Kupenda koweruza ndiko maziko a ulamuliro wa lamulo, kupatsa makhoti mphamvu yofufuza malamulo ndi malamulo a malamulo ndi zochita zochitidwa ndi nthambi za malamulo ndi akuluakulu a boma. Njira imeneyi imatsimikizira kuti ntchito iliyonse ya boma imagwirizana ndi lamulo lapamwamba la dzikolo, kuteteza ufulu wa munthu aliyense ndi kuchirikiza malamulo. Mwa kulola oweruza kuswa malamulo kapena malamulo a boma amene amaphwanya malamulo, kupenda kwachiweruzo kumayendera bwino mphamvu za boma. Nkhaniyi imapereka kupenda kolondola kwamphamvu zachiweruzo, kutsimikizira chiyambi chake, mfundo zake zachikhalidwe, mfundo zake zazikulu, kusintha kwa dziko lonse lapansi, ndi mikangano yomapitiriza kuyendera ntchito yake.

Nkhani ya M’mbiri Yopenda Chiweruzo

Chiphunzitso cha kupenda chiweruzo sichinatuluke sunatuluke [[FLT ,] likulu la U.S. Constitution . Mwakangano wa malamulo ndi wandale. Chisonkhezero cha matanthauzo kuchokera kwa akatswiri onga John Locke ndi Montesquieu, amene anachirikiza kulekana kwa maulamuliro ndi njira ya macheke ndi mayeso, kuumba mwachindunji ma mamembala a U.S.. M'kachitidwe wamwambo wamwambo, Alexander Hamilton, kulemba [[FLT:] Fideralist. [7] Ayi. , adatsutsa kuti judiary akakhala "kuwoipala chachiŵala chakunja" ndi kuti anali ndi thayo lakulengeza mapangano ngati adalunjikana.

Kukhazikitsidwa kwalamulo kwa kupenda kwa chiweruzo mu United States kunachitika m'nkhani yapadera 1803 Marbury v. Madison . William Marbury, kuikidwa kwa Prezidenti John Adams, woikidwa ndi Mlembi wa Boma James Madison kaamba ka ntchito yake. Woweruza Wamkulu John Marshall, analemba nkhani ya Supreme Court, anayang'anizana ndi vuto la ndale: kulamulira Marbury kukaika ku kutsogolo kwa mkulu wa maulamuliro, pamene kulamulira kwa Maviko kukawonekera monga kufooka kwa chiweruzo. Mwanzeru Marshall anali kuchititsa kuti gawo 13 la Chigawo cha Jeudiary Act ya 1789, chimene chinaloleza Khoti la Whidet kufalitsa za munthu woweruza milandu, m'nkhani zotero, zotsutsana ndi Kabungwe la III. Chifukwa chake, ilo likuchita ntchito yaikulu ya lamulo la lamulo la lamulo lolamulira la lamulo la lamulo lolamulira lapamwamba la ku Gawo.

Malamulo Abwino Opendera Chiweruzo

Ngakhale kuti kuweruza milandu n’kothandiza kwambiri, kugwiritsa ntchito mfundo zimenezi kumayendera mfundo zosiyanasiyana, ndipo zimenezi n’zofunika kwambiri kuti timvetse mmene khoti limayankhira mafunso okhudza malamulo a boma.

