Malamulo a boma ku United States ali maziko a demokrase ya Amereka, ali ndi thayo la kumasulira malamulo, kuthetsa mikangano, ndi kuteteza ufulu walamulo. Pakatikati pa dongosolo lino ndi oweruza ndi oweruza amene amayang'anira milandu, kupanga malamulo otsutsa lamulo, ndi kukonza malo alamulo a dziko. Kwa ophunzira ndi aphunzitsi, kupeza chidziŵitso chakuya cha mmene jaji ya boma imagwirira ntchito ndi ntchito yosiyana ya mamembala ake nkofunika kuti adziŵe kulemba ndi kulonjeza. Nkhaniyi imapereka ntchito yaikulu ya dongosolo la khoti, mathayo a oweruza ndi oweruza, dongosolo la kugamula, ndi ziyambukiro zazikulu za zigamulo za chiweruzo pa chitaganya.

Nyumba Yaikulu Yachitatu ya Bungwe la Federal Judiciary

Makhoti a boma alinganizidwa kukhala milingo itatu yaikulu, iriyonse yokhala ndi ntchito ndi maulamuliro apadera. Mabungwe a akulu a boma ameneŵa amatsimikizira kuti mikangano ya zamalamulo isamaliridwe bwino ndi kuti kupenda mapangano kulipo kuwongolera ndi kumveketsa malamulo. Mabungwe atatu a District a U.S. (mlingo wa chigawo), Makhoti a Apilo (mlingo wa a pappesente), ndi Khoti Lapamwamba la United States (khoti lapamwamba). Kumvetsetsa mbali zosiyanasiyana za mlingo uliwonse ndi mfungulo yofunika kuyamikira mmene chilungamo chikuperekedwera pamlingo wa boma.

Makhoti Achigawo a ku United States: Chiŵerengero cha Kuzenga Mlandu

Makhoti achigawo ndiwo khoti la boma. Zili ndi milandu yambiri, kuphatikizapo nkhani zachiŵeniŵeni ndi zaupandu. Boma lililonse lili ndi khoti limodzi, ndipo maboma aakulu angakhale ndi zigawo zambiri (mwachitsanzo, California ali ndi zinayi: Northern, Eastern, Central, ndi Southern . Kuli zigawo 94 za boma ku United States ndi madera ake. Makhoti achigawo ali ndi ulamuliro woyamba, kuweruza mlandu. Makhoti a m’boma angagamulidwe ndi a bungwe la a ajuli (kuzengala mlandu) kapena woweruza yekha (kuzenga mlandu).

Oweruza m'makhoti achigawo ali ndi thayo la kuyang'anira mbali zonse za mlandu, kuyambira pa kuzenga mlandu kusanayambe ndi umboni kuweruza ndi kuweruza. Iwo amagamulanso mlandu m'maweruzi a ben, kutsimikizira kuti nkhani za m'boma zachitika bwino. Oweruza achigawo amaikidwa kaamba ka moyo ndi Pulezidenti ndi kutsimikizidwa ndi Bungwe la Malamulo, pansi pa Mfundo III ya Malamulo. Amathandizidwa ndi oweruza a magest, amene amasamalira nkhani zoyambirira ndi milandu ya komiti isanayambe kulephera kulephera kwa ntchito, ndi oweruza oweruza olephera kulephera kutha kwa ntchito, amene amayang'anira milandu yoteretsa milandu ya kulephera kwa chuma.

Makhoti a Zipilala a ku United States: Mabwalo amilandu

Makhoti 13 a Apilo a ku United States (otchedwanso makhoti a chigawo) akupenda zigamulo zimene makhoti a chigawo apanga m’madera awo. Mosiyana ndi makhoti a dziko. Makhoti a khoti, khoti la khotilo silimaweruza kapena kumva umboni watsopano. M’malomwake, amafufuza ngati lamulo linagwiritsidwa ntchito bwino m’mabwalo amilandu ang'onoang’ono. Makhoti amamvedwa ndi gulu la oweruza atatu adera, ngakhale kuti nthaŵi zina khoti lonse likhoza kumva mlandu wa enc. Oweruza a dera amaŵerenga za m’khoti, ndi kumvetsera mwachidule mfundo zolembedwa kumbali zonsezo. Kenako amatulutsa maganizo omwe amavomereza, kapena kubwezera chigamulo cha khotilo.

