Maziko a Malamulo Openda Chiweruzo

Kupenda kwachiweruzo kumaimira chimodzi cha ziŵiya zamphamvu kwambiri m'dongosolo la zamalamulo la ku America, kutheketsa makhoti kupenda malamulo ndi zochita za boma motsutsana ndi malamulo a Konsichushoni. Pamene kuli kwakuti Konsichushoni siimapereka mwachindunji ulamuliro umenewu, Bwalo Lamilandu Lalikulu lagwiritsira ntchito mphamvu imeneyi kuyambira kuma 1800, kudzikhazikitsa monga nthambi yolingana yokhoza kuyang'anira ponse paŵiri Mabungwe ndi Olamulira. Kachitidwe kameneka kamatsimikizira kuti ntchito zonse za boma zikhalebe m’mipambo ya malamulo, kutetezera maziko aakulu a ulamuliro wa Amereka.

Mphamvu ya kupenda chiweruzo imakula kuposa kungopenda malamulo a boma. Malamulo a boma, malamulo a boma, malamulo a akuluakulu, malamulo a za ulamuliro, ndipo ngakhale zochita za akuluakulu aboma zonsezo zimaloŵa pansi ndi lamulo lofufuza lamulo. Pamene Bwalo Lapamwamba lisankha kuti zilizonse mwa zimenezi zimaswa Lamulo, zingawanene kuti n’zopanda pake, zikumaletsadi kuwasungitsa.

Ulamuliro umenewu umagwira ntchito monga kuyang'anira kwakukulu kwa achiweruzo m'dongosolo la kugaŵana maulamuliro. Popanda kupenda kwachiweruzo, Nyumba ya Malamulo ingapereke malamulo opotoza ufulu wa anthu, ndipo Pulezidenti angachitepo zinthu zopotoka ulamuliro walamulo, popanda bungwe lodziimira lopereka mankhwala. Mphamvu yomasulira Malamulo ndi kukhazikitsa malire ake imatsimikizira kuti nthambi zonse zitatu zimagwira ntchito m'mabungwe awo osankhidwa.

Malo Osungirako Zinthu: Marbury ndi Madison

Lamulo la kupenda kwachiweruzo likusonyeza chiyambi chake ku mlandu wa Khoti Lalikulu Marbury . Madison , lomwe lidakali limodzi la zigamulo zazikulu kwambiri mu American jurisprudence. Mlanduwu unabuka chifukwa cha kusamvana kwa ndale zadziko kokhudza kusintha kwa Pulezidenti John Adams ndi Pulezidenti Thomas Jefferson. M’masiku otsiriza a ulamuliro wa Adams, Congress adapanga malo achiweruzo angapo, ndipo Adamu adaikidwa kukhala a Federalist kuti akwaniritse ntchitozo, kuphatikizapo William Marbury.

Pamene Thomas Jefferson anatenga udindo, Mlembi wake wa Boma, James Madison, anakana kupereka ntchito ya Marbury . Marbury anachonderera Bwalo Lapamwamba kaamba ka kuukira kwa mandamus, lamulo la khoti lofuna Madison kupereka ntchitoyo. Woweruza Wamkulu John Marshall anayang'anizana ndi vuto lovuta la ndale zadziko: kulamula a Jefferson kuti achitepo kanthu motsutsana ndi lamulolo, pamene kukana lamulolo kukapereka chifooko cha chiweruzo.

Marshall anakhazikitsa maziko a kupenda kwachiweruzo. Iye anakhulupirira kuti Marbury anali woyenerera ku ntchito yake, koma kuti Khoti Lapamwamba silinalamulire kumvetsera mlanduwo mwachindunji pansi pa malamulo oyambirira a Malamulo. Chofunika kwambiri, Marshall analengeza kuti Gawo 13 la Chikalata cha Judicary cha 1789, chimene chinanenedwa kuti chimapereka ulamuliro wa Bwalo Lapamwamba m'nkhani zotero, linaswa Malamulo ndipo linali lopanda pake.

Marshall analongosola mwatsatanetsatane mfundo yaikulu yakuti "ndiyo chigawo ndi ntchito ya dipatimenti yachiweruzo kunena zimene lamulo lili" malingaliro ameneŵa anatsimikizira kuti makhoti ali ndi ulamuliro wa kumasulira Malamulo ndi kukana kukhazikitsa malamulo amene amatsutsana nawo. Chigamulocho chinalimbitsa kwambiri kaimidwe ka ajuli popanda kuyang'anizana mwachindunji ndi nthambi ya akuluakulu, kukhazikitsa chitsanzo chosatha cha kupenda mlandu.

