Kodi Dziko Nlotani?

Republic ndi mtundu wa boma limene boma limaonedwa ngati "nkhani ya anthu" — lotengedwa ku mawu achilatini amaimira publica, kutanthauza "nkhani ya anthu onse" kapena "nkhani ya anthu. Mosiyana ndi mfumu, kumene wolamulira mmodzi ali ndi mphamvu ya cholowa chake, ufulu wa boma mu anthu. Anthuwo amapatsa ulamuliro wosankha anthu amene amalamulira mogwirizana ndi malamulo a boma. Malamulowa amaika malamulo a boma ndi kutsimikizira kuti akuluakulu a boma ali ndi mlandu kwa nzika. Madziko amangidwa pa mfundo yakuti palibe amene ali pamwamba pa lamulolo, ngakhale amene amapanga kapena kuutsatira.

Chitsanzo cha republica nchosiyana ndi kutsogolera mademokrase, kumene nzika zimavotera pa nkhani iliyonse. Mmalomwake, malipabuliki amadalira pa kuimira — njira yothandiza ya chitaganya chachikulu, chocholoŵana kumene kutengamo mbali mwachindunji ndi nzika iriyonse m’chosankha chirichonse kungakhale kosagwira ntchito. Kakonzedwe kameneka kamaloleza kaamba ka kugamula kwapadera, kulamulira kwaukatswiri, ndi kutetezera kwa ufulu waung’ono motsutsana ndi kupondereza kwa unyinji wa anthu.

Mbali za Dziko la Republic

Ngakhale kuti mayiko a mayiko a mayiko osiyanasiyana amasiyana kwambiri m’zinthu ndi miyambo yawo, iwo ali ndi makhalidwe angapo amene amawasiyanitsa ndi maboma ena.

  • Kutsekereza Chilamulo: m'lipabuliki, malamulo amagwira ntchito mofanana kwa anthu onse — nzika, akuluakulu a boma, ngakhale atsogoleri apamwamba. Palibe amene amalephera kuŵerengera mlandu wa lamulo. Lamulo limeneli limaletsa malamulo auchiweruzi ndipo limapanga mkhalidwe wotsimikizirika wa moyo wa anthu ndi wachuma.
  • Kugaŵa kwa Maulamuliro: Mphamvu imagawidwa pakati pa nthambi zosiyana — makamaka akuluakulu a ntchito, malamulo, ndi judget — iriyonse yokhala ndi ntchito zake ndi kuyang'anira zina. Kupatukana kumeneku kumaletsa chinthu chimodzi kudzilamulira mopambanitsa ndi kupereka njira zambiri zoyang’anira ndi kuŵerengera.
  • Boma loimira: [1] Nzika zosankha akuluakulu a boma kuti apange zosankha zawo. Kuimira kumeneku ndi injini yothandiza ya republic, kulola ulamuliro kulingana pamene akusunga ulamuliro wotchuka. Zosankha, malire a mawu, ndi kusintha kwanthaŵi zonse mu ofesi kutsimikizira kuti oimira akhalabe ovomereza chifuniro chapoyera.
  • Malire Oikitika: Bukhu lolembedwa kapena losalembedwa limalongosola mphamvu za boma ndi kutchula zoyenera za nzika. Ziletso zimenezi zalinganizidwira kutetezera ufulu wa munthu aliyense ku kuloŵerera kwa boma ndi kutsimikizira kuti kusintha kwa kapangidwe ka boma kumafuna kugwirizana kwakukulu.
  • Kutetezera kwa Ufulu Waukulu wa Anthu: Republics zimachinjiriza ku "kutsutsana ndi unyinji" mwa kutetezera kokhazikika kwa magulu ang'ono ndi malingaliro otsutsa. Zitetezero zimenezi — zonga ngati kulankhula mwaufulu, ufulu wachipembedzo, ndi njira zoyenerera — zimatsimikizira kuti malingaliro ofala sangachotse zoyenera zazikulu.