Oweruza a dera amachita mbali yofunika kwambiri popanga chitsanzo cha lamulo. Zigamulo zawo n’zogwirizana pa makhoti onse a m'deralo ndipo zili ulamuliro wokopa wa madera ena. Zimenezi zimapanga lamulo la milandu limene limatsogolera makhoti ang'onoang'ono ndi kuthandiza kutsimikizira kugwirizana kwa lamulo la boma. Oweruza adera amamvanso zifunsiro kuchokera ku mabungwe ena a boma, monga ngati Securities and Exchange Commission ndi National Labortion Board . United States imagawidwa m'madera 11 a manambala, kuphatikizapo D.C. chigawo ndi Federal Friestture, amene ali ndi ulamuliro wadziko lonse pa milandu yapadera yonga lamulo la Exprojective ndi malonda a mayiko.

Khoti Lapamwamba la United States

Bwalo Lapamwamba ndilo khoti lapamwamba koposa m'dzikolo, lokhala ndi oweruza asanu ndi anayi: Woweruza Wamkulu ndi Malungamo asanu ndi atatu Ogwirizana. Khotilo lili ndi ulamuliro wotheratu pa milandu yonse ya boma ndi ya boma imene imaphatikizapo mafotokozedwe a Konsichushoni ndi lamulo la boma. Lilinso ndi ulamuliro woyamba m'mabungwe ochepetsedwa, monga ngati mikangano pakati pa maboma. Khoti Lapamwamba limasankha milandu imene ingamvedwe mwa kupereka chilolezo cha chiwiya cha certiari, chimene chimafuna chivomerezo cha zigamu zinayi ("lamulo la zaka zinayi"). Chaka chilichonse, Bwalo limalandiranso masauzande a madandaulo koma limamva pafupifupi milandu 70 - 80.

Zigamulo za Khoti Lalikulu n’zomaliza ndiponso n’zogwirizana pa makhoti onse ang'onoang'ono. Zigamulo zake zikhoza kukhala ndi ziyambukiro zazikulu pa chitaganya cha America, kusintha miyezo yalamulo, kuteteza ufulu wa anthu, ndi kugwirizanitsa malamulo a anthu. Woweruza Wamkulu amayang'anira nkhani za pakamwa ndi misonkhano yaumwini ndipo ali ndi udindo woika zolemba zambiri pamene ali pakati pa anthu ambiri. Oweruza onsewo amagawana mphamvu zofanana zovota. Khotili limagwira ntchito pa mawu omwe amayamba mu October ndi mu June kapena July, ndipo maganizo a , ndipo khoti Lapamwamba ku Washington, D.C., limatumikira monga chizindikiro chenicheni cha ulamuliro wa nthambi yachiweruzo ndi kudziimira.

Mbali Zosiyana za Oweruza ndi Zolungama za Federal

Ngakhale kuti "chiweruzo" ndi "chilungamo" kaŵirikaŵiri amagwiritsiridwa ntchito mofanana m’makambitsirano wamba, iwo amaimira malo akutiakuti m'boma okhala ndi mathayo osiyanasiyana, kuikidwa, ndi maulamuliro. Kumvetsetsa kusiyana kumeneku kumathandiza kumveketsa bwino mmene dongosolo lachiweruzo limagwirira ntchito pamlingo uliwonse.

Oweruza Aunyinji: Ntchito, Kusankha, ndi Kulamulira

Mawu akuti "woweruza wa milandu" kaŵirikaŵiri amalozera ku Article III yoikidwa ku makhoti a milandu, komanso oweruza pa khoti lapadera monga Bwalo la Zamalonda ndi Bwalo la Malamulo. Mfundo III imatumikira pa "khalidwe labwino," tanthauzo la moyo wawo, ndipo malipiro awo sangachepetsedwe pamene ali m'maofesi. Chitetezero chimenechi chinapangidwa kuti chiwateteze ku chitsenderezo cha ndale zadziko ndi kutsimikizira kudziimira pawekha kwa chiweruzo.