Mmene Kupenda Chiweruzo Kumagwirira Ntchito

Kufufuza milandu kumachitika kudzera m’njira yakutiyakuti imene imalamulira nthaŵi ndi mmene khoti lingapendere malamulo ndi zochita za lamulo.

Kukhalabe Ofunikira

Khoti Lalikulu lisanachite kapendedwe ka chiweruzo, chipani chotsutsa lamulo chiyenera kusonyeza kuima: kuvulala kotsimikizirika, kwapadera kumene kungatsatiridwe ku kachitidwe kotokosedwa ndipo mwachiwonekere kubwezeredwa ndi chigamulo chabwino. Chiyeneretso chimenechi chimaletsa makhoti kutulutsa malingaliro olakwika kapena kuyankha mikangano yoyerekezera. Kokha milandu yeniyeni ndi mikangano ndi mikangano zimene zimayenerera kupendedwa, kutsimikizira kuti makhoti amagamula kuti kuswa kowona ndi zotulukapo zenizeni.

Kupsa Mtima ndi Kudzipatula

Makhoti amafunanso kuti milandu ikhale yoyenerera kuipenda, kutanthauza kuti mlanduwo uyenera kuvulazidwa kapena kuvulazidwa, osati kungoganizira chabe chabe.

Mmene Zinthu Zimayendera

Milandu yambiri imafika ku Bwalo Lapamwamba kudzera m'makhoti aang'ono. Chipani chimatsutsa lamulo la malamulo limene limatsatiridwa ndi khoti la boma, kumene woweruza amamva umboni ndi milandu. Gulu lotayikalo lingapite ku khoti loyenerera la apilo, ndipo kuchokera kumeneko lingapemphe khoti Lapamwamba kuti lipereke chilolezo cha beretiorari. Khotilo limapatsa certoriri kokha pamene oweruza anayi agwirizana kuyankha mlanduwo, kusankha pafupifupi 1 peresenti ya masauzande a mapempho ake zikwizikwi a kupempha kwa chilo chilichonse.

Njira Zotanthauzira Malamulo

Pochita zopenda zachiweruzo, zigamulo zimagwiritsira ntchito njira zosiyanasiyana zotanthauzira lamulo. Akatswiri oyambirira amayesa kupeza tanthauzo loyambirira la malembo alamulo panthaŵi ya kutembenuza. Ofufuza za malembo amasumika maganizo pa tanthauzo lomveka la mawuwo. Akatswiri a malamulo a kukhalira kumbuyo atsutsa kuti tanthauzo la malamulo limasintha mkupita kwa nthaŵi kuti asonyeze kusintha kwa makhalidwe a anthu. Akatswiri a maphunziro akuona zotsatira za zosankha zawo. Kumasulira kumeneku kaŵirikaŵiri kumasintha mmene chilungamo chimayendera malamulo otsutsa malamulo.

Zigamulo Zazikulu za Khoti Lalikulu Zoletsa Kupenda Chiweruzo

M’mbiri yonse ya ku America, Bwalo Lalikulu lamilandu lachita mapendedwe achiweruzo m’milandu yambiri yochititsa kudziŵika kwa dzikolo kukhala lalamulo ndi kulongosola ukulu wa ulamuliro wa boma.

Mphamvu ya Fonsel Yofutukuka

Mu McCulloch v. Maryland (1819), Bwalo lamilandu linapenda ngati Nyumba ya Malamulo inali ndi ulamuliro wakukhazikitsa Banki Yachiŵiri ya United States ndi ngati Maryland akanakhoma msonkho wa banki. Woweruza wamkulu John Marshall adakhulupirira kuti pamene kuli kwakuti malamulo samapatsa Bungwe mphamvu zopanga banki, Chifuniro ndi Chiyeneretso cha Celauste chimapatsa mphamvu zopereka mphamvu zochitira maulamuliro ake otchulidwa. Chigamulochi chinakhazikitsa kumasulira kofala kwa ulamuliro wa boma kumene kumapitiriza kukhazikitsa malamulo amakono a boma.

