Kumvetsetsa Kafikiridwe ka Ufulu wa Anthu Oyambirira

Njira yachiyambi yomasulira Bill of Rights imagogomezera kumvetsetsa tanthauzo la kusintha kwa malamulo kumeneku monga momwe kunalinganizidwira ndi maFramers. Lingaliro limeneli likufuna kumasulira mawu ozikidwa pa nkhani za mbiri yakale ndi zolinga za awo amene anawalemba. M'lamulo lamakono, kuyambirira kwa chipembedzo kwakhala njira yotchuka, makamaka pambuyo pa chisonkhezero cha Woweruza Antonin Scalia ndi oweruza ena olemba malemba. Nkhaniyi imafufuza maziko a mbiri yakale, mfundo zothandiza, ndi makambitsirano okhalitsa ozungulira chiphunzitso choyambirira cha U.S.

Kodi Kusimbira Kuyamba Nchiyani?

Chiphunzitso choyambirira ndi chiphunzitso cha kumasulira kogwirizana ndi malamulo amene amanena kuti mawu a Malamulo ndi Bill of Rights ayenera kupatsidwa tanthauzo limene anali nalo panthaŵi ya kulera ana. Mawuwa nthawi zina amatchedwa “tanthauzo la anthu oyambirira” . N’chifukwa chakuti munthu wololera akanatha kumvetsa mawuwo pamene chisinthiko chinavomerezedwa. Mosiyana ndi kugwiritsa ntchito malamulo a boma, amene amalola kuti zinthu zisinthe m’kupita kwa nthawi, chiphunzitso choyambirira chimafuna kukhazikitsa malamulo a mbiri yakale.

Zingwezi zimagwirizana kwambiri ndi mfundo za m’Baibulo zimene zimafotokoza tanthauzo la mawu a Mulungu.

Maziko a Mbiri Yakale

Okhulupirira mfundo za m'Chilamulo ndi Bill of Rights amakhulupirira kuti ayenera kumvetsetsa mogwirizana ndi tanthauzo la anthu oyambirira panthaŵi imene analembedwa. Njira imeneyi imadalira kwambiri pa zikalata za mbiri yakale, monga Féderalist Papers , mikangano yochokera ku Nyumba Yoyamba ya Malamulo, ndi zolembedwa za maFramers (m’mzera, James Madison, Alexander Hamilton, George Mason). Mwachitsanzo, Madison analemba za kukonzanso kwa Bill of Rights kuvumbula kuti kutha kwa mapangano kunali kolinganizidwira ku malire a boma, osati mfundo za pambuyo pake zolamulidwa ndi chiphunzitso.

Mbiri yakale siimakhala yomveka nthaŵi zonse. Makonzedwe ambiri anasintha pakati pa nthumwi zokhala ndi malingaliro osiyana. Mwachitsanzo, mawu a Second Amendment onena za “militia yoyendetsedwa bwino” anayambitsa mkangano waukulu ponena za ukulu wa kuyenera kwa kunyamula zida. Oyambirira amaphunziro a nthaŵi imodzi amapenda madikishonale, nkhani za malamulo wamba, ndi misonkhano ya boma yogwirizanitsa chidziŵitso choyambirira.

Magwero aakulu ogwiritsiridwa ntchito ndi akatswiri olemba m’Chipangano Chatsopano:

  • Mapepala a Federal [[FULT:1] (makamaka Nos. 84 ndi 46 pa Bbilo la Ufulu ndi polisi) – yopezeka pa laibulale ya Congress .
  • Mabuku a Msonkhano Wachigawo wa Federal wa 1787 (cope la Farrand).
  • Ansions of Congress [FLT :1] (kutsutsa Bill of Rights in the First Congress).
  • Malamulo a boma oyambirira ndi zilengezo za ufulu zimene zinasonkhezera kusintha kwa boma.

