Mbiri Yakale

Unansi pakati pa boma ndi maulamuliro a boma ndi a boma ndi maziko a ulamuliro wa Amereka. Malamulowo anabadwa chifukwa cha kulephera kwa Zigawo za Confederation, zimene zinapanga boma lofooka losakhoza kusamalira mavuto a mtundu monga Shays’s Regive. Opanga mameta pa Convention ya Philadelphia mu 1787 anafuna kupanga dongosolo limene likapatsa boma lokwanira mphamvu yochitira zinthu mwachipambano pamene likusunga ufulu wa maboma monga zinsinsi. Kulinganiza kosavuta kumeneku kumafotokozedwa kaŵirikaŵiri monga [[FLT:] ulamuliro wa dzikolo [[FLT:] kapena [FLT:]

Maboma anakhala ndi mphamvu yaikulu pa nkhani zambiri zapanyumba, ndipo boma linalamulira m'chigawo chochepa cha maulamuliro oŵerengedwa — makamaka kutetezera dziko, maunansi akunja, ndi malonda a maiko ena. Komabe, Nkhondo ya Chiŵeniŵeni inasintha kwambiri makonzedwe ameneŵa. Kupeka kwa Reconsolence Conflations — Harth, 1450, ndi 15 — kuwonjezera ulamuliro wa boma kutetezera ufulu wa munthu aliyense pa kuloŵerera kwa boma. M’zaka za zana lotsatira, boma linakula kwambiri kupyolera mwa malamulo a New Fac, gulu la ufulu wa anthu, ndi kufutukuka kwa malonda. Mosasamala kanthu za kukula kwa chifutukuko, funso la kukula kwa ulamuliro ndi ulamuliro wa dziko ndi mgwirizano wa dziko likupitirizabe kukhala magwero a kutsutsana kwa lamulo ndi ndale zadziko.

Chiphunzitso Chachinyengo cha Claus: Chiyambi cha Ulamuliro wa Federal

Zimene Zili M’buku ndi Kumasulira

Chikalata cha Malamulo cha Claus wotchuka, chopezeka mu Article VI, Claus 2 , chimagwira ntchito monga maziko a mawu a mphamvu ya boma pa malamulo otsutsana.

“ Lamulo la Malamulo limeneli, ndi Malamulo a United States amene adzapangidwa m’Pulo yake; ndi Mapangano onse opangidwa, kapena amene adzapangidwa, pansi pa Ulamuliro wa United States, adzakhala Chilamulo chapamwamba cha Dzikolo; ndipo Oweruza m’Boma lirilonse adzamangidwa mwakutero, Chinsinsi cha Malamulo kapena Malamulo a Boma lirilonse mosasamala kanthu za.”

Chinenero chimenechi chimakhazikitsa lamulo lomveka bwino: lamulo la boma — pamene ligwira ntchito pansi pa Konsichushoni — lamulo la boma lotsutsana. Chiganizocho chimagwirizanitsa woweruza aliyense wa boma kukhazikitsa lamulo la boma pa lamulo la boma, mosasamala kanthu za malamulo a bomalo kapena malamulo. Monga momwe chisonyezedwe ndi Woweruza Wamkulu John Marshall mu [FL:0] Mcloch v. Maryland [1], Supremacy Classia si magwero a ulamuliro weniweni weniweni weniweni koma lamulo limene limapanga lamulo lalikulu pamene litsutsana ndi malamulo a boma.

Maso a Opanga Mafulemu

Opanga mafomuwo anali ndi Supremacy Claus kuti atsimikizire kuti boma latsopano likhoza kugwira ntchito bwino popanda kusokonezedwa ndi malamulo a boma otsutsana. Pansi pa Zitsanzo za Confederation, maboma kaŵirikaŵiri ananyalanyaza zifuno ndi mapangano a boma, zimene zinayambitsa chipwirikiti m'nkhani zachilendo ndi za m'banja. Mwakupanga lamulo la boma lalikulu, Konsichura ya malamulo anagamulanso mosamalitsa: malamulo okha amene anapanga “m'Puristance" ya malamulo — tanthauzo la maulamuliro a boma operekedwa — amayenerera kukhala aakulu. Malamulo ameneŵa amaletsa Nyumba za Malamulo kukhazikitsa boma m'madera odalira ulamuliro kumbali ya boma la Deti.

Chiyeso: Mmene Kudzionetsera Kumachitira

Supremacke imapereka chiphunzitso cha kumasula, kumene kumalamulira pamene lamulo la boma lichotsa lamulo la boma. Chipulumutso chikhoza kuchitika m'mitundu ingapo, ndipo makhoti akusanthula mlandu uliwonse kuti atsimikizire cholinga cha Nyumba ya Malamulo.

