Ulamuliro Waumodzi wa Chifuno cha America

United States imayang'anira dongosolo la malamulo lalamulo logwirizana ndi mtundu wa ulamuliro wamitundu iŵiri wodziŵika monga boma. Kapangidwe kameneka, kogwirizanitsidwa m'Bungwe la Malamulo, kamapanga unansi wovuta ndi wamphamvu pakati pa boma la dziko ndi maboma makumi asanu. Kwa ophunzira ndi aphunzitsi ofuna kudziŵa mmene ufulu wa munthu aliyense payekha umatetezeredwa, kuzindikira kugwirizana pakati pa boma ndi lamulo la boma sikuli njira yophunzitsa yophunzitsira. Ili si chinthu chofunika kwambiri kuti anthu athe kutengamo mbali ndi kulemba malamulo alamulo. Féderalis imalinganizidwa kukhazikitsa umodzi ndi kusiyana kwa mitundu, kulola zitetezero za dziko pamene ikulemekeza ulamuliro ndi kusintha kwa dziko. Nkhani ino ikupenda malamulo alamulo, malamulo otchuka, mafotokozedwe a zachiweruzo, ndi kusamvana kopitirizabe kumene kumalongosola kutetezedwa kwa ufulu wa boma m'dziko la America.

Mbadwo wokhazikitsidwa unatsutsana mowopsa ponena za kulinganizika koyenera kwa ulamuliro. Anti-Federalist inaopa boma lakutali, lamphamvu, pamene Federalists inachirikiza mgwirizano wamphamvu wokhoza kutetezera ufulu ndi malonda. Zotsatirapo zake ndi kulolerana kwa zinthu . Maboma a dziko ndi maboma omwe ali ndi ulamuliro wolunjika pa nzika za America. Kumvetsetsa dongosololi nkofunika kwa aliyense amene akufuna kuyendetsa malo alamulo, kuchirikiza kusintha, kapena kungogwiritsira ntchito bwino ufulu wawo.

Kupangidwa kwa Ufulu wa Ufulu wa Malamulo

Buku la Boma la Ufulu Wachibadwidwe ndi Lamulo la 14

Maziko a kutetezeredwa kwa ufulu ku U.S. apangidwa motchuka mu Malamulo. Chikalata choyambirira, pamodzi ndi Bill of Rights (Kukonzanso kwa Malamulo khumi, kovomerezedwa mu 1791), chikhazikitsa ufulu umene boma lingaswe. Zitetezero zimenezi zimaphatikizapo ufulu wa kulankhula, chipembedzo, kusindikiza, msonkhano, ndi kuchonderera (Kuwonjezera); kuyenera kwa kunyamula zida (Kusintha kwa malamulo); kuteteza ku ku kufunafuna ndi kudwala kopanda nzeru (FOOOOOOON); ndi zoyenera kuletsa kudzipha ndi kulakwa kulakwa (Fet Amendmentment).

Komabe, Demetrition ya 10 imamveketsa bwino kuti maulamuliro amene sanapatsidwe ku United States ndi Malamulo ndi dziko la United States. Malo ameneŵa amapereka ulamuliro waukulu wopanga chitetezo chawo chalamulo, kaŵirikaŵiri kupitirira pa chipinda cha boma chokhazikitsidwa ndi Congress kapena Bwalo Lapamwamba. Unansi pakati pa boma ndi boma unasinthidwa kwambiri ndi malamulo a Reformation ya 14 mu 1868. Kuteteza kwake kolingana ndi Service Classies kunapanga chida champhamvu chogwiritsira ntchito miyezo ya boma ku ntchito zochita za boma. Incororation Dometic Doctrine, inapangidwa pang'onopang'onopang'ono kudzera m'ma 20 -centurry Court, inagwiritsira ntchito makonzedwe ambiri a Bill of Rights ku maulamulirowo kudzera m'dziko la 14 Demegement, kutsimikizira kuti maboma agwirizanitsidwa ndi ufulu wapamwamba umenewu. Zimenezi sizinachitike mwa kuweruza kongopeka, ndi boma losankha lamulo limodzi ndi boma logwirizana.