Monga momwe Woweruza Neil Gorfo alembera, “tanthauzo loyambirira la malemba a Malamulo ndilo chitsogozo chokha chovomerezeka kwa oweruza. ”

Mfundo Zoyenera za Kuyamba Kuphunzitsa

Kulemba

Chikalata cholembedwa chimasumika pa tanthauzo la mawu omveka bwino a m'malembo a lamulo, monga momwe amamvedwera ndi woŵerenga wamba panthaŵi ya kugonetsa. Chimapeŵa kuyerekezera za zolinga za maFramers. Justice Scalia anatsutsa motchuka kuti kumasulira malembo sikuli “kumanga kwachidule,” kumene kungaŵerenge mawu m’lingaliro lawo lochepa kwambiri, koma kuwerenga mokhulupirika zimene lembalo limanena. Mwachitsanzo, mfundo ya First Amendment ya “ufulu wa kulankhula” imamasuliridwa mogwirizana ndi tanthauzo lake 1791: kumatetezeredwa kumbuyo ndi kuletsa ndi kutukana, koma osati kwenikweni mitundu yonse yamakono ya mawu onga a pa Internet.

Kukonzekera Koyambirira

Cholinga choyamba chikusonyeza zimene maFrameswo anafuna kuti zikhale. Kumasulira kumeneku kunali kofala kwambiri chakumapeto kwa zaka za zana la 20 koma kwakhala kukuloŵedwa mmalo ndi tanthauzo la anthu oyambirira. Kusinthaku kunachitika chifukwa chakuti kudalira pa cholinga cha mfundo n’kopanda ntchito , ndipo ambiri sanalembe malingaliro awo. Komabe, cholinga choyambirira chidakalipobe m’malingaliro otsutsana, makamaka ponena za Kuikidwa kwa Classiace ndi Masinthidwe Achiŵiri.

Tanthauzo Loyambirira la Anthu

Bwinyoli likuchokera ku nyengo yoyambirira (OPM) imafunsa mmene munthu wololera pa nthaŵi ya kutembenuzidwa akanadziŵira mawu. Imeneyi tsopano ndi mtundu waukulu wa kuyambika kwa Baibulo. Imalemba dikishonale kuchokera ku nyengo yokhazikitsidwa (m' lekuatiso, Samuel Johnson’s dikishonale ya Chingelezi , 175], kugwiritsidwa ntchito m'malemba a boma, ndi mapepala otchuka. Mwachitsanzo, mawu akuti “chilango ndi chilango zachilendo” mu Seng Height Reformation anamvedwa mu 1791 kuletsa chilango monga kujambula ndi kujambula, koma osati kwenikweni mitundu yonse ya kutsendedwa.

Kuvomereza Boma la Ufulu Wachibadwidwe

Pogwiritsira ntchito njira ya Unduna wa Chiyambi kwa Bill of Rights, makhoti amayang'ana pa zimene zisinthiko zinatanthauza pamene zinavomerezedwa kumapeto kwa zaka za zana la 18. Izi zimathandiza kudziŵa ngati lamulo lina kapena kachitidwe ka boma kagwirizana ndi zitetezero zoyambirira zolinganizidwa ndi Aframers. Pansipa pali ziwonjezeko zazikulu ndi mmene kufufuza koyambirira kwasintha kalingaliridwe kawo.

Kusintha Koyamba: Chipembedzo, Mawu, Manyuzipepala, Msonkhano, Chifuno

Okhulupirira zinthu za mbadwo woyambirira amapenda mmene mbadwo wokhazikitsidwa unamvetsetsera “machitidwe aulere” a chipembedzo ndi“ kukhazikitsidwa. Mwachitsanzo, akatswiri ambiri a zaumulungu amanena kuti kukhazikitsidwa kwa Claus kunangoletsa tchalitchi cha dziko ndi kagulu kampatuko kamodzi kokhala ndi boma, si mitundu yonse ya chipembedzo cha boma. [[FLT: 0] Kennedy v. Bremeton School District [20222], malingaliro a Gorfort anadalira kwambiri pa machitachita a mbiri yakale kuti anene pemphero la pasukulu yapoyera.