Zinthu zimenezi zimagwirira ntchito pamodzi kupanga dongosolo limene limavomereza anthu onse ndi kulimbanirana ndi ulamuliro.

Mbiri Yake: Chiyambi cha Dzikoli ndi Chisinthiko

Kumvetsetsa mbiri imeneyi kumathandiza kumveketsa bwino chifukwa chake mayiko ariphabliki alinganiza zinthu mwadongosolo ndiponso chifukwa chake adakali ofunika masiku ano.

Rome Republic: Kuyesa Koyamba Kokulirapo

Roman Republic (50927 BC) ndi chitsanzo chotchuka kwambiri cha kulamulira kwa republic. Pambuyo pa kugwetsa ufumu wake, Roma anakhazikitsa dongosolo locholoŵana la macheke ndi malamulo omwe anaphatikizapo Nyumba ya Malamulo yopangidwa ndi maufumu, osankhidwa ndi oweruza (monga ngati ma conspular, mapretars, ndi ofufuza), ndi misonkhano yotchuka kumene nzika zinasankha malamulo ndi akuluakulu a boma. Chitsanzo cha Roma sichinali cha democracy ndi miyezo yamakono — chinachotsa akazi, akapolo, ndi osakhala a chiŵalo — koma chinayambitsa lingaliro lakuti ulamuliro walamulo umachokera kwa anthu (kapena ndi bungwe lodziŵika) ndi mphamvu imeneyo iyenera kugawiridwa kupyola m'mabungwe launyinyiringika kuletsa ulamuliro wauchiŵere.

Roman Republic inayambitsanso lingaliro la malamulo osanganiza, amene anaphatikiza maufumu a monarchy, maufumu apamwamba (Nyumba ya Malamulo), ndi demokrase (misonkhano). Kuphatikiza kumeneku kunali kolinganizidwira kulinganiza zikondwerero zopikisana ndi kuletsa gulu lirilonse kuletsa kukhazikika ndi kuwonjezereka kwa Roma pansi pa dongosolo lino kunachititsa Roma kukhala chitsanzo cha ofufuza ndi akuluakulu a boma apambuyo pake.

Komabe, potsirizira pake dziko la Roma linagonja ku ziphuphu za m’dzikolo, kusalingana kwa anthu, ndi kusoŵa kwa asilikali, zimene zinafika poipa kwambiri poti Augustus ndi Ufumu wake unayamba kulamulira.

Anthu Oganiza Moona Mtima ndi Kusintha kwa Dziko

Kwa zaka mazana ambiri pambuyo pa kugwa kwa Roma, malingaliro a chipabuliki anazimiririka kwambiri ndi ndale zopindulitsa, kumakhala makamaka m’zolembedwa za akatswiri ndi m'madera angapo a ku Italy monga Florence ndi Venice. Chinali kufikira ku Kutseguka kwa Unyinjiko kumene lipabuliki inapeza kuyambitsidwa kwamphamvu. Afilosofi onga John Locke , [Mantesquieu , ndi [[FLT:] Jacques Rous Rouseauburgh ] adasintha unansi pakati pa boma ndi olamuliridwa, kuyala maziko a nzeru zamakono.

Locke anatsutsa kuti boma lovomerezeka limakhala pa [[FLT: 0] chivomerezo cha olamulidwa ndi kuti anthu ali ndi ufulu wachibadwa ku moyo, ufulu, ndi chuma chimene palibe boma lingachiswe. Malingaliro ake a pangano la kakhalidwe ndi boma lopereŵera anasonkhezera mwachindunji maulamuliro a Amereka. Montesquie, pantchito yake yolamulira Mzimu wa Malamulo , kuchirikiza ufulu ndi kuchirikiza ulamuliro wa dziko la ochirikiza ufulu. Ngakhale kuti pali lingaliro lachindunji la kuchirikiza mphamvu za dziko lapansi [[FL:5] monga chotsimikizirika chotetezera ulamuliro wa . Iye anatsutsa mphamvu ya kugaŵana pakati pa makampani, ndi nthambi zachiweruzo, dziko la Roultonsburgh, ngakhale kuti linachirikiza kwambiri lingaliro la ulamuliro wandale. [FlGenel:]

