Kulinganiza Pamene Nthambi Ifafaniza

Malo a boma la United States anakhazikitsidwa dala pa maziko a mphamvu zogawira. Opanga malamulo a malamulo, osamala za nkhanza, anapanga nthambi zitatu zolingana ndi akuluakulu okhala ndi maulamuliro otsalirana omwe amalinganizidwa kukakamizana. Dongosolo la macheke ndi malingana siliri chabe njira yongoyerekezera; ndi njira yogwirira ntchito ya demokrase ya America. Ngati dongosolo limenelo likugwira bwino, palibe nthambi imodzi imene ingalamulire. Koma ngati nthambi imodzi mwadala kapena mosadziŵa iswa malire ake, zotsatira zake zimakhalapo zochokera ku boma lonse, zimayesa kulimba kwa repabuliki.

Kusintha kopambanitsa kumachitika pamene nthambi igwiritsa ntchito mphamvu ya wina, kapena pamene iposa malire oikidwiratu oikidwa ndi Malamulo . Izi zingachitike m'njira zambiri: mkulu wa boma amene amalamulira, bungwe lokhazikitsa malamulo otsatsa ndalama zimene zimaphwanya ufulu wa munthu woweruza, kapena khoti lopereka malamulo amene amalembanso malamulo. Nthaŵi iliyonse imasokoneza malamulo olinganizidwa bwino amene amateteza ufulu wa munthu ndi ulamuliro wa democracy.

Ntchito Yoyambirira: Nthambi Zitatu, Boma Limodzi

Kuzindikira zimene zimachitika nthambi ina ikapitirira pamafunika kuti choyamba mumvetsetse mmene mfundozo zinayambira.

  • Gawo Lalamulo: [[FLT: 1] Mfundo I ikhazikitsa Nyumba ya Oimira ndi Nyumba ya Malamulo. Maulamuliro ake aakulu amaphatikizapo kupanga malamulo, kulengeza nkhondo, kuyang'anira malonda, ndi kulamulira zingwe za chikwama. Nthambi imeneyi yalinganizidwira kukhala yolabadira kwambiri kwa anthu, ndi masankho a Nyumba.
  • Nthambi Yoyang'anira: Mfundo yachiŵiri imapereka ulamuliro wapamwamba kwa Pulezidenti, amene amatumikira monga mkulu wa boma, mkulu wa asilikali, ndi mkulu wa mabungwe a boma. Pulezidenti amakakamiza malamulo, amayendetsa zokambirana, ndipo akhoza kukhazikitsa malamulo.
  • Blanty : Mfundo III ikhazikitsa Bwalo Lapamwamba ndi makhoti a boma apamwamba. Oweruza amamasulira malamulo, kupenda malamulo awo, ndi kuthetsa mikangano yomwe imabuka pansi pa lamulo la boma. Oweruza amakhazikitsa mapangano a moyo wonse kuti adzipatule kupondereza kwa ndale.

Nthambi zimenezi sizimagwira ntchito paokha. Iliyonse ili ndi zida zopimira ina: Nyumba ya Malamulo ingapose maveto a pulezidenti, kutsimikizira kapena kukana kuikidwa, akuluakulu a boma, ndi kugwiritsa ntchito ndalama. Pulezidenti angapereke ndalama zothandizira kulipira ndalama, malamulo a akuluakulu a boma, ndi kukhululukira milandu ya boma. Makhoti angawononge malamulo ndi zochita za maulamuliro ngati kuti si zalamulo. Chikalata chimenechi chinapangidwa kuletsa gulu lililonse kuti lisakhale ndi mphamvu yosatseka.

Zotsatirapo Zamwamsanga za Kupitirira Nthambi

Nthambi ina ikazindikira kuti pali malire, njira zosiyanasiyana zimene nthambizo zimayendera zimadalira zimene zimadumpha, zimene zimakhudza nkhani zandale, zimene nthambi zina zimachita, ndiponso anthu ena amachita kuti abwerere.