Oweruza achigawo amayang'anira milandu, amayang'anira zigamulo zawo, amaweruza oimbidwa mlandu, ndi kuweruza milandu. Oweruza a dera amapenda milandu pa apilo, kulemba malingaliro, ndi kuthandiza kukhazikitsa malamulo. Oweruza a chigawo ndi adera onse aŵiri amachitanso ntchito zamwadzidzidzi, monga ngati pempho la kupitirizabe kuphedwa kapena malamulo, kaŵirikaŵiri pa maziko osinthasintha. Kuwonjezera pa kagamulidwe ka III, pali oweruza ozenga milandu yoikika ndi oweruza amene amatumikira ndi kuikidwa ndi makhoti a milandu yachiweruzo. Mathayo ali ofunika kwambiri kuti makhoti apitirize ntchito yawo a boma koma sanyamula ntchito yothandiza kwa moyo wawo wonse kapena kutsimikizira.

Zoweruza za Khoti Lalikulu: Mathayo Apadera

Oweruza a Bwalo Lapamwamba ndi oweruzanso, koma mbali yawo njapadera ponse paŵiri m’mbali ndi chisonkhezero. Pamene kuli kwakuti oweruza a m’makhoti ang’onoang’ono amagwiritsira ntchito lamulo lapokalipo m’milandu ya munthu, oweruza kaŵirikaŵiri amalimbana ndi mafunso ofunika a lamulo amene angawongolere ufulu walamulo wa mtundu wonse. Udindo wawo waukulu uli kumasulira Malamulo, kutsimikizira kuti malamulo ndi zochita zaulamuliro zigwirizana ndi makonzedwe ake. Oweruza amaitanidwa kuti athetse nkhani zotsutsidwa kwambiri monga mphamvu ya boma, ufulu wa munthu aliyense, ndi malire a pakati pa nthambi za boma.

Woweruza aliyense amalemba malingaliro a mlandu wogaŵiridwa ndi Woweruza Wamkulu (kapena mnzake wamkulu mu unyinji ngati Chilungamo Chachikulu chiri chosagwirizana). Kuvomereza ndi kutsutsa malingaliro kumachitanso mbali yofunika kuwongolera nkhani yalamulo ndipo nthaŵi zina amayala maziko a kusintha kwa m’tsogolo m'malamulo. Zoweruza zimayang'aniranso ntchito za m'bwalo, kusankha milandu imene aimva, ndi kuloŵetsamo ntchito yapoyera ndi maphunziro. Kuikidwa kwachiweruzo kwa moyo wonse kumawalola iwo kutenga kawonedwe kanthaŵi yaitali ka lamulo, loperekedwa ndi zigamulo zosankhidwa ndi mavota.

Kuyerekezera: Oweruza ndi Oweruza

Kusiyana kwakukulu pakati pa "Oweruza" ndi "Tchiweruzo" m'dongosolo la boma kuli kwa malo ndi ulamuliro. "Chilungamo" chasungidwa kwa ziŵalo za Khoti Lapamwamba, pamene kuli kwakuti "chiweruzo" chimagwira ntchito ku Gawo la III loweruza. M'maboma ena, bwalo lamilandu lapamwamba limatchedwanso Bwalo Lapamwamba ndi mamembala ake ndi oweruza, koma m'makhoti a boma okha asanu ndi anayi okha pa U.S. Khoti Lapamwamba limakhala ndi udindo umenewo. Mathayo a oweruza ali aakulu chifukwa chakuti amaika chitsanzo cha mtundu wonse, pamene oweruza a dera amaika chitsanzo m’dera lawo lokha. Oweruza achigawo, ngakhale kuti ali otchuka kwambiri m’makhoti awo, sapanga chitsanzo chogwirizana kupyola mlanduwo.

