Maziko a Maulamuliro a Asilikali a ku America

Federalism, monga momwe inakhazikitsidwa ndi Malamulo a U.S. imapanga kugaŵana kwapadera kwa ulamuliro pakati pa boma la dziko ndi maboma makumi asanu. Malamulo ameneŵa si kakonzedwe kanthanthi chabe koma njira yothandiza imene imasintha mbali iliyonse ya malamulo ndi kutsata. Mpando wa Tenth Amendment umasunga maulamuliro onse osaperekedwa ku boma kapena anthu, kukhazikitsa maziko a unansi wamphamvu ndi nthaŵi zina wa mkangano. Kumvetsetsa maziko ameneŵa nkofunika kupenda mmene malamulo amapangidwira, kugwiritsiridwa ntchito, ndi kutsatiridwa ku maulamuliro onse.

Chisinthiko cha mbiri yakale cha chiunistism cha ku America chapita ku mbali zingapo. Kuchokera ku kugogomezera kwa republic yoyamba pa mabungwe aŵiri a boma ̬ kumene boma ndi maulamuliro a boma anasungidwa mosiyana kwakukulukulu ̵ kwa mgwirizano wa boma wa nyengo ya New Deal , ndi ku nyengo yamakono yosonyezedwa ndi kuwonjezereka kwa kuchotsedwa ndi kudalirana kwa boma ndi mapangano, dongosolo lasintha kusintha kwa zosoŵa za dziko. Komabe, kusintha kumeneku kumayambitsanso kuvuta ndi mikangano yapanthaŵi zina.

Ulamuliro wa Umodzi: Mmene Mphamvu Zimagawirana

Pansi pa Malamulo a United States, ponse paŵiri boma la boma ndi maboma a boma ali ndi ulamuliro wa kudziimira wa kulamulira mkati mwa mbali zawo. Maulamuliro a boma amandandalitsidwa kwakukulukulu m’Chigawo I, Chigawo 8, kuphatikizapo mphamvu ya kulamulira malonda a maiko, ndalama za ndalama, kulengeza nkhondo, ndi kukhazikitsa maofesi awo a papositi.

Uchifumu wa mbali ziŵiri umenewu umatanthauza kuti ntchito imodzi ingakhale pansi pa malamulo onse a boma ndi boma. Mwachitsanzo, chopangira chiyenera kugwirizana ndi miyezo ya chitetezo cha boma yokhazikitsidwa ndi OSHE, malamulo a chisungiko cha ntchito ya boma, malamulo a boma a malo okhala olamuliridwa ndi EPA, ndi chilolezo cha boma. Chotulukapo ndicho utoto wokonzanso zinthu zimene zingakhale ponse paŵiri zokwana ndi, nthaŵi zina, zotsatizana.

Ulamuliro wa Maboma: Magawo a Nkhaŵa ya Dziko

Boma la boma la United States’ malamulo auyang'aniro amafikira pa nkhani iliyonse imene ili ndi chiyambukiro chachikulu pa malonda a maiko apakati, chiphunzitso chimene chafotokozedwa mokulira ndi Bwalo Lapamwamba. Mbali zazikulu za malamulo apadera kapena aakulu a boma zimaphatikizapo:

  • Malonda a m'mayiko ndi malonda a m'makampani - The Commerce Claus imapereka mphamvu ku Nyumba za Malamulo za zachuma zolamulira ntchito yodutsa m'dziko, kuyambira kutumiza katundu mpaka ku misika ya zachuma.
  • [[MLT:0] chitetezo chakuthupi - Malamulo onga ngati Chrease Air Act ndi Chrean Water Act amakhazikitsa malamulo a dziko amene maboma ayenera kukwaniritsa kapena kupitirira.
  • Zoyenera ndi kusakondera [[FL:1] malamulo a Federal - malamulo onga Civil Rights Act ya 1964 mmalo mwa malamulo a boma osinthasintha.
  • Miyezo ya ntchito ndi miyezo ya ntchito [1] - The Fair Labor Standard Act ikhazikitsa malipiro ochepa ndi malamulo a otaika m'dziko lonselo.
  • Chakudya ndi kutetezereka kwa mankhwala - FDA imalamulira mankhwala, zipangizo zamankhwala, ndi chakudya m'madera onse a boma.