Kutha kwa Magazi ndi Kutha kwa Malo

Supremacy Claus (Article VI, Claus 2) akulengeza kuti malamulo a boma ndi malamulo a boma apanga lamulolo ali "Lamulo la Dziko. Lamulo limeneli ndilo maziko a umodzi wa dziko, kutsimikizira kuti malamulo a boma sangachotse malamulo ovomerezeka a boma. Pamene boma ndi malamulo a boma akutsutsana, lamulo la boma lidzapambana pa chiphunzitso cha kupululidwa. Kutsegulidwa kukhoza kufotokozedwa, kumene Nyumba ya Malamulo imalongosola bwino cholinga chake cha kukhala ndi munda, kapena kutanthauza, kumene kalingaliridwe ka malamulo a boma sikumasiya malo a boma kuti awonjezeredwe, kapena kuti lamulo la boma lisiyane mwachindunji ndi chofunika cha boma. Kuzindikira ndiko mfungulo wa malamulo a boma m’malo akuloŵa m’malo akuloŵa m’dziko.

Malamulo a Boma Osonyeza Ufulu wa Anthu

Malamulo a boma amenewa amagwira ntchito mofanana m’dziko lonselo, ndipo amakhazikitsa mfundo zimene mayiko onse ayenera kutsatira.

Ufulu wa Anthu Onse ndi Kusagwirizana

Chikalata cha Chifuniro cha Chivomezi cha 1964 chili ngati chipambano chachikulu m'malamulo a boma. Chiletso cha ufulu wachibadwidwe chozikidwa pa fuko, mtundu, chipembedzo, kugonana, kapena mtundu wa ntchito (Tit Vit II), malo ogona a anthu onse (Title II), ndi maprogramu oyendetsedwa ndi boma (Tit VI). Zimenezi zikuchita kukhazikitsanso anthu a ku America mwa kuletsa tsankho ndi kuchitiridwa zinthu zosayenera. Chikalata cha ufulu wa ufulu wa kuteteza anthu a mu 1991 mwa kulola kuchepetsa ndi kubwezera ziwonongeko m'machenjera. Federal a a antinti - dicration active kupyola pa Fair Holication Act ya 1968, chimene chimaletsa tsankho kugulitsa, kubwereka nyumba, ndi kulipira nyumba za anthu.

Kuvomereza Ufulu ndi Kupeza

Voting Rights Act ya 1965 inachotsa zopinga zazitali za kuvota, zonga ngati kuyesa kulemba ndi kulemba, misonkho, ndi kuopseza. Makonzedwe ake amphamvu kwambiri anali Chigawo 5, chomwe chinafuna maulamuliro okhala ndi mbiri ya tsankho ku "preclear" masinthidwe alionse a kusanthula malamulo ndi boma. Pamene kuli kwakuti chigamulo cha Bwalo Lapamwamba mu Shelby County v . Haker (2013) inachotsa project preplacenti ya kusankhidwa, chitetezo chachikulu pa kusankha mafuko ogwirizana ndi kugamula kovomerezeka pansi pa Chigawo 2 cha Act.

Kulephera Kuyenera kwa Kuphunzira ndi Mwaŵi Wophunzira

Asocial Perfect Education Act (IDEA) ndi Gawo 504 la Chikalata cha Rehabilitation Act ya 1973 amatsimikizira kuti ophunzira opunduka amalandira maphunziro aulere ndi oyenera m'malo osakhwimitsa zinthu. Anthu a ku America amene ali ndi vuto la kupunduka mu 1990 anawonjezera njira zotetezera anthu olumala pantchito, malo ogona, zoyendera, ndi za foni, zofunikira malo oyenera kuti apeze mpata wofanana. ADA Amereka a chaka cha 2008, odziŵika monga ADAAA, anawonjezera mafotokozedwe a kupunduka kuti atsimikizire kuti chitetezo chofuna cha ADA chigwiritsiridwe ntchito.

Malamulo a Boma Monga Mabungwe a Kukonzanso

Woweruza Louis Brandeis analongosola motchuka kuti "mabungwe a demokrase". Pankhani ya chitetezo cha ufulu, zimenezi zatsimikizira kulondola mobwerezabwereza. Pamene kuli kwakuti lamulo la boma limayala chipinda, malamulo a boma kaŵirikaŵiri amamanga denga lapamwamba, kuyesa malamulo amene angayambukire miyezo ya dziko.