Kachitidwe ka Kuikidwa ndi Ufulu wa Kuweruza

Njira yosankha oweruza a boma ndi oweruza ndi oweruza ndi mbali yofunikira kwambiri ya macheke ndi malingana. Imaphatikizapo zonse ziŵiri nthambi za akuluakulu ndi a boma, kusonyeza cholinga cha a Framers kutsimikizira jaji yodziimira koma yodziimira. Njira ya ku benchi njamphamvu ndipo kaŵirikaŵiri imapatsidwa mlandu wa ndale, makamaka kwa khoti Lapamwamba.

Kulemba ndi Kutsimikizira

Pulezidenti amasankha oweruza pa Artigons III, kuphatikizapo oweruza a khoti lachigawo, oweruza a dera, ndi oweruza a khoti Lapamwamba. Kutumiza dzinalo kumatumizidwa ku Seminale Yaudia Komiti ya Malamulo, imene imavomereza ndi kuvota kuti kaya avomereze kuti ndi oyenera kuyang’anira nyumba ya malamulo yonse. Ochuluka okha a m'Malamulo a Boma amatsimikizira kuti ndi olephera. Malingaliro a zandale, monga ngati sagwirizana ndi nzeru za boma, zoweruza zapamwamba, ndi kuweruza kwa kachitidwe kankhani kokulira. American Bar Association (ABA) imapereka kupenda kosakhala kwa mbali ya lamulo kwa Nomine, ngakhale kuti ntchito yake siikulu kwambiri m’zaka zaposachedwapa. Kulingalira kwandale, monga kuweruza kwapamwamba kwa zachiweruzo, ndi kuvomereza maganizo.

Moyo Wosatha ndi Kutengeka Kwake

Mfundo III ya Malamulo imapatsa oweruza a boma ndi oweruza moyo panthaŵi ya "khalidwe labwino". Makonzedwe ameneŵa analinganizidwa kutetezera oweruza ku kubwezera kwa ndale zadziko ndi kulola oweruza kupanga zosankha zozikidwa pa lamulo ndi maumboni, popanda kuwopa kutaya ntchito zawo. Alexander Hamilton adatsutsa [[FL:0] Olembetsa [makhalidwe abwino] Na. [78 kuti moyo unali wofunika kwambiri pa kulinganiza kwa ufulu wa khoti la ufulu wa munthu amene angafotokoze bwino lamulo ndi kutumikira monga cheke pa nthambi za malamulo ndi za kayendetsedwe ka moyo. Pamene kuli kwakuti moyo wa khumi umalimbikitsa kudziimiranso kuti malo asakhale olakwa ndipo angakhale ndi ziyambukiro zokhalitsa pa kulinganiza kwa makhoti.

Kufunitsitsa ndi Kusudzulidwa

Ngakhale kuti oweruza a boma ndi oweruza akukhala ndi malo a moyo wonse, iwo salephera kuchotsedwa. Malamulo amalola Nyumba ya Oimira ndi kuvomerezedwa ndi Khoti kaamba ka "kulingalira, chiphuphu, kapena maupandu ena aakulu ndi olakwa". Kuvomereza kuli kosachitika kwambiri; oweruza 15 okha a boma adapatsidwa chilango ndi asanu ndi atatu apatsidwa mlandu. Chitsanzo chaposachedwapa chinali kuchotsedwa kwa Woweruza wa Gawo G. Thomas Portitty Jr. Mu 2010 chiwopsezo cha kusamvera lamulo la boma ndi kuyang'anira chisembwere, ngakhale kuti cholinga chake n’kugwiritsidwa ntchito kutetezera ufulu wa chiweruzo.

Kupenda Chiweruzo ndi Milandu Yosonyeza Ufulu Wake

Chimodzi cha ziŵiya zamphamvu kwambiri pa judiary , chinakhazikitsidwa ndi Khoti Lalikulu m'nkhani yosintha zinthu kubwereza . Udindo wolengeza malamulo ndi zochita za mabwana popanda lamulo. Mphamvu imeneyi, yosatchulidwa mwachindunji m'Malamulo, inakhazikitsidwa ndi Khoti Lapamwamba m'nkhani yosintha zinthu Marbury v. Madison [[FL:3] (1803]. Chiyambire pamenepo, Khoti lapereka zosankha zosaŵerengeka zimene zasintha kwambiri moyo wa ku America.