Mavuto a Malamulo ndi Kupenda Chiweruzo

Mwinamwake mankhwala achindunji kwambiri a kuchenjera ndiko kuweruza. Anthu, maulamuliro, kapena nthambi zina zingatokose lamulo la boma kapena ntchito ya boma m'khoti la boma. jaji, makamaka Khoti Lalikulu, lili ndi mphamvu yolengeza zochita zosagwirizana ndi boma, zothetsadi. Mwachitsanzo, pamene Pulezidenti Harry Truman analanda zitsulo zachitsulo pankhondo ya Korea kuti apeŵe kuukira, Khoti Lapamwamba linalamulira mwa [TB. v. Sawyer . [192]

Mofananamo, pamene Nyumba ya Malamulo ipereka lamulo limene limaswa ufulu wa Opper Amendment kapena kupitirira mphamvu zake zoŵerengedwa, makhoti angaithetse, ndipo kupenda kumeneku kumaletsa mwamphamvu, koma kumadalira pa milandu imene ikuperekedwa m’makhoti ndi pa oweruza enieniwo kusungitsa ufulu wawo.

Kufuula kwa Anthu Onse ndi Kuloŵerera Kwandale

Kusintha kopambanitsa kumayambitsa chitsutso cha nzika. Pamene anthu azindikira kuti nthambi yachitapo kanthu mopitirira ulamuliro wake, kungatsogolere ku kutsutsa, makampani a zaunyinji, makampani a za manyusiti, ndi wovota wowonjezereka kutembenuka pa chisankho chotsatira. Chipongwe cha Watergate ndi chitsanzo chabwino: Kuyesayesa kwa Pulezidenti Nixon kutsekera ku kulanda malo kulikulu la Democratic National Committee, limodzi ndi kugwiritsira ntchito kwake mphamvu zolamulira kuletsa chilungamo, kuchititsa kulira kwakukulu kwapo. Chitsenderezo chimenechi, kuphatikizapo kufunsa kochitidwa ndi Congress and khoti, pomalizira pake anakakamiza kukana.

Anthu amene amaimba mlandu angachititse kuti anthu a m’bungweli alangidwe kapena kubwezera mphoto kwa amene achita zinthu monyanyira polimbana ndi akuluakulu a boma.

Zotsatirapo za Ndale ndi Malamulo Ogwirizana

M’boma lenilenilo, machenjera angasonkhezere kubwezera kwa nthambi zina. Nyumba ya malamulo ingayambitse kufufuza, kukana kupereka ndalama, kukana kutsimikizira kuvomerezedwa, kapena ngakhale kuyamba kuvomereza. Mwachitsanzo, m'ma 1970, Nyumba inapanga khoti la Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act (FA) kuti iyambitsenso ntchito zaudindo wa nthambi zimene zinapitirira malire a malamulo. Posachedwapa, Nyumbayo yachititsa akuluakulu kunyoza Congress pokana kugwirizana ndi makampani a Price, kutsogolera ku nkhondo zalamulo zofotokoza malingana ndi mwayi waudindo.

Pamene khoti lamilandu lipitirira, Nyumba ya Malamulo ingavomereze mwa kukhazikitsa lamulo lochepetsa ulamuliro wa khotilo kapena mwa kukhazikitsa malamulo oletsa kuchotsa zosankha.

Kufufuza Nkhani Zokhudza Kufalikira Kopambanitsa kwa Mbiri

Kupenda zitsanzo zenizeni za dziko kumamveketsa bwino mphamvu za kuchenjera kwa nthambi ndi kulimba kwa dongosolo la zinthu.

Nthambi Yoyang’anira: Watergate ndi Mfumu Yoyang’anira

Chilango cha Watergate ndi chitsanzo chochititsa manyazi cha kuchenjera kwa akuluakulu. Pulezidenti Richard Nixon sanangovomereza kuswa malamulo okha komanso anagwiritsira ntchito CIA ndi FBI kuphimba upanduwo, kulepheretsa chilungamo ndi kuswa kugaŵikana kwa maulamuliro. Pamene Khoti Lalikulu linamulamula pamodzi kutulutsa meseti ya White House , Nixon analolera mowopsezedwa ndi kukana. Anasiya ntchito mu 1974, kusonyeza kuti ngakhale pulezidenti wakukhala pansi saposa lamulo. Nkhaniyo inatsogoleranso ku ku kusintha kwa masinthidwe a maulamuliro a pa Pristive-Watergated, kuphatikizapo Ethics mu Act Act ndi madongosolo amphamvu kwambiri oyang'anira.