Ulamuliro wa Boma: Mabungwe a Demokalase

Woweruza Louis Brandeis analongosola motchuka kuti "maluso a demokrase," okhoza kuyesa njira zatsopano zopezera malangizo. Maboma ali ndi ulamuliro waukulu pa:

  • Kuphunzitsa miyezo ya Curculum, chikalata cha mphunzitsi, ndi ndalama za sukulu ndizo mbali yaikulu ya boma ndi mathayo a kumaloko.
  • Kupereka kwa chisamaliro chakusamalira - Kusintha kwa akatswiri a zamankhwala, malamulo a misika ya inshuwalansi, ndi kuyang'anira kwa Medicaid amayang'aniridwa pa mlingo wa boma.
  • Ubwino wa Pubism ndi lamulo laupandu malamulo aupandu ochuluka, kuphatikizapo aja okhudza kuba, kuukira, ndi milandu ya anamgoneka, ndi nkhani za boma.
  • Dzikolo limagwiritsiridwa ntchito ndi malo a kumaloko kukhazikitsa kwa Chuma, malamulo omanga, ndi makampani amagwa pansi pa mphamvu za boma zapolisi.
  • Kuvota ndi masankho - United States amachititsa masankho, amakhazikitsa maola ovota, ndi kujambula zigawo za malamulo, zolamulidwa ndi lamulo la boma.

Chiphunzitso Chopulumutsira: Pamene Lamulo Lachikhalidwe Lipotoza Lamulo la Boma

Mbali yowopsya ya chigwirizano ndiyo Supremacy Claus, imene imatsimikizira lamulo la boma limenelo liri lamulo lalikulu la dzikolo. Izi zikutanthauza kuti pamene malamulo a boma ndi a boma amenyana, lamulo la boma limakhalapo. Lingaliro la kumasulidwa liri ndi ziyambukiro zazikulu za malamulo ndi kusungitsa.

Chiwombolo chingakhale chosonyeza, pamene Congress ikunena molunjika cholinga chake cha kulowa m’munda, kapena kutanthauza, kumene makonzedwe a boma ali ofala kwambiri kwakuti sasiya malo a kuwonjezera boma. Mwachitsanzo, Federal Food, Drug, ndi Cosmetic Act yasungidwa kuti achotse zofunika za boma zina zoika mankhwala m'malo, kutsimikizira miyezo ya dziko. Makhoti nthaŵi zonse amalimbana ndi ukulu wa kuchotsedwa, kuchepetsa kufunika kwa mtunduwo ndi maulamuliro ̱ mphamvu za polisi zamwambo. Nkhani zaposachedwapa zokhudza kusamutsira anthu kudziko ([[FL:]]] Azongala . United States .) ndi mapulinsipulo a gulu la [G.]

Kugwirizana kwa Magulu: Kugwiritsira Ntchito Makina Okakamiza

Malamulo amakono kaŵirikaŵiri amagwira ntchito kupyolera mwa mgwirizano wa boma, kumene boma la boma limakhazikitsa miyezo yotakata ndi maboma kuipereka ndi kuisungitsa mwauyang’aniro wa boma.

Pansi pa Deseac Air Act, EPA ikhazikitsa National Awabient Security Service ders , koma boma lililonse limapanga Pulogalamu ya Boma Yokwaniritsa (SIP) yofotokoza mmene idzakwaniritsidwira ndi miyezo imeneyo. EPA iyenera kuvomereza SIP ndipo ikhoza kuloŵerera ngati boma lilephera kutsatira. Mofananamo, Occupational Safety and Health Act imalola maboma kuyendetsa maprogramu awoawo a chitetezo chakuthupi, malinga ngati iwo ali "ogwira ntchito bwino monga programu ya boma. Kugwirizana kumeneku ndi maluso ndi chuma za boma posamalira zigawo za dziko.

Komabe, mgwirizano wa boma umachititsanso kusagwirizana. Mayiko angatsutse malamulo a boma amene amawaona kukhala osavomerezeka, kutsogolera ku kugawiridwa pa malire a mphamvu ya boma yowonongera ndalama ( NFIB v. Sebelius, 2012). Kulinganiza kwa kukakamiza anthu kutsutsana ndi kugwirizana ndi boma ndi mutu wankhani wobwerezabwereza m'maunansi a boma.

