Mu United States, kulinganiza kwa ulamuliro pakati pa ulamuliro wa boma ndi boma kuli mbali yaikulu ya ulamuliro. Kumvetsetsa kulinganiza kumeneku kuli kofunika kwa ophunzira ndi aphunzitsi mofananamo, pamene kumaumba malamulo ndi malamulo amene amakhudza moyo watsiku ndi tsiku. Dongosolo la uyang’aniro limagaŵa mphamvu pakati pa boma la dziko ndi boma, ndi maboma akutenga ulamuliro ku maulamuliro awo. Nkhaniyi ikusanthula mafotokozedwe, maziko a malamulo, maunansi, ndi mbali zazikulu za kutsutsana pakati pa maulamuliro ameneŵa, ikumapereka lingaliro lokwanira pa amene amapanga malamulo ku America.

Kodi Ulamuliro wa Federal nchiyani?

Boma la boma la United States likunena za maulamuliro ndi mathayo amene boma la dzikolo limapereka. Opanga malamulo a Lamulolo anakhazikitsa boma lokhala ndi mphamvu zoŵerengeka zoŵerengedwa, kutanthauza kuti boma la boma lingangochitapo kanthu m’madera ondandalitsidwa mwachindunji m'chikalatacho. Izi zimaphatikizapo kukhoza kupanga malamulo amene amagwira ntchito m’maiko onse ndi m’magawo, limodzinso ndi kuyendetsa nkhani za dziko ndi maiko onse.

Maziko a Malamulo

Maziko a ulamuliro wa boma ali m'Chigawo I, Chigawo 8, chimene chimapatsa Nyumba ya Malamulo mphamvu ya “kusunga ndi kusonkhanitsa Misonkho, maOST, Malamulo ndi Excisses,”“ kugwirizanitsa malonda ndi Mitundu ina, ndi pakati pa maiko angapo, ndi ndi Aindiya,” “Makomboni a Ndalama,”“ Programme Post Offices,” “Akalonga Nkhondo,” ndi“ Kupanga Malamulo onse amene adzakhala ofunika ndi oyenera kunyamula ku Maulamuliro apamwambawo. [1] Makampani ndi Abwino a Celaous afotokozedwa mokulira kuti afutukule kumadera monga a zaumoyo, chitetezo, ndi ufulu wa anthu.

Supremacke mu Mfundo VI imakhazikitsanso mphamvu ya boma, ikumanena kuti Malamulo a Malamulo ndi malamulo a boma opangidwa pansi pake “adzakhala Chilamulo chapamwamba cha Dziko.” Ichi chikutanthauza kuti pamene malamulo a boma ndi a boma asemphana, lamulo la boma limatenga malo oyamba . Mwachitsanzo, ulamuliro wa boma pa malonda a dzikolo umaloleza zinthu zonse kuyambira pa chisungiko cha ndege mpaka pa intaneti zachinsinsi.

Maudindo Aakulu a Boma la Federal

  • Kulamulira malonda a dziko [1] – The Commerce Classias imapereka mphamvu zolamulira malonda pakati pa mayiko, amene agwiritsidwa ntchito kulungamitsa malamulo a ntchito, malamulo a malo okhala, ndi kutsutsa kusokonezeka kwa dziko.
  • Kumasulira nkhani zachilendo [1] - Boma la boma lokha ndilo lingaloŵe m'mapangano, kuzindikira maboma akunja, ndi kuyendetsa maunansi a mayiko.
  • Kulengeza malamulo a kusamuka – Boma la boma limakhazikitsa ndi kukhazikitsa malamulo kaamba ka kuloŵa, kukhala, ndi kukhala nzika, ngakhale kuti maboma angasonkhezere lamulo kupyolera mwa kugwirizana kapena kukaniza.
  • Kukwaniritsa chitetezo cha dziko [1] – asilikali, kuphatikizapo Gulu la Nkhondo, Navy, Air Force, Marine Corps, ndi Space Force, ali pansi pa ulamuliro wa boma. Magulu a National Guard angagwirizanitsidwe ntchito m’nthaŵi zangozi.
  • Kusindikiza ndalama ndi kulengeza nkhondo [1] – Maulamulirowa ali okha ku boma la boma lotsimikizira kuti pali mgwirizano ndi chisungiko cha dziko.