Asonyezeni Chiyeso

Gwiritsirani ntchito kumasulidwa pamene lamulo la boma limanena momveka bwino kuti limachotsa lamulo la boma m'malo ena. Mwachitsanzo, Wolemba Ntchito Indomes Security Act (ERISA) amayesa mowonekera “malamulo alionse ndi onse a Boma monga momwe angachitire tsopano kapena pambuyo pake mogwirizana ndi phindu la antchito. [1] Chinenero choyera chimenechi chimasiya malo ochepa kaamba ka kukonza kapena kuwonjezera. Nthaŵi zambiri Nyumba za boma zimagwiritsira ntchito kutula miyezo ya dziko yogwirizana m’minda monga banki, ndege, ndi chitetezo cha nyukliya.

Kupusitsidwa: Kulimbana ndi Chiyeso

Ngakhale pamene Nyumba ya Malamulo silankhula mwachindunji, makhoti angapeze kuti lamulo la boma lachotsedwapo.

  • [[FLT: 0] Incungu yachindunji imabuka pamene kuli kosatheka mwakuthupi kugwirizana ndi malamulo onse a boma ndi a boma, kapena pamene lamulo la boma likhala loletsa kukwaniritsa kotheratu zolinga za boma. Geier v. American Honda Motor Co. [FLT:] [2000], Khoti Lapamwamba linakhulupirira kuti boma limafuna kuti likhale losemphana ndi miyezo yachisungiko imene inalola opanga zinthu kukhala osinthika.
  • Firection imagwira ntchito pamene Nyumba za Ufumu zilamulira mofalikira kwambiri m'dera limene sizimasiya malo owonjezera boma. Mwachitsanzo, boma la boma limatenga mbali yonse ya chisungiko cha nyukiliya kupyolera mwa Atomic Energy Act, kutanthauza maboma satha kukhazikitsa miyezo yawoyawo ya mphamvu ya mphamvu ya mphamvu ya magetsi.

Khoti Lapamwamba lachenjeza za kupulupudza kopepuka, makamaka m'mbali za mkhalidwe wamwambo zodera nkhaŵa monga thanzi ndi chisungiko. Mu Meditronic, Inc. v. Lohr (1996), Bwalo lamilandu linagogomezera kutsutsa kutayidwa m'magawo a m'mbiri okhala ndi maboma.

Chizindikiro cha Bwalo Lapamwamba lamilandu Chakupinga Federal- State Relations

[[ML:0] Mcloch v. Maryland [[FL:1] (1819)

Mlandu wa kanthaŵi kochepa umenewu unayesa ukulu wa ulamuliro wa boma ndi kugwiritsiridwa ntchito kwa Supremacy Claus . Pamene Maryland anayesa kukhoma msonkho Bank yosungidwa ndi boma ya United States, Woweruza Wamkulu Marshall anagamula kuti “mphamvu ya kukhoma msonkho imaloŵetsamo mphamvu yakuwononga. Iye adanena kuti maboma sangakhoze kukhoma zida za boma chifukwa chakuti msonkho woterowo ungaswe Supremacy Claus. [Kuchulukitsitsa, [[FL: 0]] MCULLOch [1] wakhazikitsa chiphunzitso cha [[FLT:] yovomerezedwa ndi mphamvu za boma chifukwa chakuti]: Nyumba za malamulo zingagwiritsire ntchito zonse zimene zili “zoyenerera ndi zofunikira. Kumasulira mphamvu zake. Kumasulira kumeneku kwagwiritsidwa ntchito koyenera kwa gulu lonse lankhondo, kuchokera kumanga zida zaunda.

Gibbons v. Ogden (1824)

Nkhani imeneyi inalongosola ukulu wa ulamuliro wa Congress pansi pa Communist Claus . New York inapereka ulamuliro pa zombo za nthunzi m’madzi ake, koma lamulo la boma linaloleza Gibbons kugwira ntchito panjira zimodzimodzizo. Khoti Lapamwamba limodzi linagonjetsa ulamuliro wa boma, kugamula kuti mphamvu yolamulira malonda a mayiko “ali athunthu mwa iokha" ndi kuti lamulo lililonse la boma lotsutsana ndi malamulo a boma liyenera kugaŵitsa. [FLT: 0] Gibbons

Kusindikizaz v. United States (1997)

Si malamulo onse a boma amene ali ndi ulamuliro. Wosindikizaz , Bwalo linagonjetsa makonzedwe a Brady Handgun Violence Prevention Act yomwe inafuna kuti apolisi audindo a boma apereke kumbuyo. Khoti linagamula kuti boma silingapereke “udindo wa boma kuti lilamulire maprogramu okhazikitsa lamulo. Lamulo loletsa lamulo limeneli, lozikidwa pa Tenth Demendimeter, limaletsa kufikira ulamuliro wa boma mwa kutetezera uchifumu wa boma pa maofesalawo.