Kudya: Mphamvu ya Chuma

Boma la boma nthaŵi zambiri limagwiritsira ntchito mphamvu yake yowonongera zinthu kusonkhezera zigamulo za boma. Mwakugwirizanitsa mikhalidwe ku zipatala za boma, Congress ingasonkhezere maboma kutengera malamulo amene angawakane. Ndalama zogwiritsira ntchito zamwa zagwiritsiridwa ntchito kukweza msinkhu wa 21 (mwa kuchirikiza mikhalidwe ya ndalama zapamsewu), kulimbikitsa kutengera kuwonjezereka kwa Medicaid pansi pa Affordal Care Act, ndi kusonkhezera kusintha maphunziro kupyola pa All Students Sec.

Chiŵiya chimenechi nchamphamvu koma chotsutsana. Mu South Dakota v. Dole[FLT :1] (1987), Khoti Lapamwamba linachirikiza nyengo ya kumwa, likupeza kuti chinali chogwirizana ndi chikondwerero cha dziko cha kusungika kwa m'misewu. Komabe Khoti mu NFIB v. Sebelius anachepetsa kugwiritsiridwa ntchito kwa mikhalidwe imene imakakamiza mokhutiritsa, kugonjetsa chiwopsezo cha kutaya ndalama zonse za Médiaid kaamba ka kusakhala wopasa. Fiscalism imakhalabe tsono lopikisana ndi boma kumene kuli kogwirizana ndi malamulo a boma ndi malamulo a boma.

Mavuto Ochititsidwa ndi Kusintha ndi Kukakamiza

Ngakhale kuti boma limalola anthu kuyankha ndi kuyesa zinthu m’madera ena, limayambitsanso mavuto aakulu kwa oyendetsa zinthu ndi mabungwe omwe amayendetsedwa bwino.

  • Kusasinthasintha m'maboma [1] - A a bizinesi m'maiko ambiri ayenera kugwiritsa ntchito malamulo ang'onoang'ono olamulira chilichonse kuyambira pa malipiro ochepa kufika pa zachinsinsi. Zimenezi zingawonjezere mtengo wa kugonjera ndipo zingapangitse kusalinganizika kwa mpikisano.
  • Mipata yokakamiza ] - Pamene mabungwe onse a boma ndi a boma ali ndi ulamuliro wogwirizana, kusungitsa malamulo kungakhale kovuta. Kuletsa zinthu pamlingo uliwonse kungatsogolere ku kukakamiza kapena kuyerekezera zoyesayesa.
  • Mikangano ya juridict - Mafunso ngati nkhaniyo ili yoyenerera kapena boma kaŵirikaŵiri imathera m'khoti, kuchedwa kutsata lamulo ndi kupangitsa kusatsimikizirika. Kuloŵerera pa ukonde kumapereka chitsanzo chaposachedwapa cha magawo a boma osinthasintha a boma.
  • Ili ndi vuto kum'munsi - M'madera amene maboma amapikisana ndi malonda, pali ngozi yakuti adzafooketsa malamulo (m’chitsanzo, miyezo ya malo okhala) kukopa maindasitale, kululuza zolinga za boma.
  • Kulephera kwa kulinganiza [[FLT: 0] - mavuto a kuipitsa mpweya, mliri, ndi zoyenera za madzi amafunikira kuchita mogwirizana kumene boma lingasokoneze. Kuyankha kosiyanasiyana ku Covid-19 kunachitira fanizo ponse paŵiri mapindu a kuyesa kwa kumaloko ndi kuwonongetsa malamulo ogaŵanitsidwa.

Mbali ya Maboma Osonkhezera

Mabungwe a boma monga Environmental Protection Agency, Occupational Safety and Health Administration, Federal Trade Commission, ndi Food and Drug Administration amachita mbali zowopsa pokhazikitsa malamulo a dziko. Amakhazikitsa malamulo, kuyang’anira, kukhazikitsa zilango, ndi kugwira ntchito ndi boma kutsimikizira kuti atsatira.

Mabungwe ameneŵa amaloŵanso m'kumasulira malamulo amene amamasulira malamulo ndi kukwaniritsa tsatanetsatane wa malamulo. Ukulu wa bungwe wakhala nkhani yaikulu ya mkangano, makamaka pambuyo pa Supreme Court ’ zigamulo mu Virginia v. EPA [2022]) imene inachepetsa EPAÙ mphamvu yokhazikitsa miyezo yotulutsa popanda chilolezo chomveka cha bungwe. Chigamulocho chinakhazikitsanso "mafunsa mafunso," chimene chimafunikira mabungwe apamwamba a malamulo a zachuma ndi matanthauzo aakulu a za ndalerensi. Kusintha kumeneku kuli ndi matanthauzo a mmene magulu a bungwe a bungwe a bungwe la zaungwe ndi mayiko a zaudindo la zaungwelo.