Kukulitsa Zitetezo Zoletsa Kupalana Maganizo

Malamulo oletsa kudana ndi anthu amateteza tsankho lochokera ku mtundu, mtundu, chipembedzo, kugonana, ndi dziko. Maboma ambiri akulitsa malamulo awo oletsa kusagwirizana ndi anthu kuti aphatikizepo kuteteza zinthu za kugonana ndi za amuna. Mayiko monga New York, California, ndi Illinois akhazikitsa malamulo otsimikizira kuti LGBTQ amatetezedwa pantchito, nyumba, ndi malo ogona a anthu onse. Mofananamo, maboma ena akhazikitsa malamulo oteteza ku tsankho lozikidwa pa magwero a ndalama, kuthandiza opangika nyumba zokhala ndi anthu ochepa amene amagwiritsira ntchito nyumba zosungiramo.

Kuchita Upainiya Pandekha ndi Kutetezeka kwa Chidziŵitso

Popanda lamulo lachinsinsi la boma lokwanira, maboma atsogolera kuyang'anira zachinsinsi. California Consumer Ancy Act (CPA), yochitidwa mu 2018, imapereka mphamvu kwa ogula kuyang'anira zinthu zawo, kuphatikizapo kuyenera kwa kudziŵa kuti ndi zinthu ziti zimene zikusonkhanitsidwa, kuyenera kwa kuzichotsa, ndi ufulu wakusankha kusagulitsa kwake. Kusintha kumeneku kwa boma kwakakamiza makampani a dziko ndi a mitundu yonse kulingaliranso za maluso awo ndipo kwatumikira monga mtsogoleri wa maiko ena ndiponso ngakhale malamulo a boma. Maboma onga Virginia ndi Colorado atsatira mapangano awo abwino.

Chilungamo Chaupandu ndi Kupereka Chilango cha Kusintha

Maboma ali ndi ulamuliro waukulu pa lamulo laupandu. Zimenezi zalola kusiyana kwakukulu m'malamulo oweruza, machitidwe apolisi, ndi chilungamo. Mayiko ambiri ayamba kulembetsa kapena kuchotsa chamba, lamulo limene limatsutsana mwachindunji ndi Substances Act ya boma koma limasonyeza malingaliro a boma osinthasintha pa chiweruzo ndi ufulu wa munthu. Maboma akhalanso patsogolo pa kusintha zinthu, kuchepetsa kudalira pa ndalama, ndi kugwiritsa ntchito njira zina zomangira kumanga milandu yopanda chiwawa ya boma. Malamulo ameneŵa amasonyeza mmene malamulo a boma amasonyezera zoyenera ndi chilungamo m’njira zimene zimasonyeza kuti anthu a m’dzikolo ali ndi ufulu waufulu.

Kuletsa Zotsatira za Boma ndi Lamulo la Maboma

Unansi pakati pa lamulo la boma ndi la boma ndiwo umene kucholoŵana kwa ulamuliro wa Amereka kumabukadi. Supremacy Claus amatsimikizira lamulo la boma kukhala lalikulu, koma kunja kwa madera opatulidwa, maboma amapanga ulamuliro waukulu wogwirizana.

Ulamuliro Wamakono ndi Magulu Ogwirizana

M'madera ambiri, malamulo a boma ndi a boma amagwira ntchito mbali imodzi. Malamulo a malo okhala kaŵirikaŵiri amapanga kugwirizana pakati pa Environmental Protection Agency ndi mabungwe a boma. Maboma angakhazikitse miyezo yokhwima yoipitsa kuposa boma la boma, monga California wachita ndi miyezo ya zotulutsa galimoto pansi pa Diec Air Act. Mofananamo, miyezo ya ntchito monga malipiro ochepa imakhazikitsidwa ndi lamulo la boma, koma maboma ambiri amalamulira malipiro ocheperapo, kugwiritsa ntchito ulamuliro wawo wotetezera antchito kwambiri. Cofederationism imaphatikizapo kuthandizira ndi kuyang'anira pamodzi, monga momwe zimachitira ku Medid, kumene maboma amaperekera programu pansi pa zitsogozo za boma.

