Kupenda koweruza kuli maziko a lamulo lachimereka la America, kupatsa makhoti mphamvu yopenda malamulo ndi zochita za akuluakulu. Chiphunzitso chimenechi chimatsimikizira kuti lamulo lililonse ndi boma zikugwirizana ndi Malamulo, kuteteza ufulu wa munthu ndi kusunga kulinganiza pakati pa lamulo, mkulu, ndi nthambi za chiweruzo. Pamene kuli kwakuti Malamulo a U.S. samapatsa mphamvu imeneyi kwa boma, kupenda koyenera kwa boma kwakhala mbali yaikulu ya dongosolo lalamulo kuyambira kuchiyambi kwa zaka za zana la 19.

Chibadwa ndi Cholinga cha Kupenda Chiweruzo

Kupenda chiweruzo kuli ulamuliro wa khoti kulengeza lamulo kapena kachitidwe ka boma kukhala kopanda pake ngati kawombana ndi Malamulo. Imagwira ntchito ku lamulo la boma ndi la boma, malamulo a akuluakulu a boma, malamulo a zauyang’aniro, ndipo ngakhale zochita za Prezidenti. Lingalirolo liri pa lingaliro la ukulu wa lamulo: Lamulo la malamulo liri lamulo lalikulu la dziko, ndipo lamulo lirilonse limene limatsutsa ilo nlopanda pake.

Njira imeneyi imatumikira zifuno zingapo zofunika. Choyamba, imakakamiza kugaŵidwa kwa maulamuliro mwa kutsimikizira kuti nthambi iriyonse imagwira ntchito mkati mwa malire ake oikidwa. Chachiŵiri, imatetezera ufulu wa munthu aliyense mwa kupereka mankhwala achiweruzo pamene boma linyalanyaza ulamuliro wake. Chachitatu, imapereka mafotokozedwe ofanana a Malamulo, kuletsa zigamulo zotsutsana kupyola m'zigawo zosiyana. Ku United States, ntchito zachiweruzo m’dongosolo la boma kumene maboma ndi makhoti onse aŵiri a boma angapende malamulo, koma ulamuliro womalizira umakhala ndi Khoti Lapamwamba la U.S.

Mayiko ena atengera njira zofananazo, ngakhale kuti zinasintha. Mwachitsanzo, United Kingdom yomwe imagwira ntchito mwamwambo pansi pa ulamuliro wa nyumba ya malamulo, ikumapereka mphamvu yochepa ya kukhazikitsa malamulo, koma Human Rights Act 1998 inayamba kupenda mwachidule. Mosiyana ndi . Mayiko onga Germany ndi Canada, ali ndi makhoti alamulo odzipereka kupenda malamulo osadziŵika bwino. Komabe, chitsanzo cha ku America chimakhala chosiyana chifukwa cha mkhalidwe wake woyenerera . Khoti lililonse lingapereke mafunso alamulo kwa anthu onse.

Maziko a Mbiri Yakale a Kupenda Chiweruzo

Zimene Zinayamba Kuchitika Kale Ndiponso Zimene Zinayambitsa

Lingaliro lakuti oweruza angathetse machitidwe a malamulo silinayambike ndi kukhazikitsidwa kwa America. Woweruza Wachingelezi Sir Edward Coke, m'nkhani 1610 Dr. Case ya Bonham , anapereka lingaliro lakuti “pamene Lamulo la Palamende litsutsana ndi kuyenera ndi kulingalira, lamulo wamba lidzalilamulira ndi kuweruza lamulo lotero kukhala lopanda pake. [1] Ngakhale kuti lingaliro limeneli silinayambitse lamulo la Chingelezi, linasonkhezera atsamunda a ku America. Olembako akukhulupirira kuti ufulu wina waukulu unalipo pamwamba pa lamulo lililonse lolembedwa, lingaliro lozikidwa pa Magna Carta ndi Chichenjezo cha Chichenje ndi Ching’ono cha Ufulu.

Mkati mwa Kusintha kwa America, makhoti a boma anayamba kukhazikitsa mphamvu ya kupenda malamulo otsutsana ndi malamulo awo a boma. Mwachitsanzo, mu Holmes v. Walton [1] (1780), Bwalo Lapamwamba la New Jersey linaletsa lamulo limene linaswa chitsimikizo cha lamulo cha mlandu wa oweruza. Milandu yoyambirira imeneyi inayala maziko a boma kaamba ka kupendedwa kwa chiweruzo kwa boma.