Kufotokoza Mphamvu ya Malonda

Mu Gebbons v. Ogden (1824), Bwalo Lamilandu linafotokoza ukulu wa mphamvu ya Congress pansi pa Communist Claus . Mlandu unaphatikizapo malaisensi a sitima za nthunzi zoperekedwa ndi New York ndi boma lolamulira. Chilungamo chachikulu Marshall chinalamulira kuti mphamvu ya Congress ya kuyang'anira malonda a m'mayiko onse ifutukukire ku mabizinesi onse amene amadutsa mizera ya boma kapena kuyambukira boma lina. Chigamulo chimenechi chakhala maziko a malamulo aakulu a boma la United States a ntchito ya zachuma.

Kuteteza Ufulu wa Munthu Aliyense

Khoti Lapamwamba lagwiritsira ntchito kupenda kwachiweruzo kutetezera ufulu wa munthu aliyense kwa boma mochenjeredwa. Brown v. Boma la Maphunziro [1] (1954), Bwalo Lamilandu linalengeza kugaŵana mafuko m'masukulu a anthu popanda lamulo, kugwetsa "kusiyana koma kulingana" chiphunzitso chokhazikitsidwa mu Plavv. Ferguson[ [1896]). Chigamulo chimenechi chinasonyeza mphamvu ya Khoti ya kuswa lamulo limene limatsutsa Chitetezero cha Claus wa Kusintha Koposa.

Mu Miranda v. Arizona (1966), Bwalo lamilandu linatsutsa kuti Kusintha kwa Gawo la 5 kumafuna lamulo loletsa kudziŵitsa apandu kuti adziimbidwa mlandu asanaimbidwe mlandu. Chigamulo chimenechi chinakhazikitsa machenjezo amene tsopano apanga Miranda ndi kufuna kuti umboni wopezeka popanda machenjezo oyenerera uchotsedwe ku kuzenga mlandu.

Kuchepetsa Ulamuliro wa Olamulira

Khotilo lafufuzanso mphamvu za akuluakulu mwa kupenda komiti ya chiweruzo. Achichepere Okhoza Kujambula & Lamp; Tube Co. Sawir [1] (1952), Khoti linakana Pulezidenti Truman audindo oyendetsa zitsulo zachitsulo pankhondo ya Korea, poona kuti Pulezidenti alibe ulamuliro walamulo wochita zimenezo popanda chilolezo cha bungwe. Woweruza Robert Jackson anakhazikitsa lingaliro lokhudza mbali zitatu za ulamuliro wa akuluakulu a boma amene akupitirizabe kukhala ndi chisonkhezero lerolino.

Posachedwapa, Hamdi v. Rumsfeld [1] (2004), Bwalo Lamilandu la United States linanena kuti nzika za dziko za ku United States zomangidwa monga adani zili ndi kuyenera kwa kutsutsa kumangidwa kwawo pamaso pa wopanga zigamulo zauchenga, kukana kunena kwa mkulu wa nthambi za ulamuliro wosawonedwa m'nkhani za chisungiko cha dziko.

Kupenda Chiweruzo ndi Njira ya Kupima ndi Kulinganizika

Kupenda koweruza kumagwira ntchito pakati pa mayeso ndi ziyeso zimene zimachepetsa ulamuliro wa nthambi iliyonse. Kumvetsetsa mmene kupenda kwachiweruzo kumagwirizanira ndi malamulo ena kumapereka chidziŵitso cha mkhalidwe wamphamvu wa ulamuliro wa Amereka.

Kuyankha kwa Mabungwe pa Kupenda Chiweruzo

Pamene Khoti Lalikulu likhazikitsa lamulo la boma, Congress imasankha njira zingapo zoyankhira. Nyumba ya Malamulo ingasinthe lamulo kuti lithetse kupereŵera kwa malamulo a boma, kudutsa matembenuzidwe okonzedwanso amene amakhutiritsa nkhaŵa za Khoti. Kapena, Msonkhano ungapereke chiwonjezeko cha malamulo kuti achotse kumasulira kwa Khoti, ngakhale kuti njirayi ikufuna chilolezo cha magawo aŵiri ndi magolidi aŵiri m’zipinda zonse ziŵiri ndi kumangidwa ndi maufumu atatu. Nyumba za Malamulo zingachepetsenso ulamuliro wa Khoti la Bwalo la III, Chigawo 2 cha Malamulo, ngakhale kuti mphamvu imeneyi yagwiritsidwa ntchito mochepera.