Nthambi ya Malamulo: Mgwirizano wa Malamulo wa Chigawo cha Chigawo ndi Kupitira Mopambanitsa

Malamulo angapambane pamene nthumwi za Congress za mphamvu yopambanitsa kwa mkulu kapena zoyesayesa kulamulira ntchito za akuluakulu a boma kupyola mbali yake ya lamulo. Chitsanzo chodziŵika ndicho Line Intete Veto Act ya 1996, imene inapatsa Pulezidenti mphamvu ya kuchotsa zinthu zenizeni popanda kuchotsa ndalama zonse. Khoti Lapamwamba linakantha mu Clinton v. City of New York [1] , pokhulupirira kuti ikuswa Preace Claus mwa kulola Pulezidenti kutumiza kapena kukonzanso malamulo. Nyumba ya Malamulo inaiphonya mwa kupatsa mphamvu yosapezeka mu Constitution.

Nthambi Yoweruza: Kuvomereza ndi Kuyankha

Chigamulo cha oweruza, chimene kaŵirikaŵiri chimatchedwa "Uchigamulo wa zauchigamulo," chimachitika pamene makhoti akumasulira Konsichushoniyo m’njira zimene zimawonekera kukhala zofutukula ulamuliro wawo kapena kunyalanyaza cholinga cha boma. 1857 Dred Scott chigamulo, chimene chinalengeza Aafirika kuti sichingakhale nzika, chinatsutsidwa kwambiri monga Khoti yopatuka malire ake mwa kugamula nkhani ya ndale. Posachedwapa, zosankha zonga Roe v. Wade v. ndi [FLT:] [FL:] [FL:] [4] agwe. v [FLD:] adatsutsidwa ndi ena monga oweruza, pamene ena akuziona kukhala oyenerera kutetezera ufulu wa munthu aliyense, kapena kugamula mlandu, kapena kutsutsa chigamulo, chikanero chongo, chongo chake chotsutsa chotsutsa chikanetsedwa.

Mbali ya Lamulo Monga Kuimitsidwa

Malamulo a ku United States ndiwo amatsogolera kwambiri m’mikangano pakati pa nthambi.

  • Kusiyanitsa Maulamuliro: Nkhani I, II, ndi III modzionetsera zimagawiridwa zapadera. Malamulo samalola nthambi imodzi mwadala kuchita ntchito zazikulu za ina. Mwachitsanzo, Nyumba za Malamulo zokha ndi zimene zingalengeze nkhondo; Pulezidenti sangakhale, ngakhale kuti ali mkulu wa asilikali.
  • Ziwonkhetso ndi Malinganizo: Nthambi iliyonse ili ndi zida zapadera zolimbana ndi kupambana. Mphamvu ya Congress ya kulephera (Atugle I, Chigawo 2 ndi 3) imalola kuchotsedwa kwa Pulezidenti, Pulezidenti, Pulezidenti, ndi akuluakulu ena a boma kaamba ka "Mfundo, Chiphuphu, kapena maupandu ena apamwamba ndi Misdeators. Uphungu wa Nyumba ya Malamulo ndi ntchito yake (Atempricle II, Chigawo 2) zimaitseka mapangano ndi kuweruza. Pulezidenti wa desidenti a desidenti chuniary a mphamvu ya kupenda kwa chiweruzo (yayesedwa mu [FL:]] milbury. v.F.F.F.3]
  • Programme mendiment : Mfundo V imapereka njira yowongolera zophophonya za malamulo. Ngati nthambi imodzi ipitirira mwadongosolo, kusintha kungamveketse kapena kugaŵanitsa mphamvu, ngakhale kuti imeneyi ndi njira yovuta mwadala kufuna zinthu zazikulu.