Mmene Ogwirizana Amaonera Zinthu

Alexander Hamilton, polemba mu Mndandanda wa malamulo Ayi. , adapereka chitetezo champhamvu cha kupenda zembe. Anatsutsa kuti jaji inali nthambi yowopsa kwambiri, yopanda “chisonkhezero pa lupanga kapena chikwama," ndi kuti iyenera kupatsidwa mphamvu ya kulengeza machitidwe a lamulo popanda ntchito ngati asintha malamulo. Hamilton anafotokoza kuti malamulo a boma anali kuimira chifuniro cha anthu, ndi ntchito iliyonse ya malamulo amene anapitirira malire a malamulo alamulo. Kulingalira kumeneku kunakhala maziko anzeru a Bwalo Lapamwamba lamilandu lapambuyo pake. Magazi adapanga chigamulo cha Mboll. Madison .

Marbury vesi. Madison (103)

Mlandu wachiweruzo wokhazikitsa chiweruzo unayambika kuchokera ku mkangano waukali wa Prezidenti wa boma wa Prezidenti John Adams ndi pulezidenti wobwerayo Thomas Jefferson. M'maola omalizira a uyang'aniro wake, Adams anakhazikitsa “oweruza ausiku” ku benchi ya boma, kuphatikizapo William Marbury. Makomiti anasainidwa ndi kusindikizidwa chisindikizo koma sanaperekedwe Jefferson asanatenge ofesi. Jefferson analamula Mlembi wake wa Boma, James Madison, kuimika ntchito. Marbury sued, kufuna magetsi a Mandamus kuchokera ku Supreme Court kukatumiza Mavison.

Woweruza wamkulu John Marshall anayang'anizana ndi vuto la ndale zadziko. Ngati Khoti linalamula kuti bungwelo liperekedwe, Jefferson akanangonyalanyaza, kunyozetsa ulamuliro wa achiweruzo. Ngati Bwalo Lamilandu likanana wildet, likanawoneka kukhala lopanda mphamvu. Malamulo a Marshall anali ochenjera. Iye anagamula kuti pamene Marbury anali ndi udindo ku bungwe lake, Bwalo silikanapereka lamulo loletsa kuweruza chifukwa chakuti [1] Saudiary 13 ya Chikalata cha Jediciary cha 1789. Kwanthaŵi yoyamba, Khoti Lapamwamba linalengeza kachitidwe ka Courtus Constantion unititual. Marshall analemba kuti:

“Kuli kotsimikiza kwambiri chigawo ndi ntchito ya dipatimenti yachiweruzo kunena chimene lamulo liri... ngati malamulo aŵiri akutsutsana ndi wina ndi mnzake, makhoti ayenera kusankha ntchito ya lamulo lililonse... chotero ngati lamulo likutsutsana ndi malamulo... khoti liyenera kugamula kuti ndi liti pa malamulo otsutsana ameneŵa amene amalamulira mlanduwo... Imeneyi ndi mbali yeniyeni ya ntchito yachiweruzo. [1]

Marbury v. Madison [FLT :1] chotero anawonjezera lamulo la kupenda kwachiweruzo mu United States. Chigamulocho chinalimbikitsanso ntchito ya jaji monga nthambi yodziimira, yolingana ndi boma yokhala ndi ulamuliro wotheratu wakumasulira Malamulo. Kaamba ka nkhani yatsatanetsatane, onani mlandu pa [[FLT:] Oyez [1].

Mmene Maseŵero Openda Chiweruzo Amachitira

Mfundo 1: Nkhani Kapena Mkangano

Kupenda mlandu sikungachitike m'mabwalo a milandu ongoyerekezera. Makhoti a Federal akungosankha “mabungwe” ndi“ mapangano” pansi pa Mfundo III ya Malamulo. Zimenezi zikutanthauza kuti woweruza ayenera kukhala atavulazidwa ndi khalidwe la woimbidwa mlanduyo ndipo mwina angabwezeretsedwe ndi chigamulo chabwino chodziŵika kuti chilipo. Makhoti adzathetsa mavuto amene ali ongopeka, zidandaulo zoikidwa ndi anthu wamba, kapena operekedwa ndi magulu a anthu popanda mtengo wachindunji.