Kukwaniritsa Nthambi Yotsogolera

Nthambi yaikulu iri ndi thayo la kugwiritsa ntchito zigamulo za Bwalo Lapamwamba, kuyambitsa chipwirikiti chachibadwa pamene Bwalo Lamilandu lilamulira ntchito yapamwamba. Posidenti Andrew Jackson akusimbidwa kuti analabadira chigamulo cha Khoti mu Worcester . Georgia [1832]] mwa kunena kuti, "John Marshall wapanga chosankha chake; tsopano akhazikitse. Pamene kutsutsa koteroko kwakhala kosoŵa, akuluakulu akukhala oweruza m’malamulo, makamaka pamene zigamu zachoka m’chipinda kuti afotokoze.

Mavuto a Boma

Maboma nthaŵi zina atsutsa zigamulo za Bwalo Lapamwamba, makamaka m'madera a mkangano wa m'mbiri monga ngati kuchotsa chigwirizano ndi pemphero la sukulu. Khotilo limadalira pa ulamuliro wake wa boma ndi kuyenera kwa anthu kutsimikizira kugonjera, popeza kuti alibe njira zosungitsira. nthambi yaikulu imapereka chichilikizo pamene kutsutsa kwa boma kupitirizabe, monga momwe kwasonyezedwera pamene Pulezidenti Eisenhower anatumiza asilikali a boma kukakakamiza sukulu kuchotsa pa liŵiro ku Little Rock, Arkansas mu 1957.

Nkhani Zokhudza Kupenda Chiweruzo

Ngakhale kuti ntchito yake yokhazikitsidwa m’boma la America ikukhudza ulamuliro, kupenda milandu kukupitirizabe kuyambitsa mkangano waukulu pakati pa akatswiri a zamalamulo, andale, ndi anthu onse.

Kuweruza Motsutsana ndi Kulamulira kwa Malamulo

Mkangano pakati pa kuweruza ndi kuletsa kwachiweruzo umazikidwa pa mmene makhoti ayenera kusonyezera mwamphamvu mphamvu yawo. Otsutsa zigamulo zachiweruzo amatsutsa kuti makhoti ayenera kugonjera ku zigamulo za boma kusiyapo ngati lamulo lotsimikizirika likuswa malemba alamulo. Iwo amatsutsa kuti oweruza osasankhidwa sayenera kulowa mmalo mwa zikhumbo zawo za oimira osankhidwa ndi boma. Ochirikiza lamulo atsutsa kuti makhoti ayenera kugamula milandu pa zifukwa zopapatiza ndi kupeŵa zigamulo zosafunikira za lamulo.

Ochirikiza zigamulo zachiweruzo akuvomereza kuti makhoti ayenera kutetezera ufulu wa munthu ndi zikondwerero za anthu ochepa polimbana ndi ambiri ochenjeredwa, makamaka pamene njira zandale zalephera kulongosola kuswa lamulo. Iwo amaloza ku zigamulo zonga Brown v. Board of Education ndi . Hodgeefell v. [20]], zimene zinafutukula zoyenera za maphunziro kwa magulu opatuka, monga zitsanzo zimene zinali zofunika kuti lamulo likwaniritsidwe kuti akwaniritse chiweruzo cholungama cha lamulo.

Kudera Nkhaŵa kwa Udindo Wademokrase

Alexander Bickel, m'ntchito yake yotchuka Nthambi ya Chirombo ya Ngozi , inatchula chimene anatcha "vuto la chigawo cha anthu oweruza": kusagwirizana pakati pa kupenda chiweruzo ndi malamulo a demokrase. Pamene oweruza osasankhidwa aperekedwa ndi oimira osankhidwa, iwo akuwonekera kukhala akupotoza ambiri. Otsutsa zimenezi amatsutsa kuŵerengera kwa democracy, popeza kuti anthu sangapeze zigamu za ntchito zawo.

Otetezera kupenda kwachiweruzo akuvomereza kuti Konsichushoni ndi chikalata chotetezera ufulu wofunika kwambiri kwa otsendereza ambiri. Iwo amatsutsa kuti kusinthako kumapereka njira ya demokrase yogwetsera mafotokozedwe olakwika a malamulo ndi kuti kuikidwako kumapatsa anthu chisonkhezero chosadziŵika pa zolembedwa za jadiary.