Makina Oletsa ndi Kuwongolera Zinthu

Kuti ntchito igwire bwino ntchito, pamafunika kuchita zinthu zina kuti munthu apewe kusokonezeka, komanso kuti azitha kugwiritsa ntchito mankhwala oteteza thupi.

Njira Zotetezera

  • [[FLT: 0] Maphunziro a Chivomerezo: Chosankha chodziŵa bwino ndicho njira yoyamba yodzitetezera. Pamene nzika zimvetsetsa kulekana kwa maulamuliro ndi zoyenera zawo, iwo ali othekera kwambiri kuzindikira ndi kukana kuloŵerera. Sukulu, zoulutsira mawu, ndi mabungwe achitaganya amachita mbali ina m’kuchirikiza chidziŵitso chimenechi.
  • Active Public Athithition:[[FLT :1] Kutumiza, kupezeka m'maholo a tauni, kulankhulana ndi nthumwi, ndi kugawana mwamtendere ndi akuluakulu a boma ali ndi mlandu. Anthu osafuna kugawana amaitana ochenjerera.
  • M'ma Norms: miyambo ndi malamulo osalembedwa kaŵirikaŵiri zimakakamiza khalidwe kukhala logwira mtima koposa malamulo alamulo. Mwachitsanzo, mwambo wa Nyumba ya Malamulo kugonjera ku kuikidwa kwa kabati ya pulezidenti wawonongeka m'zaka makumi angapo aposachedwapa, koma malamulo okhalitsa onga kudziimira pawekha kwa komiti alamulo akhalabe ofunika.
  • Kulankhulana kwamphamvu: nthaŵi zonse pakati pa nthambi .Monga ngati Pulezidenti akufunsa Congress asanachite nkhondo (ngakhale kuti nthaŵi zonse samawona) [1] kumawonjezera kuthekera kwa kachitidwe kamodzi.

Njira Zowongolera

  • [[FLT: 0] [[FUDICIIN Review: Makhoti angachotse malamulo ndi zochita za akuluakulu. Mphamvu imeneyi, yokhazikitsidwa mu [[FLT :2] bury v. Madison (120] [1]), ndi maziko a kuŵerengera kwa lamulo. Chigamulo cha Khoti Lapamwamba mu Chikalata cha Homeland Security v. Regents za Yunivesite ya California [1] [FLT:] (2020) chinagwetsa kuyang'anira kwa Trump kwa DCA, kupeza icho ndi dala.
  • [[FLT: 0] Kuphunzitsa ndi Kutsimikiza: Nyumba ingaletse ndi voti la anthu ambiri; akaidi a Nyumba ya Malamulo ndi magawo aŵiri. Mapresidenti Andrew Johnson, Bill Clinton, ndi Donald Trump anatsutsidwa; Johnson yekha ndi chigamulo chimodzi. Kukopa ndiko chida chopeputsa koma chenjezo lamphamvu.
  • [[FLT: 0] Uyang'aniro Wauyang'anira Waukulu: Makomiti amafufuza ntchito za nthambi ya maulamuliro, zikalata zaing'ono zapansipaya, ndi kukakamiza umboni. Boma Office Authonation councial (GAO) imafufuza ndalama zowonongedwa. Uyang'aniro wogwira mtima, monga momwe wawonedwa m'nkhani ya Iran-Contra, ungavumbule ndi kuletsa kupotoza.
  • [[NT.0] Malamulo a m'zifukwa: Congress angapereke malamulo kuletsa mphamvu za maulamuliro, monga ngati Powers Revolution ya Nkhondo ya 1973, imene imafuna kuti Prezidenti adziŵitse Congress mkati mwa maola 48 akutumiza magulu ankhondo ndi zigamulo ku masiku 60 popanda chilolezo.
  • Control: Popeza kuti mkulu sangawononge ndalama popanda kukambirana kwa bungwe, kudula ndalama ndi kuyendera kolimba. Nyumba za malamulo zingachotse maprogramu kapena mabungwe onse kulamulira mwa kuchenjera.