Boma la boma limachitanso mbali yaikulu m’chikhalidwe cha anthu kupyolera m’maprogramu onga Social Security, Medicare, ndi Medicaid, ochirikizidwa ndi misonkho ya boma ndi kuperekedwa ndi chigwirizano cha boma.

Kodi Ulamuliro wa Malowo Nchiyani?

Ulamuliro wa boma umaphatikizapo maulamuliro a boma ndi a m'dziko. Pansi pa Kusintha kwa 10 kwa Malamulo, maboma akusunga “mphamvu zimene sizikuperekedwa ku United States ndi Malamulo, kapena kuletsedwa ndi iwo ku United States. Mphamvu ya apolisi imeneyi imapereka ulamuliro waukulu wa boma kukhazikitsa malamulo pankhani za thanzi, chisungiko, ubwino, ndi makhalidwe. Maboma kenaka amatumiza mphamvu zina ku mabwinja, mizinda, ndi madera apadera, zimene kaŵirikaŵiri zimatchedwa “maboma akwathu.

Maboma: Ulamuliro Waukulu wa Maboma

Boma lililonse lili ndi malamulo akeake, akuluakulu a boma, malamulo, ndi a zaudindo. Malamulo a boma angapereke malamulo okhudza maphunziro, zoyendera, chilungamo, katundu, malamulo a banja, ndi madera ena ambiri amene boma silinapereke. Maboma alinso ndi mphamvu ya kukhoma msonkho, kubwereka ndalama, ndi kuyendetsa malonda a boma. Mfundo ya ulamuliro wa boma imatanthauza kuti ngati malamulo a boma apereka mphamvu ku boma kapena kuliletsa, boma lingachitepo kanthu.

Maboma Akomweko: Mizinda, Magawo, ndi Magawo

Maboma a kumaloko ali zolengedwa za maboma awo pansi pa chimene chimatchedwa Ulamuliro wa : iwo okha ali ndi mphamvu zenizeni zoperekedwa ndi boma. Komabe, maboma ambiri atenga ulamuliro wa kumaloko [, umene umapatsa mizinda ndi maufumu ufulu wolamulira zinthu za kumaloko. Ntchito za boma wamba zimaphatikizapo:

  • Kuphunzitsa sukulu zakumaloko ] -'kuphunzitsa za boma ndi udindo wakwanuko, wolipiridwa kwambiri ndi misonkho ya katundu. Mabodi a sukulu a m'dzikolo amakhazikitsa maphunziro ndi malamulo a m'zitsogozo za boma.
  • [[MT.0] Kulamulira malamulo a m'mizinda a malo – Maboma olamulira ntchito ya malo, malamulo omangira, ndi chitukuko kuti apange madera.
  • Kufufuza kusungitsa lamulo kwa kumaloko – Madipatimenti a Apolisi, madipatimenti a moto, ndi mautumiki a zangozi kaŵirikaŵiri amakhala pansi pa ulamuliro wa kumaloko, ngakhale kuti ayenera kutsatira malamulo a boma ndi a boma.
  • Mautumiki a chitaganya – Mapaki, malaibulale, ukhondo, madzi, ndi kutumiza anthu onse ndizo ntchito zakomweko.

Boma la mzindawo likhoza kulola kuti anthu amve kapena asinthe zinthu. Bungwe la mzinda likhoza kutchula mwamsanga mnansi waphokoso kapena chitsime, pamene boma likhoza kuyendetsa zinthu mochedwa ndiponso motakata. Komabe ulamuliro wa dzikolo uli wochepa chifukwa cha kutha kwa boma; maboma angaletse kapena kuletsa malamulo a m’deralo, monga ngati kuletsa kulipira lendi kapena kuchepetsa malipiro owonjezereka pa mlingo wa mzinda.

Unansi Pakati pa Ulamuliro Wadziko ndi Waukulu

Unansi pakati pa ulamuliro wakumaloko ndi wa boma umafotokozedwa ndi lamulo lalamulo la chigwirizano . ndi dongosolo limene mphamvu imagawidwa pakati pa boma lalikulu ndi magulu achigawo. Federalism imalola milingo yonse iŵiri ya boma kukhala pamodzi ndi kugwira ntchito modziimira m’mbali zawo za ulamuliro, komanso imagwirizana ndi kugwirizana m’njira zovuta.