  • Chikhalidwe: Ntchito yaikulu ya kupenda ndi kugamula kaya lamulo kapena ntchito yaudindo ikugwirizana ndi Malamulo. Ngati nkhondo ibuka, Constitution [1] monga lamulo lalikulu la dziko lapansi, ndipo lamulo kapena kachitidwe kachiweruziro kakhala kopanda pake. Lamulo limeneli limatsimikizira kuti palibe lamulo, mosasamala kanthu za chichirikizo chake chofala, lingachotse malamulo alamulo aakulu.
  • Zikhozero ndi Malinganizo: [[FLT :1] Kupenda kwa Chiweruzo kumatumikira monga chiŵiya chachikulu chachiweruzo mkati mwa dongosolo la macheke ndi malingana. Chifukwa chakuti oweruza amaikidwa (kaŵirikaŵiri ndi moyo m’madongosolo a boma), iwo amatetezeredwa ku chitsenderezo cha ndale zadziko ndipo akhoza kuchita monga ozembera opanda tsankho pamene nthambi za lamulo kapena za ulamuliro zitsata ulamuliro wawo.
  • Kuchinjirizidwa kwa Ufulu: mwa kuchotseratu malamulo amene amatsutsa ufulu wotsimikiziridwa ndi lamulo [1] monga kulankhula, chipembedzo, njira yoyenerera, kapena chitetezo chofanana, zimachita monga chitetezero cha ufulu wa munthu aliyense ndi wa anthu ochepa. Makhoti angatetezere magulu kapena malingaliro osakondedwa kwa olakwa, kutsimikizira kuti ufulu wa malamulo umakhala watanthauzo ngakhale m’nthaŵi za chipwirikiti cha ndalensi.
  • [[FLT:] [1] judicial Bamplit ndi Activism: Kutsutsana kwachikhalire kumayang'ana ukulu woyenera wa kubwerera. Chiletso cha JUCII] [ amalangiza makhoti kugonjera ku nthambi zosankhidwa kusiyapo ngati pali kuswa lamulo kwa lamulo, kusankha kugwira ndi kutsatira chitsanzo. [[FLT: 4.] Dicivivicismismism [[, posiyana, imaphatikizapo makhoti ambiri kutsutsa ulamuliro wawo womasulira mopambanitsa kulongosola zisalungamo kapena kuwonjezera malamulo. Kupsinjika pakati pa maluso a za machenjera ndi kupenda.

Milandu Yaikulu m’Kupenda Chiweruzo

Mphamvu ya kupenda kwachiweruzo imamvedwa bwino kwambiri kupyolera m'zigamulo zapadera zimene zaumba lamulo la America ndi chitaganya. Milandu imeneyi imasonyeza kukhoza kwa Khoti kuchepetsa ponse paŵiri kuyang’anizana ndi kusintha kwakukulu kwa chitaganya.

Marbury vesi. Madison (103)

Monga momwe tafotokozera, mlanduwu ndi maziko a kupenda mlandu. Kutsimikiza kwa Khoti Lalikulu kuti likhale ndi ulamuliro kuchotsa lamulo losagwirizana ndi malamulo kunakhazikitsa lamulo lachiweruzo monga nthambi yolingana ndi ndi kuika chiwongolero cha malamulo a dziko lonse lapansi. Popanda Marbury, lingaliro la ulamuliro wa chiweruzo lingakhalebe longopeka.

Brown v. Board of Education (1954)

Mwinamwake kugwiritsa ntchito kwakukulu kwachiweruzo chopendedwa m'zaka za zana la 20, Brown v. Board of Education inagonjetsa kusankhidwa kwa mafuko m'masukulu a anthu. Khoti lachisawawa, lotsogozedwa ndi Mfumu Justice Earl Warren, linakhulupirira kuti "kugaŵana koma malo olingana" kunali kosalingana mwachibadwa ndi kuswa chitetezo cha Klausce wa Jeneth Amendment . Chigamuchi chinagwetsa kusankhidwa kwa mbiri yoipa Pnessable v. Ferguson[FLD:] [FLD:]186]) ndipo chinasonyeza mphamvu ya judiary kuchotsa tsankho la opangika.

Kuyenda m’mahema

Mu Roe v. Wade, Bwalo lamilandu linavomereza kuti ufulu wa mkazi wosankha kuchotsa mimba unagwa m’manja mwa ufulu wa kukhala yekha wotsimikizidwa ndi Century Claus ya Demeters ya 145. Chigamulo chinaletsa malamulo ambiri a boma kuchotsa mimba ndi kuyambitsa mkangano wa ndale zadziko ndi wa lamulo. Ngakhale kuti Roe pambuyo pake analamulidwa ndi Dobs v. Jackson’s Health Organization [FLT:] [20], chimakhala chitsanzo cha kupenda nkhani zachiweruzo zaumwini ndi zofunikira.

Lochner v. New York (1905)

Lochner v. New York[FLT :1] imapereka chitsanzo cha kuthekera kotsutsana kwa kupenda zembe. Khoti Lapamwamba linagonjetsa lamulo la New York logawa maola ogwira ntchito kwa ophika mkate kufikira 60 pamlungu, ikupeza kuti linaswa "pangano la pangano" pansi pa Demendment ya 144. [[FLT:] Lochner [FLT:] nyengo (pafupifupi 1897-197])) imaona Khotilo mobwerezabwereza kuphonya malamulo a zachuma. Kusuliza ntchito imeneyi pomalizira pake kunayambitsa kusintha kogwirizana ndi Khoti, ndi kuthamangidwa kwa Khoti [FLD:] Lochner [FLD] mkati mwa Kulingalira kwa Zach, kupenda kwa zazaza zachuma.