Mfundo Yachiwiri: Kulankhulana Molakwa ndi Khoti Laling’ono

Milandu yambiri ya lamulo imayamba m'makhoti a boma, ndiyeno imapita ku makhoti a apilo. Pamilingo imeneyi, oweruza amapenda malamulo a lamulo ozikidwa pa mfundo ndi umboni woperekedwa. Iwo angagwiritsire ntchito miyezo yosiyanasiyana ya kupenda mogwirizana ndi ufulu wa nkhani ino, mwachitsanzo, kusanthula mosamalitsa malamulo amene amalemetsa ufulu waukulu kapena kukayikira magawo onga a fuko, kapena maziko oyenerera a malamulo a zachuma.

Sitepe 3: Pitani ku Khoti Lalikulu

Pambuyo pa chigamulo cha khoti ladera, chipanicho chingapemphe khoti Lapamwamba la United States kupempha chilolezo cha certiorari. Khoti limalandira zifuno zikwi zambiri liwu lirilonse koma limavomereza kumva kokha milandu 80-100. Ilo limavomereza pamene pali mkangano pakati pa madera, nkhaniyo iri ya kufunika kwa dziko, kapena chigamulo cha khoti lapamwamba chingakhale chotsutsana ndi chitsanzo cha Khoti Lapamwamba.

Sitepe 4: Kufupikitsa ndi Mikangano Yakachetechete

Pamene khoti livomereza mlandu, zipanizo zimalemba zifukwa zofotokoza malo awo alamulo. Magulu akunja kaŵirikaŵiri amapanga maminiculee [1] (“bwenzi la khoti”) achidule kupereka malingaliro owonjezereka. Ndiyeno Bwalo limalinganiza mikangano ya pakamwa, pamene mbali iriyonse ili ndi mphindi 30 kupereka mlandu wake ndi kuyankha mafunso kuchokera kwa oweruza.

Mfundo 5: Kukambirana ndi Kulemba Maganizo

Pambuyo pa mikangano ya pakamwa, oweruza amakumana m’msonkhano waumwini kukakambitsirana mlanduwo ndi kupanga voti yoyamba. Chiweruzo chachikulu, ngati mwa anthu ambiri, chimaika malingaliro; apo ayi, woyanjana naye woweruza wamkulu amapanga gawo. Zoweruza zikulemba ambiri, kuvomereza, kapena kutsutsa malingaliro awo, aliyense akulongosola malingaliro awo. Pamene lingalirolo latulutsidwa, limakhala logwirizana pa mabwalo onse apamwamba.

Tanthauzo la Kupenda Chiweruzo m’Demokrase ya ku America

Kufufuza Mphamvu ya Malamulo ndi Ulamuliro

Kupenda koweruza kuli mbali yofunika kwambiri ya njira ya kupima ndi kulinganiza. Malamulo amapatsa Nyumba ya Malamulo mphamvu ya kupanga malamulo ndi Pulezidenti mphamvu ya kuwawononga, koma ajuli samatsimikizira kuti nthambi ikhoza kupitirira ulamuliro wake walamulo. Mwachitsanzo, mu achichepere meechs metap & Lamp; Tube Co. V. Sayer [1952], Khoti Lapamwamba linapeputsa malamulo a Pulezidenti Truman a Prince stem akulanda zitsulo zachitsulo mkati mwa Nkhondo ya ku Korea, akumasunga kuti Pulezidenti alibe ulamuliro walamulo wa kuchita motero. Zosankha zoterozo zimatsimikizira kuti ngakhale machitidwe audindo otchuka kwambiri ayenera kukhazikika.

Kuteteza Ufulu Waung’ono

Imodzi ya ntchito zofunika kwambiri za kupenda ndi kuteteza ufulu wa anthu ndi magulu ochepa polimbana ndi oweruza audindo. Bill of Rights ndi Geneth Amendment imatsimikizira ufulu wofunika kwambiri, koma ufulu umenewu ungakhale wopanda tanthauzo ngati nyumba yokhazikitsa malamulo ingavomere kuichotsa. Makhoti, otetezedwa ku zitsenderezo zosankhidwa ndi moyo wa oweruza a boma, angasunge chitetezo cha malamulo ngakhale pamene anthu akutsutsa. Landmark igamula ngati Brown v. Board ya maphunziro [194], imene inakantha kuchepetsa ufuko wa anthu m'makolo m'masukulu, ndi [FLT:] kutsende. Virginia . [FLT:]

Kupanga Zotsatirapo

Kupyolera m'chiweruzo, Bwalo Lapamwamba limakhazikitsa zitsanzo zimene zimatsogolera makhoti ena. Chiphunzitso cha stare decisis (kulola chigamulo kukhazikika) kulimbikitsa kukhazikika ndi kuneneratu. Makhoti apamwamba ayenera kutsatira mafotokozedwe a Bwalo Lapamwamba kufikira Khoti lenilenilo litalamulira. Dongoli limalola lamulo kusinthika mu enfish, kulingana ndi kufunika kwa kusintha miyezo ndi mikhalidwe.