Malamulo a Chidziŵitso ameneŵa anafalikira kumapeto kwa zaka za zana la 18, modabwitsa kwambiri m’masinthidwe a ku America ndi France. Malamulo a United States, amene anavomerezedwa mu 1788, anakhala chitsanzo chodziŵika cha boma lamakono, kuphatikizapo boma loimira, kugaŵana maulamuliro, ndi lamulo lolembedwa la ufulu. Chipanduko cha France, ngakhale kuti chinali chovuta kwambiri, chinasonkhezeranso malingaliro a dziko la ufulu, ulingana, ndi mgwirizano — mfundo zimene zikafalikira ku Ulaya ndi padziko lonse lapansi m’zaka mazana ambiri zotsatira.

Mitundu Yokulira ya Madziko

Madziko amabwera m’njira zosiyanasiyana, imodzi ndi imodzi yokhala ndi makonzedwe akeawo ndi magulu a ndale zadziko ofala kwambiri kuphatikizapo malipabuliki a prezidenti, malipabuliki a nyumba ya malamulo, ndi malipabuliki a boma.

Mapale a Pulezidenti

M'lipabuliki ya pulezidenti, pulezidenti amatumikira monga mkulu wa boma ndi mkulu wa boma , wosankhidwa pakhoma. Pulezidenti ali ndi mphamvu zazikulu za boma, kuphatikizapo lamulo la asilikali, mphamvu ya kuika mamembala a bungwe ndi oweruza (ogonjera ku chivomerezo cha lamulo). United States, Brazil, Mexico, ndi South Korea ali zitsanzo zazikulu. Pulezidenti wadziko amapereka mizera yowonekera bwino ya kuŵerengera mlandu — Lovice akudziŵa amene ayenera kulipira chilolezo kapena mlandu — koma angatsogolerenso ku malo apamwamba pamene bungwe la couragenia ndi bungwe la oweruza likulamulidwa ndi magulu otsutsa.

Ma Republic a Nyumba ya Malamulo

Mu lipabuliki ya nyumba ya malamulo, boma la nduna yaikulu limatengedwa ndi kuŵerengeredwa ndi kuperekedwa kwa nyumba ya malamulo . Mtsogoleri wa boma kaŵirikaŵiri ndi pulezidenti wamwambo wokhala ndi maulamuliro opereŵera, pamene mutu wa boma ali nduna yaikulu imene imatsogolera gulu la anthu ambiri kapena mgwirizano m'palamente. Nduna yaikulu ndi bungwe la boma imakhala mu ofesi malinga ngati asunga chidaliro cha nyumba ya malamulo. Ngati ataya chisankho, masankho atsopano kapena boma latsopano liyenera kupangidwa. Zitsanzo zimaphatikizapo India, Germany, ndi Singapore. Malamulo a pampando amaoneka kukhala osinthika mwamsanga ndipo angapangire malamulo kuposa dongosolo la prezidenti, koma angakhale opanda mlingo wofanana wa kupenda ndi kulinganiza.

Federal Republics

Lipabuliki ya boma imagaŵa mphamvu pakati pa boma lapakati ndi maboma a madera odzilamulira okha (maiko, zigawo, kapena zigawo). Mabungwe ameneŵa amalola madera kukhala ndi ulamuliro waukulu pa nkhani za kumaloko — maphunziro, zoyendera, chisungiko za anthu — pamene boma lapakati limasamalira chitetezo cha dziko, malamulo achilendo, ndi ndalama. Mafarpabuliki adziko ndi ofala m'maiko aakulu, osiyanasiyana kumene dongosolo la mgwirizano lingakhale losathandiza kapena lotsendereza. United States, Germany, Switzerland, ndi India ndi mayiko onse. Federaliism imawonjezera chidutswa cha machenjezo ndi ndalama zoyendera dziko, monga momwe maboma akugwira ntchito monga olimbana ndi ulamuliro pakati peni.