Korematsu ndi United States (1944)

Korematsu v. United States imaimira monga nthano yochenjeza za kugonjera kwachiweruzo panthaŵi ya nkhondo. Khoti linachirikiza kuchuluka kwa nzika za JapaneseAmerican mkati mwa Nkhondo Yadziko II, kugwiritsa ntchito muyezo woyenerera kwambiri wa kupenda malamulo a akuluakulu a boma ndi ankhondo. Pambuyo pake wotsutsidwa mokulira, mlanduwo umasonyeza kuti kupenda kwachiweruzo sikuli kosalakwa; kungalole kuswa kwa ufulu wachiŵeruzo pamene makhoti ali osafuna kupenda mosamalitsa ntchito ya boma.

Obergefell v. Hodges (2015)

Chochitika chamakono, Obergefell v. Hodges , adakhulupirira kuti kuyenera kwa ukwati wa kugonana wofanana ndi [1] kumatetezeredwa pansi pa Dongosolo la 14 ndi Kutetezera kwa Claus. Chigamulo choletsedwa pa ukwati wofananawo ku United States, kusonyeza kukhoza kwa kuwonjezera ufulu wa munthu ndi kusonyeza makhalidwe a munthu mwini, ngakhale pa kutsutsana kwakukulu kwa malamulo.

Kupenda Chiweruzo

Kupenda chiweruzo sikumangochitika mwachibadwa; kaŵirikaŵiri kumakhalapo kupyolera m’njira yachibadwa ya kuchepetsa kapena kupyolera m’zovuta zakutizakuti za lamulo lalamulo.

Choyamba, chipani chiyenera kukhala ndi chilipo [[FLT :] [1]. [1] Ndodo yokwanira yopezera zifukwa zoyenerera. Kuvulala kuyenera kukhala kokha ndi kope ndi kope, osati kope kapena kope. Chachiŵiri, mlandu uyenera kukhala [ kaamba ka kupenda, kutanthauza nkhani za lamulo zakulitsidwa kotheratu ndipo kuvulazako kwayandikira kapena kuchitika. Chachitatu, makhoti amapeŵa kugamula [[[FLT: 4.] kwa .] ASPUPUPU] kuti malamulo apereke ku nthambi ina, monga mchitidwe wa malamulo achilendo kapena kusatsata.

Pamene mlandu uchitika moyenerera ku khoti, njira youbwereramo imaonekera m'zigawo. Zigamulozo zimavomereza mfundo zalamulo zolongosola mfundo zawo, kutchula malamulo ogwirizana ndi malamulo, malemba, ndi zitsanzo. Chigomeko chamwambo chimalola oweruza kufunsa maloya ndi kuyesa malire a malingaliro awo. Khotilo likatero limachita dala mwamseri, limatulutsa lingaliro lolembedwa limene limalongosola malingaliro ake. Lingaliro lingagwiritsire lamulo lalamulo (“linati”) kapena kulitsutsa ilo (“ losalonjezedwa”.). M’nkhani zoletsa, kaŵirikaŵiri lamulolo silingagwiritsidwe ntchito; kolumbira kachiŵiri kachitidwe kachiŵiri ka ka mawu ogwirizana ndi malamulo.

Mabwalo Okambirana za Chiweruzo

Mosasamala kanthu za mbali yake yaikulu m'mademokrase a lamulo, kupenda kwachiweruzo kudakali nkhani ya mkangano waukulu. Osuliza amadzutsa vuto la la kuŵerengera kwa anthu [: oweruza, amene kwenikweni sasankhidwa ndi kusangalala ndi moyo, amene amagwiritsira ntchito mphamvu ya kuchotsa malamulo oikidwa ndi oimira osankhidwa ndi boma. Kulimbana kumeneku pakati pa ulamuliro wachiweruzo ndi ulamuliro wotchuka kuli nkhaŵa yopitirizabe ya demokrase.

Ochirikiza kupenda kwachiweruzo kumatetezeradi ufulu waukulu ku zikhumbo za anthu ambiri. Amatsutsa kuti malamulo ndi chikalata cha boma chogwirizana ndi kulemberana zinthu mwa kulinganiza, kuika malamulo ena oletsa kuchitika m’ndale wamba. Ndiponso, kuikidwa kwa munthu ndi kupendedwa kwapoyera kwa zigamulo za chiweruzo kumapereka njira zosadziŵika bwino za kudziŵerengera mlandu.