Mfundo Zachikhalidwe za Mafuko

  • Malamulo a boma amaloŵa mmalo mwa lamulo la kumaloko pamene mikangano ibuka , , ngati lamulo la boma kapena lakwawolo litsutsana mwachindunji ndi lamulo la boma lovomerezeka, lamulo la boma likhalapo. Mwachitsanzo, malamulo a boma amene amayesa kulamulira ndege kapena mphamvu za nyukliya amagwetsedwa chifukwa chakuti zimenezi zimachotsedwa ndi lamulo la boma.
  • Maboma a kumaloko angapange malamulo oletsa kwambiri kuposa malamulo a boma ] – United States ndi mizinda angakhazikitse miyezo yapamwamba kuposa ya boma. Maboma ambiri ali ndi malipiro ocheperapo, malamulo a malo okhala okhwima kwambiri, kapena zitetezero za ufulu wa anthu zochuluka kuposa zimene boma likufuna. Komabe, iwo sangapange malamulo amene amatsutsana ndi malamulo a boma.
  • Milingo yonse iŵiri ya boma ingagwirizane pa nkhani zosiyanasiyana - Couperative councialism imaphatikizapo maudindo amodzi. Mwachitsanzo, ndalama zoperekedwa ndi boma kaamba ka misewu yaikulu zimafuna kuti zitsatire miyezo ina ya chitetezo; pulogalamu ya Medicaid imachirikizidwa mogwirizana ndi maboma a boma ndi boma. Kugwirizana kumeneku kungatsogolere ku kulamulira koyenera komanso kukangana ngati zinthu zofunika zikusiyana.

Mgwirizano wa Mabanja

M'mbiri, United States inagwiritsidwa ntchito pansi pa chigwirizano cha boma. Maboma a boma ndi boma anali ndi magawo osiyana a chisonkhezero pang'ono. Kwa zaka zambiri za zana la 19, boma linasumika maganizo pa mataipper, maofesi, ndi nkhani zachilendo, pamene mayiko anasamalira nkhani zambiri zapanyumba. Chigawo cha New Deal mu 1930 chinali ndi kusintha kwa kwa boma [[FFLT:3], ndi boma logwira ntchito pamodzi pa zachuma ndi zachigwirizano. Lerolino, unansiwo umafotokozedwa kaŵirikaŵiri kukhala “chigwirizano cha boma, ndi mphamvu zamphamvu za m'dziko. Nthaŵi zina za ulamuliro wa bungwe la Supremeng's, monga [FFFFF:N] [5] [5] [5] m'GUFE.

Mbali Zofunika za Mikangano

Ngakhale kuti akuluakulu a boma ndi a boma nthaŵi zambiri amayambitsa mikangano, mikangano imeneyi imakhala yaikulu kwambiri pankhani zimene malamulo a m’dzikolo sasintha kapena kumene makhalidwe a anthu amasiyana pakati pa maboma.

  • Malamulo olamulira [
  • [[ML:0] Kuloledwa mwalamulo [
  • Lamulo la kutembenuza [
  • [[ML:0] Zitsogozo za Kayendedwe ka zinthu [
  • [[ML:0] Kusungitsa kugwirizanitsa
  • [[ML:0] Thanzi la ku PNG limalamula kuti azikhala ndi thanzi labwino

Kulamulira Mfuti

Second Amendment imatsimikizira kuyenera kwa kusunga ndi kunyamula zida, koma ukulu wa kugulitsa mfuti kwa boma ndi ulamuliro wa kumaloko umakhalabe wotsutsana. Lamulo la Gawo la National Firerms ndi Gun Control Act, limakhazikitsa malamulo a steline , ziletso pa mfuti zina, ndi ziletso pa kugulitsa mfuti. Maboma ndi mizinda angaumirize zofunika kwambiri: California amafuna kupenda zinthu zogulidwa ndi zida zonse; New York City iri ndi malamulo okhwima kwambiri. Komabe, maiko ena akhazikitsa “malamulo oletsa mizinda kudutsa zigamu zawo. Mu 2022, chigamulo cha Supreme Counion mu [FOL: 0] Chigamu cha Boma la New York & Pisten Association. [Brugton:]