Kufufuza Kwakunja: Ofalitsa Nkhani ndi Anthu a M’dzikolo

Independent , mabungwe oyang'anira zigaŵenga monga American Civil Liberations Union (ACLU) ndi Brennan Center ya Chilungamo, ndi makampani a zamaphunziro amachita mbali yofunika kwambiri. New York Times yakhala ndi zochitika zosaŵerengeka za kupotoza kampani; magulu alamulo opereka milandu; oganiza ophunzitsa za malamulo. Anthu amphamvu a m'dziko ngofunika kuti adziŵe mayankhidwe ndi kukonzekeretsa. The New York Times yakhala ndi zochitika zosalekeza za kupotoza nthambi [1] ndi mikangano yopitirizabe yonena za kubwezera.

Kufunika kwa Kuŵerengera Mlandu m’Demokrase Yabwino

Madongosolo oŵerengera mlandu amatsimikizira kuti dongosolo lisintha ku chilungamo ndi bata. Popanda izo, kupambana kumakhala mwambo, ndipo kupatukana kwa mphamvu kumagwa. Zida zofunika zodziŵerengera mlandu zimaphatikizapo:

  • Ifunsiso: Malamulo amapereka kuchotsedwa kwa akuluakulu a boma amene amachita “Upandu Waukulu ndi Misdears . . Kachitidwe kameneka kagwiritsiridwa ntchito mochepera, koma kukhalapo kwake kumaletsa khalidwe loipitsitsa.
  • Makomiti a kuyang’anira: [[FLT :1] Onse aŵiri Nyumba ndi Nyumba ya Makomiti ali ndi makomiti opatulidwa kuyang'anira nthambi ya akuluakulu. Nyumba Oversity ndi Government Reform Committee, mwachitsanzo, imasunga mayeso ndi nkhani za apapa kuti afufuze kutayidwa, chinyengo, ndi kuchitiridwa nkhanza.
  • [[FLT: 0] Umboni wa polisi: Chisankho chaulere, kusindikiza ufulu, ndi chigamulo chodziimira ndicho utatu wa kuŵerengera kwa demokalase. Nzika zimene zimavota zingaloŵe mmalo mwa akuluakulu a boma ofikira; atolankhani amene akusimba angaumbe malingaliro a anthu; oweruza amene amalamulira angaumirize malire.
  • State Action: United States angabwezerenso kumbuyo kwa kulephera kwa boma. Maulamuliro a Tenu Amendment osaperekedwa ku boma la boma. Maboma apereka boma la boma pa malamulo a akuluakulu, malamulo a malo, ndi malamulo a kusamukira ku dziko, kutsogolera ku malamulo a Supreme Court amene amalongosola malire a ulamuliro wa boma.

Mavuto Amakono ndi Kuchuluka kwa Malo

M’zaka za zana la 21, njira yopimira ndi kulinganiza ikuyang'anizana ndi zitsenderezo zatsopano. Kuwonjezereka kwa kugawana kwa ndale zadziko kwachititsa kunyonyotsoka kwa kugwirizana kwa bipartisan, kupanga uyang'aniro ndi kusagwirizana kwapadera. Ma nduna za magulu onse aŵiri afutukula mphamvu ya maulamuliro kupyolera mwa malamulo a akuluakulu, kaŵirikaŵiri kupitirira kwa Msonkhano. Kukula kwa boma kwasokoneza ntchito zauyang'anira ndi za malamulo, ndi kukhazikitsa malamulo amene ali ndi mphamvu ya lamulo popanda kuyang'anira kolunjika.

Khoti Lalikulu lakhala malo ankhondo pamlingo wa ulamuliro wa chiweruzo. Njira zotsimikizira zachitsutso ndi kusintha kwa malingaliro zadzutsa mafunso ponena za kudziimira kwa Khoti. Kugawana kwa masuzumire a Institution [1] imagogomezera kuti kukhulupirira anthu m'Khoti kwatha pamene likugaŵikana mowonjezereka ndi magulu andale.