Mabungwe a boma, monga madipatimenti a mkhalidwe wa malo okhala, thanzi, ndi ntchito, kaŵirikaŵiri amatumikira monga osungitsa a patsogolo a maprogramu onse a boma ndi a boma. Manda awo, kuyang'anira, ndi zofunika zoyambirira zimayambukira mwachindunji kusungidwa kwa malamulo. Mwachitsanzo, mphamvu ya Cooc Water Act imadalira kwambiri pa kuyang'anira kwa madzi a boma ndi kulola maprogramu, omwe amasiyana mokulira.

Kufufuza Nkhani: Kulimbana ndi Malo Ofunika

Kupenda zitsanzo zenizeni za dziko kumatithandiza kuona mmene malamulo a boma amasinthira zinthu.

Cape Air Act and California ’ Waiver

Pansi pa Ceach Air Act, California ali ndi chiwiya chapadera chimene chimachilola kukhazikitsa miyezo yakeyake ya galimoto, yolimba kwambiri kuposa ya boma, chifukwa cha mavuto ake aakulu a kuipitsa mpweya ndi mbiri ya utsogoleri. Maboma ena angasankhe kutsatira miyezo ya California. Makonzedwe ameneŵa achititsa kuchepetsa maulamuliro osintha, California ndi maiko ena khumi ndi khumi ndi limodzi omwe akulondola kuchepetsa kowopsa kwa gasi wotentha kwambiri kuposa boma. Kulimbana pakati pa miyezo ya boma ndi kuyambitsidwa kwa boma kuli chotulukapo chachindunji cha boma.

Kuloledwa Kwalamulo: Nkhondo ya Padziko la Federal

Ngakhale kuti boma limaletsa chamba kunsi kwa Substances Act, mayiko ambiri alola mankhwala kapena kugwiritsa ntchito zosangalatsa. Kusiyana kumene kumachitika kumachititsa kukakamiza. Mabungwe monga drug Enforcement Administration angapereke, kuweruza, kuweruza kwa boma, koma pansi pa Trump ndi Biden, malangizo monga Cole Metriransum adalonga m'malamulo. Mabungwewa athandiza mabizinesi, banki, ndi ma aguleriant kuyendetsa malo otsutsana ndi malamulo. SAFEAN, anatchulidwa mobwerezabwereza mu Congress, pofuna kuthetsa nkhani zina mwa kulola mabanki kutumikira mabizinesi otere popanda chilatso cha boma, kusonyeza mmene ntchito yokhazikitsa malamulo ingachitire mabizinesiwo popanda malamulo a boma.

Kusintha kwa Zaumoyo ndi Chilango Chosavuta

Affordble Care Act (ACA) inadalira kwambiri pa kugwirizana kwa boma. Maboma anapatsidwa chosankha chokhazikitsa ndalama zawo za inshuwalansi ya umoyo ndi kufutukula Medicaid. Bwalo Lapamwamba’ chigamulo mu NFIB v. Seberius [1] Seltius adapanga Medicaid dalation mopanda malire, kutsogolera kupata lokhalitsa m'zigawo zosakhala za chigawo. Kuwonjezera apo, ASA& #817; ziyenerezo za mapindu ofunika a thanzi ndi kupendanso malo otsala kuchokera ku chisankho ndi kusinthasinthasintha kwa boma. Chotulukapo ndicho kuwonjezera njira yopezerapo ku kufalikira ndi kukwera mtengo kwa dziko.

Kupereka Ufulu ndi Malamulo a Chisankho cha Boma

Federalism imayambukira mwachindunji lamulo la kuvota. Malamulo amaika ulamuliro wa kuyendetsa masankho, pansi pa malamulo a boma monga Chilamulo cha Zoyenera ndi Chisinthiko cha 149. Pambuyo pa kugamula kakonzedwe kapadera ka Court Rights Act [Folt:0] Shelby County v. Hanger [2013], maboma ambiri anakhazikitsa malamulo a chivoti cha ufulu, kuchepetsa kuvota koyambirira, ndi kuchotsa mavoti ovomerezeka. Masinthidwe ameneŵa atsutsidwa m'khoti, ndi chiyambukiro chopitirizabe pa mapulaneti a Pregrase ndi kuchotsa. Chigwirizano cha masankho chimapangitsa kusiyanasiyana mpikisano ya chivoti, kupikisano champhamvu m'za ndale zadziko za America.