Arizona v. United States (202)

M'nkhani yaikulu ya anthu osamukira kudziko, Bwalo Lapamwamba linafufuza S.B. 1070, limene linafuna kupanga lamulo losungitsa anthu osamukira m’dziko. Khotilo linagamula atatu mwa mapangano anayi, likumachenjeza kuti lamulo la kusamuka ndilo mbali imene lamulo la boma limayendera. Chigamulochi chinatsimikiziranso kuti maboma sangapange njira yogwirizanitsa anthu imene imatsutsana ndi mfundo za boma. Komabe, khotilo linachirikiza “kuonetsa mapepala anu” makonzedwe ake, ngakhale kuti linachenjeza kuti angatsutsidwe pambuyo pake ngati lamulo la shadio la boma. Nkhaniyi ikusonyeza mmene Supremacle Claus angachitire lamulo lolamulira ngakhale pamene maboma akunena kuti“ akuthandiza lamulo la boma.

Federation of Independent Business v. Sebelius (202)

Kaŵirikaŵiri chigamulochi chinatchedwa mlandu wa Affordal Care Act, chigamulochi chinakhudza ngati lamulo la boma likanakakamiza mayiko kufutukula Medicaid poopsezedwa kuti angataye ndalama. Khotilo linanena kuti kukakamiza koteroko kunaswa Lamulo la Khumi chifukwa linasiya maboma popanda kusankha. Pamene kuli kwakuti lamulo la munthu aliyense linachirikizidwa monga msonkho (osati mu ulamuliro wa Commercial Claus), kufutukuka kwa Medicaid kunalamulidwa popanda kudalirana ndi kulephera kwa boma. Médicaid. Mlawu ukusonyeza kuti ulamuliro wa boma wa boma uli ndi malire pamene boma liyesera kugwiritsira ntchito mphamvu zake kulamulira boma.

Mbali za Kupsinjika za M’tsogolo

Kusamuka ndi Mizinda Yosapatulika

Lamulo la kugawa lakhala lankhondo yaikulu. Pamene kuli kwakuti Arizona v. United States atsimikiziridwa kukhala ulamuliro wa boma, maboma ena ndi mizinda yatengera “malamulo oletsa kugwirizana ndi kusungidwa kwa boma. Boma la boma laopseza kukana kupereka mphatsozo, kutsogolera ku malire a ndalama zowonongedwa. Makhoti ang'onoang'ono atsala ogaŵana kaya boma lingagwiritse ntchito yosungitsa ku pulogalamu ya boma ku pulogalamu ya . Suprey Claus amadula njira zonse ziŵiri: lamulo la boma lingachotsepo chitseko, koma likhoza kutetezera mkhalidwe wa kulinganiza kwa chuma chawo.

Kulembetsa Mwalamulo

Ngakhale kuti boma lakhazikitsa bwino chida cha mbanje monga Sedynal , ndalamulira Sem / Substances Act , mayiko ambiri alola mankhwala ndi mafilimu. Boma la boma lakhazikitsa lamulo la osakakamiza mwa kutumiza zinthu monga Colle Mee Memor (tsopano kuchotsedwa) ndi Rohrace Respecter , limene limaletsa Department ya Chilungamo kugwiritsa ntchito ndalama zosokoneza ndi malamulo a boma a cha chamwazi. Komabe, malamulo a boma saletsa lamulo la boma kuletsa lamulo la boma; Supremacy Claus E akutanthauza kuti oweruza a boma angasungitsebe chiletso cha boma. Kulimbana kumeneku kwachititsa malo ovuta ndi osakhazikika a mabizinesi, banki, ndi owononga. Mabungwe aona malamulo monga ngati SAFE Act kukambirana malamulo a boma, koma sanaperekedwe njira yothandiza kuthetsa mikangano.

Kusintha kwa Zaumoyo

Kusamalira thanzi ndi malo a ulamuliro wa boma ndi boma. Mwachitsanzo, Affordal Care Act, inakhazikitsa miyezo ya boma ya inshuwalansi koma inaloledwa ndi maboma kuyendetsa kusinthana kwawo ndi kufutukula Medicaid . Pamene maboma anakana kufutukula Medicaid, boma linafunikira kudalira pa chithandizo chachindunji cha boma kudzera mwa kusinthana kwa boma. Nkhondo za kuchepetsa zigaŵenga, malamulo a inshuwalansi, ndi malamulo a telemedicine. Mwachitsanzo, kuvomereza kwa FDA kwa mankhwala osokoneza bongo kumafafaniza boma kuti apereke miyezo yodalirika kwambiri. Komabe, ulamuliro waukulu umasungabe ntchito ya mankhwala, kuyambitsa kupikisana kopitirizabe.