Marbury v. Madison ndi mphamvu ya Judice Review

Mu Marbury v. Madison , Woweruza Wamkulu John Marshall analemba lingaliro logwirizana limene linakhazikitsa ulamuliro wa Khoti kugonjetsa machitidwe a Congress amene amaswa malamulo. Mlandu unabuka kuchokera ku mkangano wa ndale zadziko wonena za kuikidwa kwa mtendere. Marshall analamulira kuti pamene William Marbury anali ndi kuyenera kwa ntchito yake, Khoti silingapereke lamulo la Mandamus chifukwa chakuti lamulolo linapatsa mphamvu (Kuikidwa 13 kwa Chilamulo cha Jediciary Lagioti ya 1789) linali lopanda chigamulo. Chigamulo chimenechi chinatenga ji ya judiary monga nthambi ya boma ndi kukhazikitsa lamulo lalamulo.

Milandu Ina Ikuluikulu Imene Inasintha Mtunduwo

Malo a khoti Lapamwambali amaphatikizapo nkhani zimene zimayankha mafunso ofunika a ufulu wa anthu, ulamuliro wa boma, ndi ufulu wa munthu. Zina mwa zosankha zina zosonkhezera kwambiri ndi izi:

  • Brown v. Board of Education (1954) – malamulo a boma olengezedwa amakhazikitsa masukulu a boma a anthu onse a ophunzira akuda ndi oyera osagwirizana, kugwetsa "kugaŵikana koma kulingana" ndi kupititsa patsogolo gulu la ufulu wachibadwidwe.
  • Roe v. Wade (1973) – adazindikira kuyenera kwa lamulo kwa kuchotsa mimba, kuyambitsa mikangano yalamulo ndi ya ndale zadziko yopitirizabe ponena za zoyenera za kubala.
  • Obergefell v. Hodges [1] (2015) – Woweruzidwa kuti Malamulo amatsimikizira anthu okwatirana auchiŵanda kuyenera kwa kukwatira, kuwonjezera chitetezo chofanana pansi pa lamulo.
  • McCulloch v. Maryland [1] (1819) – Kutsimikiziridwa kwa ulamuliro wa boma pa malamulo a boma ndi kuchirikiza lamulo la Bank yachiŵiri ya United States, kukhazikitsa mphamvu zazikulu za Mawu kaamba ka Nyumba za Malamulo.
  • Miranda v. Arizona (666) – kusungidwa kwa lamulo kofunikira kudziŵitsa olingalira za kuyenera kwawo ('Miranda) asanaimbidwe mlandu, kulimbitsa chitetezo cha Kusintha kwa Kusintha kwa Pambuyo pa Malamulo.

Milandu imeneyi imasonyeza kukhoza kwa Khotilo kugwirizanitsa kumasulira kwa lamulo ndi miyezo ya kakhalidwe, pamene ikusonyezanso chiyambukiro chokhalitsa cha zigamulo zachiweruzo pa moyo wa tsiku ndi tsiku.

Mmene Milandu Imafikira Khoti Lalikulu

Khoti Lapamwamba limalandira zifuno zoposa 7,000 kaamba ka liwu lililonse koma limavomereza kubwereramo m'nkhani zoŵerengeka zokha. Kusinthaku kumayamba pamene chipani chikupempha khoti kuti limve mlandu. Oweruza onse amapenda mapempherowo ndi kukambirana nawo m'khoti laling’ono. Zigamulo zinayi ziyenera kuvotera kupereka chibonetsero cha certiorari (chilamulo cha anayi") mlandu usanakhazikitsidwe. Khoti limavomereza kupenda pamene khoti laderalo lagawikana pa nkhani yofunika kwambiri, pamene lamulo la boma lalengezedwa ndi khoti laling'ono, kapena pamene mlanduwo ukupereka nkhani yapadera. Pambuyo pa kutsutsana kwa pakamwa ndi kulongosola kwa mkati, malingaliro olembedwa alamulo atakhala ogwirizana.