Kulembetsa Mwalamulo

Imodzi ya nkhondo zotchuka kwambiri zimene zilipo tsopano: lamulo la boma limaika m'gulu la mbanje monga Sedynage I pa Serval I pansi pa Seminale Yolamulira ya Substances Act, kupangitsa kusakhala kwa lamulo kupanga, kugawa, kapena kukhala ndi. Komabe kuyambira 2025, 24 maboma ndi Chigawo cha Columbia aloledwa ndi lamulo la kusanguluka kachilombo, ndipo ambiri ali ndi maprogramu a zamankhwala. Zimenezi zimapanga malo aukhondo alamulo: Opatula a boma akugwira ntchito pansi pa lamulo la boma koma ali paupandu wa boma. Department ya Javity yagwiritsira ntchito nthaŵi zambiri kuletsa ntchito boma kuukira boma ndi kuyendetsa ntchito ntchito ntchito za boma, makamaka pambuyo pa 2013 Collee (kuyambira kumbuyo). Mabungwe a bungwe la boma la boma la boma la boma loletsa kuletsa chamba. Mtestral in productive in productives of productive.

Lamulo la Maphunziro

Maphunziro akhala boma ndi ntchito ya kumaloko. Dipatimenti ya Maphunziro ya United States imapereka ndalama ndi uyang'aniro wa boma (m' lekuatiso la Wophunzira Aliyense Wewewekha Wopambana Act) koma siilamulira pulogalamu. Maboma amakhazikitsa madeti, makomiti a sukulu akumasamalira ntchito za tsiku ndi tsiku, ndipo misonkho ya zinthu imasunga ndalama zambiri zasukulu. Mabungwe a boma amalimbana pamene mikhalidwe ya boma igwirizana ndi ndalama kuti ipereke ndalama .g., kufunikira maulamuliro kutengera miyezo ya Commone Core kapena kuyesa ophunzira pachaka. Mayiko ena amaona zimenezi monga kuti ndi chiweruzo cha 10 Develoleshoni. Mu 2015, Msonkhano unapereka ESSA kubwerera kumbuyo kwa maulamuliro aakulu, kubwereranso ulamuliro. Komabe, kupitiriza kukhazikitsa ufulu wa boma m'masukulu, monga momwe Thetwergen I imachitira malamulo oyenderana oyendetsa.

Malamulo a Zachilengedwe

Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) imakhazikitsa miyezo ya dziko kaamba ka mkhalidwe wa mpweya ndi madzi pansi pa malamulo onga Cleena Air Act ndi Clean Water Act . Maboma kaŵirikaŵiri amapatsidwa ulamuliro wa kugwiritsa ntchito ndi kusungitsa miyezo imeneyi, koma angatengere malamulo okhwima. California, monga, ali ndi miyezo yakeyake yotulutsa galimoto. Motsutsana, monga Indiana kapena Virginia nthaŵi zina amatsutsa lamulo la boma limene limawaona kukhala lolemetsa. Kupereka mlandu pa ulamuliro wa EPA. Khoti Lapamwamba limayesa kukhazikitsa malamulo a Obama-reera Clean Powerce [FF] mu [FUF: FUP] E. Virginia: FTPFF: [2]

Kufufuza Nkhani za Malamulo a Malo Okha

Kupenda nkhani zenizeni kumatithandiza kudziŵa mmene ulamuliro wa kumaloko ndi wa boma umagwirira ntchito, kuvumbula kusemphana maganizo, kulolerana, ndi nkhondo za zamalamulo zimene zimalongosola ulamuliro wa Amereka.

Phunziro Loyamba: Kusintha Chikhalidwe ndi Mizinda Yosapatulika

Maboma ena ayamba kugwiritsa ntchito malamulo amene amaletsa kugwirizana ndi kusungitsa anthu kusamuka kwa boma, kuyambitsa mizinda yotchedwa “osachedwa. . Izi zimachokera ku chikhumbo cha kumaloko kukulitsa chidaliro pakati pa anthu osamukira ku dziko lina ndi apolisi, ndi kupeŵa kugwiritsira ntchito chuma cha dzikolo kuchotsa zinthu zofunika za boma. Mizinda monga San Francisco, New York, ndi Chicago imakana kutsekera anthu m'ndende pamaziko a boma la U.S. Immigration ndi Custommentment (ICE). lamulo la boma la U.C. 763 la malamulo ndi madera oletsa kulankhulana ndi akuluakulu a boma, kutsogolera nkhondo zalamulo. Trump akuwopseza kupatsa malo opatulika, koma mabwalo ena a boma. Mu 2020, Khoti Lapamwamba la Suptmoti: [F.]