Mafunso a Zandale ndi Kulungamitsa

Chiphunzitso cha ndale zadziko chimaletsa kupendanso mlandu m’mbali zina zimene makhoti amalingalira kukhala zothetsedwa moyenerera ndi nthambi za ndale zadziko. Khoti Lapamwamba lakana kumvetsera milandu yokhudza kutsutsa njira zotsutsa, mafunso ponena za kachitidwe ka lamulo la maiko akunja, ndi mikangano pa Republican Form of Government Clause. Otsutsa amatsutsa kuti chiphunzitso cha ndale zadziko chimalola Khoti kupeŵa milandu yovuta, pamene kuli kwakuti ochirikiza amachitsutsa moyenerera kulekana kwa maulamuliro.

Malingaliro Oyerekezera pa Kupenda Chiweruzo

Kupenda kusiyana kumeneku kumathandiza kwambiri kuti timvetse bwino chitsanzo cha ku America.

Chitsanzo cha Nyumba ya Malamulo ya ku Britain cha Kusakaza

Mosiyana ndi United States, United Kingdom ikugwira ntchito pansi pa nyumba ya malamulo, kutanthauza kuti Nyumba ya Malamulo ingapereke lamulo lililonse limene ikufuna, ndipo makhoti sangaike lamulo. Komabe, khoti la Human Rights Act ya mu 1998 limapatsa makhoti a ku Britain mphamvu zokhazikitsira malamulo osagwirizana ndi European Convention on Human Rights, ngakhale kuti zigamulo zimenezi sizimalepheretsa lamulolo. Malamulo a Brexit achititsa anthu kufunsa mafunso ena okhudza mfundo za lamulo la lamulo lokhudza mfundo za chiweruzo mu UK.

Makhoti a Malamulo m’Malamulo a Chiŵeniŵeni

Maiko ambiri a ku Ulaya akhazikitsa makhoti alamulo apadera osiyana ndi madongosolo awo achiweruzo anthaŵi zonse. Mwachitsanzo, Geremani Federal Constitution Council Court, imachita kupenda kwamphamvu kwachiweruzo kupyolera m’bwalo lamilandu lopatulikitsa limene limayankha kokha mafunso a lamulo. Chitsanzo chimenechi chimalola ukatswiri wapadera m’kumasulira lamulo lalamulo ndipo kaŵirikaŵiri chimalola kupendedwa kwalamulo kosaoneka ndi maso kuchitika, mosiyana ndi dongosolo la Amereka limene limafunikira mlandu weniweni kapena mkangano.

Tchata cha ku Canada cha Ufulu ndi Ufulu

Canada inatenga njira yachiphamaso ndi Chata ya ufulu ndi Freedom yake ya 1982. Makhoti a Canada angagamule malamulo amene amaswa Charter , koma Chigawo 33, chodziŵika monga "kuimira," imalola Nyumba ya Malamulo kapena makhomagemu a boma kuchotsa ufulu wina wa Tchatal kaamba ka nyengo za zaka zisanu zoyambiranso. Dongosolo limeneli limasunga mbali yaikulu ya chiweruzo cha lamulo pamene likutetezerabe zachiweruzo kaamba ka zoyenera zapadera.

Mavuto ndi Zochitika Zamakono

Pakachitika zinthu zingapo, m’pofunika kuganizira kuti zikhoza kukhudza bwanji tsogolo la milandu.

Kutsimikizira ndi Chigamulo cha Khoti

Kutsimikizira kochitidwa kwa oweruza a Supreme Court kwakhala kowonjezereka kutsutsa m'zaka makumi aposachedwapa, ndi kuyang'anizana ndi kuyang'aniridwa kwakukulu kwa mafilosofi awo achiweruzo ndi njira zovota. Kukana kwa 2016 kuwona kuikidwa kwa Merrick Garland ndi kutsimikiziridwa kofulumira kwa Justice Amy Coney Barrett mu 2020 kunagogomezera kuwonjezereka kwa kusamvana kwa otsutsa pa mapangidwe a Khoti. Zochitika zimenezi zadzutsa mafunso ponena za kuyenerera kwa Khoti ndi kaya kusintha kwa dongosolo kuyenera kuchitika.

Mapilo a Zamsanga ndi Zipatala

M'zaka zaposachedwapa, Khoti Lalikulu lagwiritsira ntchito mowonjezereka "doko la magetsi" kugamula mayeso ndi zifunsiro popanda kufotokoza mwachidule ndi mwachidule. Osuliza amatsutsa kachitidwe kameneka kuti khoti lipereke zigamulo zazikulu popanda kulinganiza ndi kuwonekera kumene kumayenderana ndi zigamulo. Kugwiritsira ntchito thunzi la mthunzi pa mafunso aakulu a lamulo, makamaka m'nkhani zokhudza malamulo a masankho ndi ziletso za mliri, kwayambitsanso mkangano wonena za ukulu ndi kupendedwa koyenera kwa chiweruzo.