Mkangano wina umakhudza kupendedwa kwa kubwereramo [. Akatswiri ena amachirikiza "Bungwe lakwathu" njira imene imalola tanthauzo la malemba alamulo kusintha ndi kusintha kwa kakhalidwe, mwakutero kutheketsa kupenda kolimba kwa chiweruzo. Ena amachirikiza kuyambika kwa chiphunzitso, chimene chimati oweruza ayenera kumasulira malamulo a boma mogwirizana ndi tanthauzo lake loyambirira, kutsendereza nzeru za komiti. Malingaliro otsutsana ndi mfundo zimenezi amayambukira mwachindunji mmene oweruza amagwiritsira ntchito kupenda komiti, kutsogolera kuswa zipambano m'nkhani zazikulu [1].

Kupenda Chiweruzo m’Maiko Ena

Kupenda chiweruzo kuli kutali ndi bungwe lapadera la ku America. mademokrase ambiri agwirizanitsa lingalirolo ndi miyambo yawoyawo yalamulo, kutulukapo zitsanzo zosiyanasiyana za uyang’aniro wa malamulo.

United Kingdom

United Kingdom imatumikira pansi pa lamulo la ulamuliro wa . Makhoti alamulo sangakhale ndi lamulo lalikulu loperekedwa ndi Nyumba Yamilandu. Motero kupenda kwa mlandu mu UK kuli ndi malire kuyesa kuyenera kwa machitidwe a kayendetsedwe ka maulamuliro ndi malamulo achiŵiri, kutsimikizira kuti iwo amakhalabe m'chigwirizano ndi ulamuliro wa boma kapena malamulo wamba. Komabe, U.UNING Rights Act 1998 [[FLT:]] kuyambitsa kupenda kofooka: makhoti: makhoti angapereke “kusemphana kwa malo amodzi mwa [1] ngati lamulo litsutsana ndi pangano la European Convention pa zoyenera za munthu, koma silikugwirizana ndi chigamulo chake. Khoti lalikulu la UK: [FLD] [FF] [FF] [2] [5]

Germany

[[FLT: 0] Khoti la Malamulo la ku Germany (Boundesfesfungschericht) lili ndi mphamvu zokhwima zofufuza. Ikhoza kugonjetsa malamulo amene amaswa [[[FLT:]] Malamulo apamwamba [[FLT:] [[FLT]]] [malamulo] [malamulo] [GUP] [GUP]] [GU], malamulo a dziko, malamulo a dziko. Khoti limamva madandaulo a malamulo a anthu, limodzi ndi malamulo obisika ndi odziŵika bwino oyambitsidwa ndi boma kapena makhoti aang'ono. Zigamu zake n’zo zonse. Zigamu zachiyene zikugogomezera kwambiri ufulu waukulu, ndipo bwalo lamilandu lakusintha njira zodziŵira zinthu zachinsinsi, ndi ku Ulaya, chitsanzo chachipale, [FFF] [F]

France

France adatsutsa ntchito yaikulu ya oweruza m'chaka cha 1958 popenda malamulo, kuvomereza utsogoleri wa ulamuliro wa nyumba ya malamulo. Council (Conseil Constitutionnel) adalengedwa mu 1958 makamaka monga bungwe lopenda malamulo a boma asanachite mwambo. Poyamba, Pulezidenti, Nduna yaikulu, kapena mitu ya zipinda za nyumba za malamulo ndilo angaloze malamulo a Council. Kusintha kwakukulu mu 1974 kumasonyeza ufulu wa 60 kapena 60 metariantes, kulimbitsa ntchito ya Bungwelo. Mu 2010, kuyambitsidwa kwa [FOct:] Preactive Constitution de Constitution (PFFFFF]) (F.

India

Dongosolo la ku India lakupenda kwachiweruzo liri pakati pa ukulu waukulu koposa m'dziko logwirizana. Khoti Lapamwamba la India liri ndi mphamvu ya kuchotsapo zisinthiko za lamulo ngati iwo aswa “malamulo” a Malamulo, chiphunzitso choyamba choikidwa mu Kavanabata v. Boma la Kerala[FL:1] [19713]. Chiphunzitso chimenechi chimatetezera mbali zazikulu zonga malamulo, kudziimira kwa milandu, ndi chipani cha boma kuti chisagamulidwe ndi nyumba ya malamulo. Makhoti a ku India amakondweranso ndi anthu oyanjana ndi ena ambiri, kulola nzika zawo kupempha ufulu wawo wosoŵa ufulu. Motero chimateteza ulamuliro wa boma wokhawo m’dziko la India.