Ponena za ufulu wa kulankhula, olemba mbiri yakale amatchula za Sedition Act ya 1798, imene imalanga “zolemba zonama, zonyansa, ndi zanjiru” zotsutsana ndi boma. Lipabuliki yoyambirira inalekerera ziletso zoterozo, ikumapereka lingaliro lakuti kumvetsetsa koyambirira kwa “ufulu wa kulankhula” sikunaphatikizepo kuipitsa boma. Komabe, akatswiri ambiri amakono amakhulupirira kuti Sedition Act inali yopanda lamulo chifukwa chakuti inali yotsutsana ndi cholinga cha Lamulo Loyamba.

Kusintha kwachiŵiri: Kuyenera Kusunga ndi Kunyamula Zida

Chikalata chachiŵiri cha Empire chimapereka kuti: “Kulamulira kolinganizidwa bwino kwa Militia, kukhala kofunika ku chisungiko cha Boma laufulu, kuyenera kwa anthu kusungitsa ndi kunyamula Zida, sikudzaswedwa. Mu Divergatoria of Columbia v. Heller [2008] [Malingaliro oikidwa bwino], Voliyumu ya Chilungamo cha Scalia inagwiritsira ntchito tanthauzo lapo ndi la anthu onse, kugamula kuti munthu aliyense ali ndi ufulu wa kukhala ndi mfuti za iye mwini, wosagwirizana ndi utumiki wa zida. Lingaliro linafufuza magwero osonyeza kuti “zinyamula zida” zomwe zinaphatikizapo kugwiritsira ntchito chabe nkhondo. Chosankhacho chimapezeka pa [FL: Celne] Chilamulo cha Sukulu Yosaikulu ya Pambuyo pa Khoti, Filo: [F4]. [F.

Kusintha Njira Yachinayi: Kufufuza ndi Kubisa Mopanda Nzeru

Tanthauzo loyamba la chiletso cha General Remendment pa “kufufuza kosayenera ndi kugwidwa ndi matenda” lagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri. Mu 1791, “kufufuza” kwenikweni kunatanthauza kuloŵa m'nyumba kapena kulanda mapepala. Ofufuza akutsutsa kuti tekinoloji yamakono (m., , GPS , kujambula kwamphamvu) sikumafufuza ngati iwo akulimbana ndi malo otetezedwa ndi malamulo. Lingaliro limeneli linavomerezedwa ndi United States v. Jones (20.2], kumene Jastice Scalia anatsatira mayeso a lamulo a lamulo. Komabe, Jastictay Sotomay Convention'sctive adafunsa ngati kuteteza kwachinsinsi kwa zaka za makompyuta.

Kusintha kwachisanu: Kuyenera Kuchitika, Kudzitsutsa, Kutenga Mayeso

Olemba mbiri akuona kuti kukhazikitsa ndi kumvetsetsa kwa “kuthandiza anthu. ” Mu Kayendedwe kofunikira [1] Fair pologalamu yofunikira kuposa “mchitidwe wofunikira wa kutsogolo”, umene umatanthauza kusankha malamulo. Kwa omasulira, ofufuza za kukhazikitsa ndi kugwiritsa ntchito“ ntchito ya onse. [[FLT:] Kello v. Mzinda wa New London [FLT:] (2005], Woweruza Thomas anatsutsa mwamphamvu, akutsutsa kuti tanthauzo loyamba la “kugwiritsira ntchito chitaganya” lifunikiradi boma kugwiritsira ntchito katundu kapena kutsegula kwa anthu, osati kungoitumiza kwa munthu woyendetsa zinthu kuti apite kutsogolo.