Miyezo ya Zachilengedwe

Lamulo la malo okhala ndi malo okhala ndi malo osungirako zinthu ndilonso. Bungwe la Cealo Air Act limalola maboma kukhazikitsa miyezo yokhwima yotulutsa mpweya kuposa malamulo a boma — California, mwachitsanzo, ali ndi choletsa chapadera choletsa kutulutsa mpweya wa galimoto. Komabe, boma la Trump linayesa kuchotsa kugwetsa kwa California, kutsogolera ku milandu. Khoti Lapamwamba lanenanso kuti boma la Leni - United States Leac Air Act litsendel malamulo ofala oletsa kutulutsa mpweya wotentha. Massussettss v. [FLT: 0] Massusssssssss (2001]), (2001), khoti limene linanena kuti boma laimirira kuletsa boma kuti liletsende magasitale osokoneza kutulutsa mpweya wa kutentha. Khotilo likupitirizabe kusintha njira zankhondo pamene likusintha za boma pamene likusintha k'Gwansiti.

Kulinganiza Mphamvu Kokhalako

Kulimbana kwa Féderalism ndi Boma la Boma

Olemba mbiri ambiri amalongosola Chipani cha Amereka kukhala chikusintha pakati pa zisonyezero ziŵiri. Chipani cha boma cha Authority , cholamulira ku New Deal, chinakhazikitsa boma ndi maboma osiyana okhala ndi mphamvu zosiyana. Khoti Lapamwamba linakhazikitsa malamulo aakulu pa ulamuliro wa dziko, kugwetsa malamulo onga lamulo loyamba la boma la kugwiritsa ntchito ana. Kuyambira m'ma 1930, Khoti linatembenukira ku chigwirizano cha boma , pamene boma limakhazikitsa lamulo lamphamvu ndi kukhazikitsa malamulo audindo a boma ndi kukhazikitsa malamulo auchigamulo. Programme monga Médid, Ukhondo wa Zamadzi, ndi Child Lend Lend Lend Lendhptlpluctive. Khotiko limachititsa kaŵirikaŵiri kutsutsa ulamuliro ndi kutsutsa malamulo audindo audindo audindo aunyinyinyiko.

Zochita ndi Mavuto Amakono

Zigamulo zaposachedwapa za chigamulo cha Bwalo Lapamwamba zabwezeretsanso malire a United States ku mphamvu ya boma, makamaka kupyolera mwa chiphunzitso chotsutsa lamulo (monga mu ] Shicilelaz [1] ndi mafotokozedwe ochepera a Commerce Claus (monga mu ] United States v. Lopez [FLT]] [[FLT]]] ndi [FLT] United States v. Morrison [FL:5]])). Panthaŵi imodzimodziyo, boma la United States likupitiriza kugwiritsa ntchito ulamuliro waukulu kupyolera pa mphamvu zake zowononga, kulipira msonkho, ndi maulamuliro achilendo. Maboma avomereza ndi kuwonjezereka kwa malamulo a maiko odziŵika m'dziko, kutsogolera ku “chigwirizano chapakati cha gulu la anthu.

Kumaliza: Kufunika Kosatha kwa Claus Wotchuka

Kuzindikira unansi pakati pa boma ndi maulamuliro a boma kumafuna chisamaliro chachisamaliro ku Supremacy Claus ndi kumasulira kwake kwa chiweruzo. Mawuwo amatsimikizira kuti lamulo la boma likugwira ntchito m'mbali zoyenerera za boma, komabe silimachotsa uchifumu wa boma. Mbali ya Khoti Lapamwamba m'kulimbana kwa maboma yakhala ndi lamulo lochuluka logwirizanitsa umodzi wa dziko ndi mitundu ya kumaloko. Pamene United States akuyang'anizana ndi mavuto atsopano — kuyambira pa kusagwirizana kwa chivomerezo — kugwirizana kwa boma ndi mphamvu za boma kupitiriza kuwongolera ulamuliro wa dziko. Supremacle Claus akhalabe lamulo lolinganizitsa panganolo limene likusintha pa kulinganako.

Kuti muŵerenge zambiri, fufuzani [[FLT: 0] Constitution Annoted ya kufufuza Supremacy Claus . Malingaliro a Bwalo Lalikulu monga . Mcloch v. Maryland . [FLT] [FLT:] ndi ['ALT:]. United States[FLT:] [[FLT:] imapereka mawu ofunika kwambiri. Kutsika m'ziphunziro, onani [FL:] Chiphunzitso]