Madziko Osiyana: Kusiyana Kofunika Kwambiri

Anthu ambiri amagwiritsira ntchito mawu "republic" ndi "democracy" mosinthana, koma si ofanana. A democracy imagogomezera lamulo lambiri — lingaliro lakuti chifuniro cha anthu ambiri chiyenera kugamulapo lamulo la anthu. public [[FLT:], kusiyanitsa, kugogomezera malire a malamulo ndi kutetezedwa kwa munthu ndi ufulu wa anthu ochepa pa anthu ambiri opotopetsedwa. United States, mwachitsanzo, kaŵirikaŵiri imafotokozedwa monga "upapa" mmalo mwa "demokrase" kugogomezera kuti mphamvu za anthu ochuluka zikuponderezedwa ndi malamulo amene sangakhoze kutha kukhazikitsa malamulo.

Opanga malamulo a U.S. adachenjera ndi chimene anatcha "kusintha kwa anthu ambiri" — ngozi yakuti ambiri otengeka mtima angagwiritsire ntchito mphamvu zawo kupondereza anthu ochepa, kulanda katundu wosokera, kapena kuchotsa ufulu wofunika. Chotero anapanga njira imene njira zotchuka zidzayendetsedwa kupyolera mwa mabungwe oimira, masankho ozembera, bidaralism, ndi wodziimira paokha. Njira zimenezi zingachepetse kusintha kwa ndale ndipo zimafuna kugwirizana kwakukulu kwa kusintha kwa malamulo. Monga momwe James Madison adanenera mu Fidano No. [10], woimira wa dziko lapansi, anga "kuwongowongoletsera ndi kukulitsa malingaliro a anthu onse" mwa kukopa akuluakulu osankhidwa.

Mfundo ziwirizi zimagwirizana ndi kulimbikitsana, koma mfundo yolimbikitsa mfundo za malamulo a boma ndiponso ufulu wa anthu ochepa ndi yothandiza kwambiri kuti malamulo ambiri asasokonezeke.

Chifukwa Chake Ma Republic Ndi Ofunika M’dziko Lamakono

M’nyengo ya ulamuliro wopondereza womakulakula, kuchepa kwa chidaliro m’mabungwe, ndi kusintha kwa luso la zopangapanga, malamulo a kulamulira kwa republic ali ofunika kwambiri kuposa ndi kale lonse. Ma Republic akupereka maziko otsimikizirika kaamba ka kulinganiza ufulu ndi dongosolo, kutheketsa ntchito yaumodzi pamene akutetezera ufulu wa munthu payekha. Kumvetsetsa chifukwa chake nkhani ya malipabuliki ingathandize nzika kukhala odzipereka kwambiri kukhala oyang’anira a ulamuliro wawo.

Kulimbana ndi Chipwirikiti

Malamulo a zigaŵenga — kugaŵikana kwa maulamuliro, malamulo, makhoti odziimira paokha — amapanga zopinga zambiri zotsutsana ndi kukhazikitsidwa kwa ulamuliro wa autocracy. Atsogoleri amene akuyesa kupotoza ulamuliro wawo ayenera kulimbana ndi nyumba ya malamulo imene ingalephere kupereka ndalama, jaji imene ingagonjetse ntchito zawo, nyuzi imene ingawonongetse ntchito zawo, manyuzipepala omasuka amene angavumbule nkhanza, ndi nzika zimene zingavote kuti zikhale zowachotsa pa udindo. Palibe bungwe limodzi limene lingatetezere kulanda kapena kuchita ziphuphu, koma kugwiritsa ntchito macheketeŵa kumachititsa kuti chivute kwambiri kuti munthu woukira boma agwire ndi kulanda mphamvu. Ma Republic amene amasunga zipani zamphamvu ndi nzika zatcheru za boma zamphamvu atsimikizira molimbanira kupondereza ulamuliro wankhanza.