Chiyambukiro cha Khoti Lalikulu pa Sosaite ndi Maphunziro

Chigamulo chake chimakhudza kwambiri anthu a ku America kuyambira pa ufulu wa anthu ndi malamulo ovota mpaka pa zachuma ndi chiweruzo cha apandu.

Kuwononga Ufulu wa Anthu ndi Kumasulidwa

Khoti Lapamwamba lakhala pakati pa masinthidwe ofunika kwambiri a mtunduwo. Kupyolerako Brown v. Board of Education, Gideon v. Wainwr[FL:3] (kumanja kwa uphungu), ndi [[FLT:]] kutuluka v. Virginia (ukwati wa pakati), Bwalo lafutukula ukulu wa chitetezo cha lamulo ndi kuthandiza chisalungamo chowongo. Ngakhale pamene khoti lagawa likugawidwa, zosankha zake zikutenga mphamvu ya lamulo ndi kuchirikiza manthambi onse a boma ndi mphamvu ya anthu. Mphamvu imeneyi imasonyezanso mphamvu yodziimira pa ufulu woyenerera kuteteza ufulu wochepa.

Umodzi Wolimbikitsa

Kwa ophunzira, kuphunzira za dongosolo la khoti la boma kuli koposa kuyesayesa kwa maphunziro . kuli maziko a kumvetsetsa mmene ufulu wawo umatetezeredwa ndi mmene angaloŵerere m'demokrase. Mwakupenda nkhani zokhala ndi malamulo, kupenda kugamula kwa zembe, ndi kutsatira zosankha za khoti lamakono, ophunzira amakulitsa maluso ofufuza ndi chiyamikiro chachikulu cha lamulo. Zofunika zambiri za maphunziro, zonga ngati [[FLT:] pepala la maphunziro la boma la judiary [[FL:1], [[FLT:], [[FLT:]] [oyez].org [[FL:3] (zimene zimapereka nkhani ndi kumvetsera kwa mawu a pakamwa), ndi mawelo a bungwe la khoti la ophunzitsa za ntchito za kuthandizira ndi kuthandizira ntchito.

Kumaliza

Khoti la boma, ndi dongosolo lake lamilandu la zigawo zitatu, mabwalo amilandu, ndi Bwalo Lapamwamba, limapereka dongosolo lolimba la kumasulira malamulo ndi kukhazikitsa chilungamo. Oweruza ndi oweruza amene akutumikira m’makhoti ameneŵa ali ndi thayo lalikulu: ayenera kugwiritsira ntchito lamulo, kutetezera ufulu walamulo, ndi kulinganiza zofuna zopikisana za ulamuliro wa boma ndi boma. Kumvetsetsa mbali zosiyanasiyana za oweruza a chigawo ndi a dera ndi oweruza a Supreme Court, kagamule, ndi mphamvu ya kupenda milandu nkofunika kwa aliyense wofuna kuzindikira mmene dongosolo lalamulo la ku America limagwirira ntchito.

Kwa ophunzira ndi aphunzitsi, chidziŵitso chimenechi sichimangowonjezera kuyamikira kwambiri lamulo ndi kufunika kwa oweruza odziimira okha. Mwa kuphunzira makhoti a boma, milandu yosintha zinthu, ndi ntchito yatsiku ndi tsiku ya oweruza ndi oweruza, tidzikonzekeretsa ife eni kukhala nzika zodziŵa kwambiri, zokhoza kutengamo mbali m'dongosolo la demokrase ndi kutetezera malamulo a chilungamo ndi kulingana kwa malamulo. Chipani cha boma chimakhalabe choyang'anira chofunika kwambiri cha malamulo a dziko, ndipo ntchito yake m'chitaganya cha America idzapitirizabe kumvedwa kwa mibadwo ikudza.