Tsogolo la Kulimbana ndi Kusintha

Kuyesa mavuto amene alipo pa Intaneti, pa Intaneti, pa Intaneti, pa zinthu zina, pa zinthu zina, panyengo ya kachete, pa kapangidwe ka zinthu, panyengo ya zinthu, ndi panyengo ya zinthu pa̵ pakuyesa kuti boma likhoza kuchita zinthu mogwira mtima.

Luso la Zaluso ndi Zachinsinsi

Popanda lamulo lachinsinsi la boma lokwanira la zachinsinsi, likunena monga California (ndi CCPA), Virginia, ndi Colorado apereka malamulo awo, kupanga lamulo lowopsa kwa makampani a tekinoloji. Kuthekera kwa lamulo lachinsinsi la boma limene limachotsa miyezo ya boma ndi funso lalikulu. Mofananamo, malamulo a mapulatifomu a pa intaneti kaamba ka kulinganizika kwa zophatikizidwa, kuloŵerera m'chosankha, ndi kudana kumaphatikizapo mafunso ovuta a boma ponena za kukula kwa Chigawo 230 cha Decpect ndi zoyesayesa za boma za kukhazikitsa chiwongo.

Kusintha kwa Nyengo ndi Kusintha kwa Malo Okhala

Kusintha kwa nyengo kumafuna zonse ziŵiri kusintha kwa malo ndi kulinganiza kwa dziko lonse. Federalis imaumba kukhoza kwa maboma kutengera miyezo ya carbon prigo, yobwezeretsedwanso, ndi kutulutsa mpweya wa galimoto. Maulamuliro a Biden agwirizananso ndi zolinga za dziko lonse pamene akupatsa mphamvu mayiko kudzera m'malamulo a EPA ndi kuyendetsa zinthu. Komabe, mavuto alamulo ozikidwa pa mfundo za boma, monga ngati chiphunzitso chachikulu, akuwopseza kutsendereza kachitidwe ka boma. Maboma akupanganso mgwirizano wonga ngati Regionaryhouse Gastive kugwirizanitsa mayiko onse, kusonyeza mmene malamulo a boma angathandizire kukonza zinthu popanda utsogoleri wa boma.

Mtsogolo mwa chigwirizano cha boma mwachidziŵikire chidzaphatikizapo kulimbana kopitirizabe pakati pa kufanana ndi kusiyana, pakati pa kufunitsitsa kwa dziko ndi chikhumbo cha boma. Masinthidwe amene amatsata malamulo otsatizana ndi lamulo la boma, kumveketsa bwino kutha kuwongolera kugwirizana kwa boma kungachepetse kutsutsana pamene kuli kwakuti mukusunga mapindu a ulamuliro wa kumaloko. Kuwonekera kowonjezereka m'ntchito zosungitsa ndi kugawana kwabwino pakati pa mabungwe a boma ndi maboma kukakulitsanso kuŵerengera mlandu.

Kumaliza

Federalism imayambukira kwambiri kulenga, kumasulira, ndi kusungitsa malamulo ku United States. Kapangidwe kake kaŵiri ka ulamuliro kamapangitsa zonse ziŵiri miyezo ya dziko ndi kusintha kwa kumaloko, komanso kumayambitsa kusasinthasintha, kulimbana kwa maulamuliro, ndi kucholoŵana. Kuphatikiza pakati pa maulamuliro a boma ndi boma kukhoza kuchititsa masinthidwe a malo okhala, kutetezera, ufulu wa anthu, ndi mbali zina zambiri. Mwakumvetsetsa mmene ulamuliro wa boma umagaŵira mphamvu ndi kuyambitsa mipata, aphunzitsi, ophunzira, ndi opanga malamulo angayendetse bwino malo ozungulira a dziko la American Republic. Kuŵerenganso, kufunsa [[FLT:] malamulo a ufulu wa anthu, ndi malamulo osakhala okhazikika pa tenitepeni pa KGeneka. [F], [FF]