Kusintha kwa Malamulo Kwachisanu ndi Chisanu: Nkhanza ndi Chilango Chachilendo

Mawu akuti “machenjera ndi achilendo” anabwerekedwa ku England Brill of Rights. Ofufuza za kuyambika kwa nyengo . Imene inaphatikizapo kupalasa, kukwapula, ndi kupatsana mwala (kutsutsa kuti zilango zowopsa ndizo lamulo ngati sizikuonedwa kukhala zankhanza panthaŵiyo. Mfundo zimenezi zagwiritsidwa ntchito kuchirikiza chilango cha imfa. Komabe, Justice Scalia anavomereza kuti miyezo yogwirizana ndi makhalidwe abwino ingadziŵitse ngati chilango chili “chachibadwire,” ngakhale kuti iye anakana kugwiritsira ntchito dongosolo la malamulo a anthu osakhala a chiyambia.

Olemba Nkhani Otchuka ndi Nkhani Zazikulu za Anthu Oyambirira

Woweruza Antonin Scalia (1936-2016)

Justice Scalia anali mawu otsogolera kaamba ka kuyambirira ndi kumasulira mawu m'Khoti Lapamwamba. Malingaliro ake mu Heller (Simplified ), Smith v. United States [FLT]] (kumasulira kwa kazembe], ndi Crawford v. Washington (Clatment Claus) ndinenalma. Iye anatsutsa kuti chiphunzitso choyambirira ndicho “kufikira koyenerera kwalamulo" chifukwa chakuti chimalemekeza chosankha cha demokraset kuletsa oweruza awo amene amasunga miyezo yawo ya anthu amene adagwirizana ndi mfundo ya kotsatira mfundo ya ufulu.

Woweruza Clarence Thomas

Jasitisi Thomas wakhala ndi malo aukali kwambiri kuposa Scalia. Iye watsutsa kuti kuwonjezera kwa 14th Amendment’s Orgations kapena Immunites Claus (osati Doctive Claus) ndilo galimoto lolondola logwiritsira ntchito Bill of Rights potsutsana ndi maboma . Lingaliro limene likasintha zaka makumi ambiri za moyo woyamba. Kugwirizana kwake mu Bruen ndi kusagwirizana kwake mu Klo [1] KLT kuonetsa kudzipereka kwake ku tanthauzo loyamba, ngakhale pamene kukutsogolera ku zotulukapo zosatchuka.

Woweruza Neil Gorfo ndi Woweruza Amy Coney Barrett

Malamulo onse aŵiri atsopano alemba kwambiri za kuyambirira. Gorfoth’s , , Republic , Ngati Mungathe Kusunga It [1] imatetezera chiphunzitso choyambirira ku zinenezo za kulephera. Iye akugogomezera kuti kuyambirira sikunatuluke ndi kuyambika; nthaŵi zina kungatulutse zotulukapo zabwino (m’njira, kutetezera ufulu wa apandu pansi pa Sixth Amendment). Barrett, asanaikidwe, analemba nkhani zaukatswiri pa kuyambirira ndi decis.

Kusuliza ndi Mabodza

Anthu ambiri amatsutsa mfundo za m’Baibulo monga:

  • . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
  • Kusokonekera: Mbiri yakale kaŵirikaŵiri njosakwanira kapena yotsutsana. Ofufuza osiyanasiyana sagwirizana ndi tanthauzo lenileni la mawu oyambirira ndilo , mwachitsanzo, pa Kusintha kwachiŵiri, akatswiri ena odziŵa za kuyambika kwa Baibulo (monga Saulo Cornell) amanena kuti inateteza ufulu wogwirizana ndi magulu ankhondo, pamene ena (monga Randy Barnett) amaona kuyenera kwa anthu onse.
  • Kusankha ntchito ya mbiri: Osuliza akutsutsa oyambitsa a cherry-kutenga umboni wochirikiza zifuno zawo zofunidwa, makamaka m'nkhani za ndale zadziko. Woweruza Stephen Breyer, m’bukhu lake Liberty , amatsutsa kuti chiphunzitso choyambirira sichingathetse nkhani zovuta ndi kuti kaŵirikaŵiri chiphimba chiweruzo.
  • Vuto la Kusintha kwa Zamphumphu kwa 14. Malamulo a Ufulu anagwiritsidwa ntchito poyambirira ku boma la boma. Chiphunzitso cha kugwirizanitsa zimenezi . Kusintha zimenezi kupyola pa 144th Amendment .Amafunsa mafunso ovuta onena za “tanthauzo loyambirira" la kugwiritsira ntchito: 1791 kapena 1868? Olemba mabuku oyambirira, monga Jastier Thomas, akutsutsa kuti Malo kapena Immunio Clause (Mgwirizano Woposa) angagwiritsiridwe ntchito, koma njira imeneyo ingakhale ndi zotulukapo zotsutsana ndi zoyenera zamakono zachiŵeruzo.