Kugwiritsa Ntchito Mayesero

Chiwombolero chimatanthauza kulephera kwakukulu kwa ulamuliro wa boma. Kuwomboledwa kumachitika pamene Nyumba ya Malamulo iphatikiza chinenero m'lamulo lolongosola bwino cholinga chake cha kupulula. Kuwonjoka kwachitika pamene kugonjera ku malamulo onse aŵiri a boma ndi a boma kukulephera. Kuwomboledwa kwachitika pamene makonzedwe a boma a kakonzedwe ka kalamulo asintha kwambiri kwakuti kumasiya mpata wa malamulo a boma. Mwachitsanzo, Kupuma pantchito pa ntchito yokhazikitsa chitetezo Act (ERISA) kwamasuliridwa kukhala kuchotsa malamulo a boma onena za phindu la mapulani a ntchito, kupanga kagwiritsiridwe kamodzi ka ziphunzitso za dziko lonse. Kutsatira ziphunzitso zimenezi kaŵirikaŵiri kumaperekedwa moyenerera, kufuna kusanthula mosamalitsa kwa cholinga cha boma ndi ziyambukiro za malamulo a boma pa zolinga za boma.

Mavuto ndi Kuvutika Maganizo

Kulimbana pakati pa kudziimira kwa boma ndi kufanana kwa dziko kumachititsa nkhondo zina za lamulo zotsutsana kwambiri. Kutsutsa malamulo a kukhazikitsa boma, malamulo a malo okhala, chisamaliro cha zaumoyo, ndi zoyenera zovotera kaŵirikaŵiri kumazikidwa pa kaya maboma apyola ulamuliro wawo kapena ngati boma laswa malamulo ake. Khoti Lalikulu limagwira ntchito monga lomalizira pa mikangano imeneyi, kumasulira Malamulo ndi malamulo a boma kumasulira malire a boma ndi mphamvu za boma. Nkhani zimenezi zimapereka chidziŵitso chofunika cha mkhalidwe wa boma ndi ulamuliro wa boma.

Zochititsa Chidwi Zimene Zinaumba Mphamvu

Kupenda milandu ya Bwalo Lalikulu kumapereka lingaliro lomvekera bwino la mmene lamulo la boma ndi la boma limagwirizanirana m’kutetezera zoyenera. Milandu imeneyi imawunikira malamulo aukulu, kuphatikiza, ndi kuyambitsidwa kwa boma.

Kukhazikitsa Ulamuliro wa Dziko

  • McCulloch v Maryland (1819): [[FLT :1] Khoti Lalikulu, pansi pa Woweruza Wamkulu John Marshall, linavomereza kuti Msonkhano unatanthauza mphamvu pansi pa Khirisimasi yofunikira ndi Seat Claus kuti apereke banki ya dziko ndi kuti mabomawo sakanatha kukhoma msonkho wa bungwe la boma. Mlanduwu unakhazikitsa mwamphamvu lamulo la ukulu wa boma.
  • Gibbons v. Ogden (1824): [FLT ] Mlanduwu unafutukula mphamvu ya Congress pansi pa Commerce Claus, kunyamula ulamuliro wa boma pa malamulo a zamalonda a m'mayiko osiyanasiyana otsutsana. Ilo linayala maziko a mphamvu ya boma yamtsogolo.

Kuteteza Munthu Aliyense Pamodzi Motsutsana ndi Boma

  • Brown v. Board of Education (1954): [FLT ] Chigamulo chapadera chimenechi chinalengeza malamulo a boma okhazikitsa masukulu a anthu akuda ndi oyera okhazikitsa sukulu zachikhalidwe za ophunzira osagwirizana pansi pa Chitetezo Chofanana cha Kukonzanso 14. Chinasintha chiphunzitso cha [[FLT:] Platect. Genberson v ndi kukhala chothandizira kuchirikiza ufulu wachibadwidwe wa anthu.
  • Obergefell v. Hodges (2015): Khoti Lapamwamba linagamula kuti Kusintha kwa 14 kumafuna maboma onse kulola maukwati a kugonana ndi kuzindikira maukwati ochitidwa m'maboma ena. Chigamulo chimenechi chimapangitsa malamulo a boma kuletsa ukwati kwa okwatirana osiyana ndi a anthu a m'ziŵalo, kusonyeza mmene kumasulira kwa lamulo kwa boma kungagwirizanitsire pamodzi maulamuliro onse.