Pakali pano, tekinoloji ndi makompyuta a zaumoyo amafulumiza kulira kwa anthu komanso kukulitsa mabodza, kupangitsa nzika kuvuta kutsimikizira kuti ndizodi zochenjera ndi zonena za otsutsa. Cato Institute kafukufuku wa pa kampani akupereka lingaliro lakuti kuyang'anira kwa pa wailesi ndi kusonkhanitsa chidziŵitso cha akuluakulu a ntchito kumayambitsa mavuto atsopano ku malamulo a malamulo.

Kulimbitsa Dongosolo la Mtsogolo

Kusunga macheke opindulitsa ndi kulinganiza zinthu kumafuna khama nthaŵi zonse.

  • Kukonza dongosolo la Nkhondo: Kutsimikizira pamene Prezidenti ayenera kufunafuna chilolezo cha kukhazikitsa kaamba ka kachitidwe ka nkhondo. Maulamuliro a Nkhondo a 1973 sanalemekezedwe nthaŵi zonse, ndipo kukonzanso kungachepetsedwe momvekera bwino.
  • Ulamuliro wa kupumula: Kugwiritsira ntchito malamulo a akuluakulu ndi kufuna kuti malamulo aakulu alandire chivoti chapamwamba kapena chapansi m'Malamulo asanayambe kugwira ntchito.
  • Kutetezera ufulu wachiweruzo: Kukaniza mapempho a kufutukula Bwalo Lapamwamba kapena kuika malire popanda kutsutsana kosamalitsa, ndi kutetezera kukhoza kwa khoti kupenda milandu popanda kuloŵerera m'ndale zadziko.
  • Kuwona kuonekera: Khumitsani ufulu wa malamulo a chidziŵitso ndi kutetezera oimba malikhweru amene amavumbula kuchenjera kwa boma. Oyang'anira a Independero mkati mwa mabungwe amatumikira monga mayeso ofunika.
  • Ubatizo wa Chipangano cha Chibik: [[FLT :1] Kulimbikitsa magulu a anthu osapartisko kuphunzitsa nzika ponena za ufulu wawo ndi makampani a boma. Anthu otomeredwa ndiwo chitetezo champhamvu kwambiri polimbana ndi ochenjeredwa.

Kumaliza: Kusamala Kofunika Nthaŵi Zonse

Nthambi ina ikakhala ndi masitepe, si vuto longochitika lokha. Machenjera ndi mayeso amakonzedwa kuti athetse mantha ndi kulakwitsa. Zilango zalamulo, kulira kwa anthu, kulephera kuyang'anira malamulo, ndi kupenda milandu zonsezo zimagwira ntchito monga zothandizira kudzidzimutsa. Komabe, njira zimenezi zimagwira ntchito ngati mabungwe akhalabe amphamvu ndipo nzika zikukhala . Mbiri imasonyeza kuti kuchenjera kungatsogolere ku ku kulephera, masankhoti otayika, malamulo oletsedwa, ndiponso ngakhale malamulo alamulo omwe asintha. Chitetezo chachikulu ndicho kuteteza Malamulo enieniwo, koma mawu ake amafuna omasulira ndi oteteza.

Kulinganizika kwa mphamvu sikuli kwamphamvu; kuli kachitidwe kofunikira kusungidwa kosalekeza. Mbadwo uliwonse uyenera kukonzanso chidziŵitso chawo cha chifukwa chimene mphamvu iyenera kukhalira yosawawidwa ndi kuŵerengera. Njira yabwino yotetezera nthambi imodzi kusapitirira ndiyo kutsimikizira kuti ziŵiri zinazo ziri zolimba kutsendereza, ndi kuti anthu ali atcheru mokwanira kuisunga yonse. Malamulo akhalabe pulani [, koma amafuna kuti mabungwe amoyo apangedwe ake. Mtsogolo mwa kulamulira kwa democracyism kumadalira pa nzika, osankhidwa, akuluakulu a boma, ndi oweruza mofananamo amene amavomereza lamulo lakuti palibe nthambi.