Poyankha, akatswiri a chiyambi amanena kuti njira yawo imapereka kutsimikizirika ndi kuyenera kwa demokrase kuposa “njira ya malamulo amoyo” imene iwo amanena kuti imalola oweruza kukakamiza zikhumbo zaumwini. Akatswiri achisinthiko onga Randy Barnett ayambitsa mayankhidwe ocholoŵana, kugogomezera kuti chiphunzitso choyambirira sichimaletsa kusintha kapena kuyankha kwa lamulo pa zitokoso zatsopano.

Kulinganiza Tanthauzo Loyambirira ndi Zofunika Zamakono

Mkangano waukulu m'lamulo la malamulo lerolino ndi mmene angalinganizire ulemu wa tanthauzo loyamba ndi kufunika kosatsutsika kwa Malamulo kuti agwire ntchito m'dziko losalingaliridwa. Olemba chibadwa okha amazindikira kupsinjika kumeneku. Mu Bruen , Jasitisi Thomas analemba kuti ziletso zamakono za mfuti ziyenera kukhala “zogwirizana ndi malamulo a mtundu a kayendetsedwe ka mfuti, [1] koma anavomereza kuti kulingalira kwachikale kungagwiritsiridwe ntchito kugwiritsira ntchito ku mapulinsipulo a zinthu zatsopano. “Chiphunzitso choyambirira cha Chipulumutsochi chimapereka njira: Oweruza ayang'ana kukhazikitsa malamulo amakono ovomerezeka.

Mofananamo, pa Kusintha kwa Chinayi, akatswiri ambiri akuvomereza kuti lamulo la maziko , kutetezera ku kufunafuna kosayenera, kuyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito mwa “kuyembekezera kukhala kwaumwini kopambanitsa” monga momwe zadziŵidwira ndi kusintha kwa tekinoloji. Koma amaumirira kuti lamulo (m., chiyeneretso choyenerera kuloŵa m’nyumba) sichingasinthidwe popanda kulungamitsidwa ndi mbiri yakale.

Kumaliza

Kufikira kwa chiphunzitso cha Chisungiko kwa Bill of Rights kudakali njira yamphamvu, yosonkhezera, ndi yotsutsana mwamphamvu. Imachirikiza kumasulira kwa malamulo m'nthanthi ya mbiri yakale, kulimbikitsa kukhazikika, kutsimikizirika, ndi kuŵerengera kwa democracy. Komabe imakhalanso ndi mavuto aakulu: mbiri yakale yosadziŵika bwino, kuopsa kwa kugwiritsa ntchito mfundo zapamwamba za 18 pa mavuto a 21 oyambirira. Pamene Khoti Lapamwamba likupitirizabe kusintha ku Chiphunzitso choyambirira [1] Makamaka ndi kuwonjezera kuweruza Gorfort, Kavaugh, ndi Barrett , kumvetsetsa masinthidwe a njira yomasulira imeneyi kuli kofunika kwa aliyense wophunzira malamulo a malamulo.

Kuti muŵerenge mowonjezereka, onani Center ya National Constitution’s Interflict Constitution , imene imapereka ponse paŵiri malingaliro a kuyambika ndi kusakhala kwa chiyambi pa kukonzedwa kulikonse; ndi Chitsogozo cha Mwambo ku Konsichurako , chilozero choyambirira.