Kuteteza Ufulu wa Anthu Masiku Ano

  • Selby County v. Hoker (2013): Khoti linagamula njira yofufuzira imene inagwiritsidwa ntchito kugamula kuti ndi malamulo ati amene anali ogonjera ku kukhazikitsa kwa boma pansi pa Chilamulo cha Zoyenera za Ufulu wa Anthu. Chigamulocho chinathetsadi chofunika choyambirira, kubwezera ulamuliro waukulu pa malamulo osankha masinthidwe ku magawo ndi malo. Nkhaniyi ikusonyeza kutsutsana kopitirizabe pakati pa malamulo a boma ndi ulamuliro potetezera ufulu wosankha.
  • Dobbs v. Jackson Akazi 'H. [22] Khoti la Umoyo (] Khoti lija linalamulira Roe v. Wade ndi [[FLT]]] Kulera ana kwa [. Casey , kugwiritsa ntchito malamulo oletsa kutaya mimba. Chigamulocho chinabweza ulamuliro kuletsa kuchotsa mimba, zotsatira zake za ntchito ya boma yochokera ku chiletso chathunthu kutetezera. Nkhani imeneyi imaimira kusintha kwakukulu kwa ufulu wa anthu pa ufulu wa munthu ndi thupi.

Mabuku Othandiza a Maphunziro ndi Uphunzitsi

Kwa aphunzitsi ndi ophunzira, mphamvu ya university imapereka chiŵiya champhamvu chophunzitsira. Chimasonyeza kuti kutetezeredwa kwa ufulu sikuli mkhalidwe wachikhalire koma njira yopitirizabe ya kukambitsirana, malamulo, ndi kuvomereza. Kuzindikira kumene kungafune kubwezeretsedwetsa kuswa lamulo . "" kuboma kapena khoti la boma / ndi luso lothandiza.

Maluso a Kubweretsa Mafuko ku Moyo

Aphunzitsi angagwirizanitse ntchito zosiyanasiyana m'masukulu awo kuti awonjezere kumvetsetsa maulamuliro ndi kutetezera ufulu. Kukambirana nkhani zokhudza zochitika zamakono zokhudza kutha kwa boma kapena kuyambitsidwa kwa boma kumalola ophunzira kulimbana ndi mavuto enieni a dziko. Kuzengedwa mlandu ndi khoti la khoti lamoto zokhala ndi maziko ozikidwa pa milandu yaposachedwapa ya Khoti Laliving, kungathandize ophunzira kumvetsa mfundo za lamulo ndi mfundo za chiweruzo. Kupenda malamulo a boma ndi kuwayerekezera ndi malamulo a boma ndi kuteteza ufulu kudziko kuvumbula kusiyanasiyana kwa ufulu m'dziko lonselo. Olankhula za alendo ochokera ku mabungwe onga m'mutu wa American Civil Liberies Union, ofesi ya boma yoteteza anthu, kapena ofesi ya mkulu wa boma kugamulako kukhoza kupereka nzeru za mmene chitetezo chalamulo chingawatetezere m’kutsatira.

Ntchito ya Mabungwe a Uphunzitsi

Mabungwe osapanga phindu amachita mbali yofunika kwambiri m'mabungwe a boma. Magulu onga ACLU, NAACP Legal Defense and Educational Fund, ndi mabungwe a boma opereka ufulu wa anthu akupereka milandu m'makhoti a boma ndi a boma kuti asungitse ndi kuwonjezera ufulu wawo. Amachitanso ntchito za malamulo zotetezera mwamphamvu pa magawo onse aŵiri a boma. Kumvetsetsa ntchito ya magulu ameneŵa kumathandiza ophunzira kuzindikira bwino mmene kusintha kwa malamulo kumachitikira m'dongosolo la boma.

Kumaliza

Unansi pakati pa lamulo la boma ndi la boma potetezera ufulu wa munthu ndi mbali yolongosola ulamuliro wa Amereka. Ndiyo njira yolinganizidwa kukhala yovomereza zonse zofunika za kumalo ndi miyezo ya dziko, kulimbikitsa kuyambitsidwa kwinaku akuchirikiza maziko a chilungamo kwa onse. Lamulo la Federal limapereka malo ofanana a ufulu amene sangathe kuswa, pamene malamulo a boma ndi malamulo a boma kaŵirikaŵiri amapereka mipambo yowonjezereka ya chitetezo. Suprey Claus amatsimikizira umodzi wa dziko lonse, koma Malamulo a 10 ndi dongosolo la malamulo a chigawo cha maulamuliro ofunika kwambiri, kupanga kugwirizanitsa kochititsa kulinganiza kwa malamulo kwa dziko kwa ophunzira ndi aphunzitsi. Kwa ophunzira ndi ophunzitsa, kukulitsa chidziŵitso chapamwamba cha kuseŵera kumeneku ndiko maziko a mgwirizano ndi otchuka m'dziko logwirizana ndi logwirizana kwambiri la malamulo.