Kulamulira kwa Anthu ndi Malamulo a Zipani

Kuyenera kwa bungwe la Supreme Court kumadalira mbali ina pa kudalira kwa anthu pa kusakondera kwawo ndi kupanga zigamulo. Kufufuza kwaposachedwapa kumapereka lingaliro la kuchepetsa kudalirana kwa anthu m’Khoti, ndi magawano ovomereza kuwonjezereka. Kuyenera kwa Khotilo kuli kofunika kuti liyesetse bwino, popeza Khotilo silinathe kusungitsa lamulo ndipo limadalira pa kumvera kodzifunira ndi zosankha zake. Kukhazikitsa lamulo posankha mafunso otsutsana ndi lamulo kumadzetsa chitokoso kupitirizabe.

Tsogolo la Kupenda Chiweruzo

Magawo angapo amene akubuka a malamulo adzayesa malire a chiweruzo m’zaka makumi zikubwerazi pamene mafunso atsopano a lamulo abuka ndipo kusintha kwa nkhani za ndale zadziko kudzasintha.

Kugwiritsa ntchito mfundo zapamwamba za malamulo a boma pofufuza zinthu pa Intaneti, kuteteza ufulu wolankhula pa mapulogalamu a pa Intaneti, ndiponso malamulo a boma ofufuza zinthu, kumachititsa kuti pakhale nkhani zofunikira kupendedwa mosamala kwambiri. Mmene makhoti amagwiritsira ntchito mfundo za malamulo a malamulo pankhani zatsopano zaumisiri, zidzasinthira tsogolo la kupenda nkhani za boma.

Malamulo a malo okhala ndi kusintha kwa nyengo akuimira mbali ina kumene kupenda chiweruzo kungakhale ndi mbali yokulirapo. Makhoti akufunsidwa mowonjezereka kutsimikizira kukhazikika kwa malamulo a mkhalidwe wa dziko ndi malamulo okhudza nyengo, kupenda kuti boma lakuchita zinthu likuswa ufulu walamulo, ndi mikangano ya mapangano ponena za ukulu wa ulamuliro wa boma. Milandu imeneyi imayesa malire a ziphunzitso zamwambo za lamulo ndipo ingayambitse zitsatizo zatsopano.

Lamulo la chisankho ndi zoyenera zosankha zikupitiriza kutulutsa lamulo lovomerezeka, makamaka kutsatira chigamulo cha Khoti Lalikulu mu Shelby County v. Homer [1] (2013), limene linaluluza makonzedwe aakulu a Chikalata cha ufulu wachibadwidwe. Mafunso onena za malamulo odzisankhira, ndi malamulo a ndawala a za ndawala adakali madera okangalika openda milandu, ndi ziyambukiro zazikulu za ulamuliro wa demokrase.

Mtsogolo mwa kupendanso chiweruzo chidzadalira pa mmene Bwalo Lapamwamba lidzayankhira mafunso ponena za mbali yake ndi ulamuliro. Milandu yokhudza chiphunzitso chachikulu, chimene chimafunikira chilolezo chaukulu cha kukhazikitsa magulu a kayendetsedwe ka zinthu zazikulu zachuma kapena zandale, ikhoza kuwongolera unansi pakati pa makhoti, Congress, ndi mabungwe akuluakulu. Mofananamo, mikangano yokhudza kuyang’ana ndi kulemera kwa lamulo imakhudza mmene makhoti asanayambe kupanga zosankha zalamulo mopambanitsa.

Kupenda kwachiweruzo kudakali maziko a ulamuliro wa lamulo la America, wotumikira monga kufufuza kofunika pa ulamuliro wa boma ndi njira yotetezera ufulu wa munthu. Pamene kuli kwakuti mkangano wonena za ukulu wake ndi kuyenera kupitirizabe, lamulo lamakhalidwe abwino limene makhoti angapende malamulo ndi zochita zotsutsana ndi malamulo alamulo lakhalako kwa zaka zoposa mazana aŵiri. Pamene zitokoso zatsopano zibuka, kupendedwa mosamalitsa kwa chiweruzo kudzakhala kofunika kwambiri kuti asunge lamulo lokhala ndi demokrase ya Amereka.