha lamulo la madzi lapambuyo pa imfa kuyenera kugwirizanitsidwa ndi njira zochirikizira zochirikizira.

Ndalama Zodalirana Zodzipereka

Mmalo mwa kugawira maadi oikidwa, lamulo liyenera kupanga ndalama zoikidwiratu kaamba ka kukhazikika kwa madzi, zochirikizidwa ndi kuphatikiza bajeti ya dziko, chithandizo, ndi ndalama za kusintha kwa nyengo. [FLT][1] Facial Facity for Disaster Reduction ndi Recovery [FLT :2] [FLT :3] [GFDR] imapatsa zitsanzo za ndalama zotero. Mayiko amene akuchira ku tsoka angasunge chigawo choikizidwa kuti chigawo choikizidwa kukonzanso madzi m'dzikolo.

Malo Osungira Malo Obiriŵira ndi Ngongole

Zida zandalama zatsopano zingakope likulu la anthu. Lamulo lingalole oimira boma kupereka mapangano obiriŵira kwambiri kuti asinthe zinthu za madzi. Ngongole zosinthasintha, kumene obwereketsa amakhululukira mbali ya ngongole yachifumu posinthana ndi dziko pogwiritsira ntchito ndalama zothandizira kukonza madzi, zakhala zikuulutsidwa m'zigawo zazing'ono zomakula monga Seychelles ndipo zingapimidwe m'madeko a pambuyo pa desiki.

Maluŵa Ogwiritsa Ntchito ndi Manda a Mtanda

Pamene kuli kwakuti kusamala kwambiri za ndale zadziko, kukonzanso kwa ziŵerengero nkofunika kuti nthaŵi yaitali isamasunthe. Lamulo liyenera kulola kuti mphamvu zotetezera zigwiritsire ntchito majeremusi onse ofunikira (kuphatikizapo kupirira) pamene zikutetezera mabanja osoŵa kupyola m'mabwalo a mtanda a ogwiritsira ntchito maindasitale ndi a zapamwamba. Malamulo a Post-diaster angaphatikizepo njira ya kanthaŵi yowongolera kanthaŵi imene imalankhulidwa ndi kuikidwa m'zaka zingapo.

Mavuto Amene Anakumana Nawo

Kusintha sikumakhala kophweka, ndipo kufulumira kwa kuchira pambuyo pa ngozi kumayambitsa mipata ndi zopinga. Mavuto aakulu amaphatikizapo:

  • [[FLT: 0] Kutsutsa kwa Chikomyunizimu: Zotsatira zopititsidwa ndi makampani omanga okhala ndi machitachita otsatizana, kapena andale zadziko omwe akupindula ndi mkhalidwe wa project à à ·at project. Strategy: Kumanga mgwirizano waukulu womwe umaphatikizapo malo okhala, magulu a anthu, ndi mabizinesi opita patsogolo. Kusintha monga ntchito ndi kusonkhezera chuma, osati malamulo okha.
  • Kugwirizanitsa Short Falls ndi Short- Disolutions: Ndalama zokonzanso kaŵirikaŵiri zimaikizidwa patsogolo kaamba ka chithandizo cha mwamsanga, kusiya pang'ono kaamba ka kusintha kwa nthaŵi yaitali kwa kachitidwe. Strategy: Kugwirizanitsa kusintha kuti mukhale ndi malo adziko ndi ndalama za ngozi. Gwiritsirani ntchito zisonyezero zopanga pulojekiti mwa kutsimikizira phindu la kupirira.
  • Kachipangizo ka malekyu ndi Kusoŵa kwa Data: Kupanga miyezo yolimba, madongosolo oyendera, ndi mapulani ogwirizana kumafunikira ukatswiri wapadera umene ungakhale wosoŵa. Strategy: Mnzake ndi mayunivesite, mabungwe aunjiniya aluso, ndi mabungwe apadziko lonse. Kukhazikitsa makomiti a zopangapanga zimene zimaphatikizapo chidziŵitso cha kumaloko.
  • Mabungwe ambiri okhala ndi maulamuliro otsatizana angaletse kusintha. Strategy: Pangani ulamuliro wa kanthaŵi kochepa woyang'anira njira ya kukonzanso njira ya madzi m'madera ndi m'miyezo ya boma. Kutsimikizira kuloŵa kwa dzuŵa pambuyo pa zaka 5-10, kutumiza mphamvu kuti zilimbitse matupi achikhalire.

Kumaliza: Kuchoka pa Kuchira Kukasintha

Post-disaster si nthaŵi yokha ya kukonzanso zinthu zimene zinatayika. Ndi nthaŵi yachilendo, ya nthaŵi yochepa yokha kukonzanso njira za madzi , kuchititsa kuti zikhale zolimba kwambiri ku madera otsika, zotha kukwaniritsa anthu a m'madera ena, ndiponso zodalirika kwambiri kwa mibadwo yamtsogolo. Malamulo olongosoledwa pano / miyezo ya ziwiya za malo, kukweza malo opangira, kulinganiza, kulimbitsa, ndi kukonza zinthu zatsopano zoyendera bwino. Iwo agwiritsidwa ntchito, kuzungulira kapena mbali ina, m'madera osiyanasiyana padziko lonse, ndi zipambano za ziwanda. Chochititsa chachikulu ndicho ndale ndi kulinganiza bwino zinthuzo zisanafike mawindo. Kusintha kumeneku kukhoza kupangitsa mapangano a boma kukhala maziko a zachitetepi. Kukonzanso kwa madzi kukhala koyenera kukonzanso.