Chipwirikiti Cholimbana ndi Majoriti

Mosasamala kanthu za kufunika kwake, kupenda kwachiweruzo kumadzutsa chipwirikiti cha democracy chosalekeza: Oweruza osasankhidwa angagwetse malamulo operekedwa ndi oimira osankhidwa ndi demokalase. “Vuto la boma lolamulira,” liwu lopekedwa ndi profesa wa lamulo Alexander Bickel, layambitsa mkangano kwa zaka makumi ambiri. Otetezera atsutsa kuti ntchito ya jajiridiary ndiyo kusungitsa mapindu osatha a Malamulo, amene angapeze zikhumbo zotchuka kwa kanthaŵi kochepa. Otsutsa amatsutsa kuti nthaŵi zina khotilo limapitirira m'kupanga malamulo, popanda njira yolamulira. Kulimbana kumeneku kumasonkhezera makambitsira makambitsira opitirizabe ponena za kuletsa lamulo ndi ntchito yachiweruzo.

Zolephera ndi Zoletsa pa Kupenda Chiweruzo

Ziphunzitso Zolondola

Makhoti ayambitsa ziphunzitso zingapo zoletsa mikhalidwe imene adzapendamo chiweruzo:

  • Kuima: Mtsogoleri ayenera kusonyeza kuvulala kwa konkire, kugwirizana kolimba ndi woimbidwa mlandu, ndi kuthekera kwakuti khoti lingawonjeze chivulazo.
  • Umboni: Mlanduwo uyenera kuyambitsidwa mokwanira kwakuti khoti lingapereke chigamulo chatanthauzo popanda kunena zochitika zongoyerekezera za m’tsogolo.
  • Kusankha: Ngati mkanganowo watha / chifukwa cha kusintha kwa mikhalidwe kapena kutha kwa nthaŵi, khoti lidzathetsa mlanduwo.
  • [[FLT: 0] Mfundo za Pritical Question Doctrine: Nkhani zina zimaonedwa kukhala zoikizidwa mwalamulo ku nthambi za ndale zadziko (m' lekuatiso, zosankha za malamulo achilendo, zopereka zongofuna kulinganiza) ndipo motero zosalungamitsidwa. Baker v. Carr (1962), Khoti linafotokoza mayeso a mafunso a ndale.

Kuzenga Lamulo la Chiweruzo

Oweruza amatsutsana kuti atsimikizire kuti makhoti ayenera kugonjera malamulo a boma pokhapokha ngati lamulo silinagwirizane ndi malamulo a boma, potsatira dongosolo la demokalase. Ochirikiza makhoti amanena kuti makhoti ali ndi udindo woteteza ufulu walamulo ngakhale pamene zimenezi zitanthauza kuphwanya malamulo otchuka.

Kuwononga ndi Kupambanitsa kwa Nyenyezi

Pamene kuli kwakuti chitsanzo chimalemekezedwa, Bwalo Lapamwamba lakhala likulamulira zosankha zake pamene linakhutiritsidwa kuti linagamulidwa molakwa kapena silinagwire ntchito. Mwachitsanzo, Brown v. Gulu la Maphunziro [ likulamulira [[[FLT:]] [2] [B2]. Ferguson [[FLT]] [[FLT]] [18696] [1896]). Posachedwapa, [[FLT:] Dobbs v. Jackson’s Health Organization [FL:] [FLT:] [5] [202], Courtd [FFFL:6] [kusintha chidziŵitso champhamvu, ndipo kuwonjezera kufalikira.]