Kupenda Kayeseti 2: Malamulo a Zaumoyo Wapoyera – Chovid-19 Pandemic

M’mliri wa CoVID-19, akuluakulu a boma a m’dzikolo anakhazikitsa njira zimene zinali zosiyana ndi zitsogozo za boma. Boma la boma, kudzera mwa CDC ndi Pulezidenti, linapereka zikalata zosamangitsa pa kulumbira malumbiro, kutseguwa, ndi kutsekereza. Koma maboma anali ndi ulamuliro waukulu wa anthu onse pa maulamuliro awo a apolisi. Gavanam wa California anatulutsa lamulo lokhala panyumba; Kazembe Ron Desans of Florida anasunga bomalo. Mabungwe a zaumoyo a m’dzikolo nthaŵi zina amakhazikitsa malamulo okhwima kwambiri kuposa boma lawo. Kusokonezeka maganizo kumeneku ndi mikangano ya ndale ya za ulamuliro wake kuyenera kupambana. Suprey Calicalaine sanapereke lamulo chifukwa boma silina lamulo (kukhazikitsa boma lachidule la CD CDEcbaium, limene linagalamu la Supternapose.

Kupenda za Mlandu 3: Kutulutsa Ufulu Waufulu wa Anthu - Malamulo a Boma

Malamulo opereka malamulo ndi otchuka a boma. Malamulowo amapatsa mphamvu yokhazikitsa “Nthaŵi, Malo ndi Malonda a Kusankha” (Ativicle I, Chigawo 4), pansi pa kukhoza kwa Congress kusintha malamulo amenewo. Malamulo a kuvota ali ntchito, monga ngati Councial Rights Act ya 1965, kuletsa kusankhana mafuko ndi kulinganiza kwa malamulo ena. Mu 2013, Khoti Lapamwamba la [FLT: 0] Shelby County v. Haller [FLT: 1]] chigamulo cha pansi pa malamulo a m'potudirea, kufooka kwa boma. Chikhoterero cha Boma chinavomereza kulakwa kulephera kuletsa kulowa m’malamulo. Chivomerezo china cha Boma. Chivoticho chika kuwonjezera malamulo owonjezereka (kuvomerezedwa ndi kugoma) malamulo a m'madera ena. Koma kulephera kukhazikitsa lamulo la boma lachiŵiri la boma la chivomerezo.

Kumaliza

Kumvetsetsa mphamvu za ulamuliro wa kumaloko ndi boma nkofunika pozindikira mmene malamulo amapangidwira ndi kutsatiridwa mu United States. Lamulolo limamasulira, koma lamulolo limatsimikizira nthaŵi zonse, kupikisana, ndi kubwerekedwanso ndi makhoti, makhoti, makhonsati, ndi ntchito zauyang’aniro. Lamulo la boma limalola kuti kusiyana kwa ulamuliro . Malamulo ndi malo a boma kukhale ndi malamulo amene angayesetse kukhazikitsa miyezo ya kumaloko, pamene boma limatsimikizira malo a ufulu ndi miyezo a dzikolo. Manthawa amabuka pamene zolinga zimenezi zikhoza kuswa, monga momwe zimawonedwa m'masuntra, chamba, maphunziro, ndi malo okhala ndi anthu. Ophunzira ndi nzika za kuvomereza zimenezi kulimba kwa ufulu wa anthu. Monga momwe woweruza mbiri mbiri yakale Louis Brademocraces amadziŵira kufunika kwa ufulu wa democracy, malingaliro oyeza malingaliro a kutsimikizira kuti pambuyo pake avomerezedwa ndi kutetezera ulamuliro kwa boma kwa dziko lonse. Komabe, lamulo ndi kuyang'kusintha ndi kuyang'nkhani ya lamulo latsopano, monga lamulo ndi kugalamu, monga momwe, kuliriridwa kwa ophunzira

Kuti muŵerenge zambiri, fufuzani U.S. pa National Archives [[FLT :1], [[FLT ] Cornell Legal Information Institute ya chigwirizano cha boma [, ndi kusanthula kwaposachedwapa kwa [[FLT ] kutsutsana kwalamulo pa PW.