Canada

. [[FLT: 0] Chachikulu cha Ufulu ndi Ufulu chinayambitsa mtundu wosiyana wa kupenda kwachiweruzo. Makhoti angagamule malamulo amene amaswa ufulu wa Tchata, koma Tchatachi chimaphatikizapo [[[FLT:]] osaimirira pa mawu [[FLT:] [[FLT]] [3] (malamulo 33) amene amalola nyumba za malamulo ena ovomerezeka pa nyengo ya zaka zisanu zoyambiranso. Zimenezi zingapangitse mphamvu yachikidwa ndi ulamuliro wa democracy. Nkhani zonga [FLT:] [FFFF:4] [FFF: 5] [9] [95] (omponi] [5] [5]) [2] ndi ufulu wotetezera wogwira ntchito ya ku Canada (19]

Kufunika kwa Kupenda Chiweruzo

Kupenda lamulo kuli kofunika m'dongosolo lirilonse la lamulo limene limafuna kuchepetsa ulamuliro wa boma ndi kutetezera ufulu wa munthu mmodzi. Mwa kutsimikizira kuti machitidwe onse a boma akugwirizana ndi malamulo okhazikitsidwa kale, kupenda kwachiweruzo kumachirikiza lamulo [ la lamulo [ ] . Lamulo lakuti palibe aliyense, kuphatikizapo akuluakulu aakulu koposa, ali pamwamba pa lamulo. Limapereka njira yamtendere, yokhazikitsa yothetsera mikangano ya malamulo, kuletsa mikangano yotero kulowa m'mavuto andale kapena chiwawa.

Ndiponso, kupenda kwachiweruzo kumateteza [[FLT: 0] ufulu woyenerera kupondereza anthu ambiri. Maboma a democratic , pamene ali ofunika kuyang'anira, angapereke malamulo amene amalepheretsa kapena kupondereza magulu osoŵa chitetezo. Pamene makhoti achepetsa malamulo amenewo, amatsimikizira kuti ufulu wofunika sumagonjera ku malingaliro ofala. Chigamulo mu [FLT:] Brown v. Board of Education ndi chitsanzo champhamvu: popanda kupenda kwachiweruzo, sukulu ingakhale itapitirizabe kwa zaka makumi ambiri pa zochitika zazikulu.

Chomalizira, kupenda kwachiweruzo kumalimbikitsa kuŵerengera mlandu wa boma . Kudziŵa kuti zochita zawo zingayeneredwe ndi chiweruzo, makhomageti ndi mabwana ali othekera kwambiri kuchita mogwirizana ndi malamulo alamulo. Chiyambukiro chimenechi choletsa chimasonkhezera kupanga malamulo mosamalitsa, kulemekeza njira zoyenerera, ndi kumamatira ku zoyenera. Kuphatikizapo, kupenda kwachiweruzo sikuli malire pa demokrase koma chitetezo chimene chimatsimikizira demokrase kukhala yowona ku malamulo ake a maziko.

Kumaliza

Kupenda kwachiweruzo kuli mbali yofunika, yolimba, ndipo nthaŵi zina yotsutsana ya ulamuliro wamakono. Kuyambira kuyambika kwake mu Marbury v. Madison kugwirizanitsa kwake m'mikangano yamakono ya zachinsinsi, kulingana, ndi mphamvu ya ulamuliro, imapereka maziko alamulo oyang'anira malamulo ndi zochita za boma. Pamene kuli kwakuti makambitsirano onena za kuyenera kwake ndi ukulu wake amapitirizabe, chidziŵitso chachikulu chakupenda chimakhala chofunika kusungitsa malire a malamulo, kutetezera ufulu wa munthu aliyense, ndi kuchirikiza lamulo lake. Kumvetsetsa mbiri yake, mapulinsipulo, ndi kusintha kwa padziko lonse kukonzetsa nzika ndi akatswiri a zamalamulo kukhala ogwirizana moyenerera ndi chisinthiko cha kupitirizabe ndi chigwirizano cha dongosolo lapadera limeneli.

Kaamba ka kuŵerenga kowonjezereka, fufuzani zonse za zigamulo zapadera kupyolera mwa Cornell Legal Information Institute , zolembera zalamulo za Project , chuma cha [FLT] Gerigineral Constitution , ndi malamulo a UK Palamenti pa .