Zitsanzo za M’nthaŵi Yathuyi ndi Zizindikiro Zaposachedwapa

Obergefell v. Hodges (2015)

Mu [[FLT :0] chigamulo chopanda mphamvu cholongosola ukwati pakati pa mwamuna ndi mkazi. Hodges . Khoti Lapamwamba linavomereza kuti okwatirana a kugonana ali ndi kuyenera koyambirira kwa kukwatira pansi pa 144th Amendment’s Cendrom and Experity Clauss. Chigamulo chopanda mphamvu chimene chinalongosola ukwati kukhala pakati pa mwamuna ndi mkazi. Nkhani imeneyi ikusonyeza kuti kupenda kwachiweruzo kokhudzana ndi kulingana kwa anthu. Malingaliro a Khotilo anadalira pa zitsanzo zoyambirira za kutetezera unansi wathithithi ndi ufulu waumwini. Kwa malingaliro onse ndi mikangano, kuchezera

Madobs ndi mkazi wina dzina lake Jackson Women’s Health Organization (2022)

Chigamulo cha Malamulo chinasintha pafupifupi zaka makumi asanu za chiyambi ndi kuchotsa ufulu walamulo wa boma wa kuchotsa mimba. Khoti, m'lingaliro 5-4 lolembedwa ndi Jasitisi Samuel Alito, linavomereza kuti malamulo atsopano ndi kuti kuyenera kwa kuchotsa mimba sikunachokere kwambiri m'mbiri ya dziko. Nkhaniyi ikugogomezera kwambiri mkhalidwe wa kupenda koweruza kochitidwa ndi boma. Khotilo linabweza nkhani yake isanakha, lamulo lalamulo losintha kwambiri. Chigamulocho chinabwezera nkhaniyo ku zigamuzo, kuyambitsa mzere wa malamulo atsopano ochotsa mimba ndi kuchotsa mimba. Nkhaniyo yafotokozedwa bwino pa [[FLT:]

United States ndi Texas (2023) – Wophunzira Loan Forrence

Mu BIden v. Nebraska (2023), Bwalo Lapamwamba linagonjetsa programu ya kukhululukira kwa ophunzira a Biden, imene ikanachotsa $200,000 m'ngole pa wokongola aliyense. Khotilo linatsutsa kuti rheoES Act silinavomereze programu yosanja ndi kuti nthambi yapamwamba yapitirira ulamuliro wake. Nkhani imeneyi imasonyeza mmene kupenda kwachiweruzo kumagwira ntchito osati kokha ku malamulo alamulo komanso ku ukulu wa mphamvu ya ulamuliro pansi pa malamulo omwe alipo. Chigamulocho chinatsimikiziranso lamulo lakuti Pulezidentiyo sangapereke lamulo lalikulu popanda chilomo lamulo lomveka.

Trump . Hawaii (2018) – Chiletso cha Ulendo

Mu Trump v. Hawaii , Bwalo linachirikiza chiletso cha boma la Trump choletsa kuloŵa m'maiko ambiri a Chisilamu. Ambiri anapeza kuti Pulezidenti anali ndi ufulu waukulu pa kusamukira ndi kuti chilengezocho sichinaswe kukhazikitsa Claus wa ku Opperline, mosasamala kanthu za zitsutso za chipembedzo. Nkhani imeneyi imasonyeza kufunitsitsa kwa Khoti kugonjera ku ulamuliro wa boma m’nkhani za chisungiko cha dziko lonse, malo amene chiphunzitso cha ndale chimakhala chikukantha.

Kumaliza

Kupenda koweruza kumakhalabe kofunika, komabe, mbali ya lamulo la America. Kuchokera ku chiyambi chake chotsika mu Marbury ku milandu yotsutsana ya zaka za zana la makumi aŵiri oyambirira, mphamvu ya makhoti yopanda malamulo yapangitsa dziko kukhala logwirizana ndi malamulo. Limachita monga chitetezo pa uhule wosayenera, kuteteza ufulu waukulu, ndi kusunga kulinganiza kwa manthambi a boma. Komabe limalangizanso kupitiriza nkhani ya ntchito yoyenerera ya oweruza osasankhidwa mu democracy. Monga momwe Bwalo la Supreme Count imapitira kumasuliranso malamulo, kudzakhala chiwiya champhamvu, kusonyeza maluso onse aŵiriwo ndi kusintha kwa makhalidwe ake. Pankhani ya mbiri yakale, ndi kuŵerengeranso mbiri yachikidwa kwa oweruza, [Flectner, Contration: [F] kutsimikizira mfundo za lamulo la lamulo la lamulo lachikhalidwe lachikulu.