Kulimbikitsa Udindo wa Mwamuna ndi Umodzi

Ma Republics amapita patsogolo pamene nzika zitenga mathayo awo mosamalitsa. Mosiyana ndi madongosolo a authoritarianism amene amafuna kumvera kosachitapo kanthu, republic imafunikira chidziŵitso, kukhala ndi phande lachangu. Kutumiza ndi mtundu wapadera wa pangano la boma. Nzika ziyeneranso kukhala zodziŵitsidwa ponena za nkhani za anthu, kutumikira pa makhoti, kukhala ndi phande m'maboma, ndi kuchititsa oimira awo kukhala ndi mlandu pakati pa masankhoti. Umoyo wa boma umadalira pa mkhalidwe wa chikhalidwe chake cha anthu — miyezo, zizoloŵezi, ndi makhalidwe abwino zimene zimachirikiza kudzisunga. Pamene nzika zimagaŵira thayo lonse ku akazembetsa usilikali ndi kutuluka m'moyo wa anthu, dongosolo la kachiŵeruzidwe ka kachiyenetse. Maphunziro a m'maudindo — kuphatikizapo kulemekeza malingaliro otsutsana, ndi kudzipereka kutsata, kutsata ku ku madera ofala — nkofunika kwa dziko lonse la likulu.

Kulimbana ndi Mavuto Amene Akhalapo M’tsogolo

Ma Republic lerolino amayang'anizana ndi zitsenderezo zazikulu zimene oyambitsa ma republic akale sakanayembekezera. [FLT: 0] Missinttion ndi kusuliza kumafalikira mofulumira ku mapulatifomu a manambala, kuchotsa maziko a zenizeni ofunikira kuti alingalitse. [[FLT:]] Kusinthasintha kwa malo [[FLT:]] kumapanga kuvuta ndi kumanga mgwirizano, kumachititsa kufeŵetsa ndi kuchepetsa chikhulupiriro m'boma. [[FLT:] Kusalingana kwa zinthu zofunikira pakati pa anthu angapo, kukweza nkhaŵa za ndale kapena kukhoza kupulumuka pa kusokonezeka kwa chuma. [FLT:]

Kuthetsa mavuto ameneŵa kumafuna kukonzanso makampani ndi chikhalidwe. Kulimbikitsa zoulutsira nkhani ndi kulimbikitsa maphunziro a pa TV kungathandize kulimbana ndi mfundo zabodza. Kusintha zinthu — monga kuvota kosankhidwa ndi makampani, mabungwe odziimira okha, ndi kuwonjezera kulowa m'makampani — kungachititse masankho kukhala opikisana kwambiri ndi oimira. Kuona mtima kwa ndalama ndi njira zothandizira anthu opereka ndalama kukhoza kuchepetsa chisonkhezero cha anthu olemera ndi kubwezeretsanso chidaliro mwa mabungwe oimira. Panthaŵi imodzimodziyo, kulimbikitsa chikhalidwe cha nkhani za anthu, maphunziro a zachikhalidwe, ndi mgwirizano wa anthu ukhoza kumanganso mapangano a bungwe la zachuma limene limadalira.

Kusintha kwa Dziko Lonse kwa Chibacteria

Republicanism siikungofikira dziko limodzi kapena chigawo chimodzi. Chitsanzo cha republic chasinthidwa ku mikhalidwe ya chikhalidwe yosiyanasiyana kuzungulira dziko, kuchokera ku India (Republic yaikulu ya dziko) (i Lipabuliki yaikulu kwambiri ya dziko) kupita ku South Africa [inali dziko la lipabuliki la malamulo ogwirizana ndi kulimbana ndi tsankho] ku Germany [ [irbaclate ya boma lakuyanja yomangidwanso pambuyo pa nkhanza za Nazi). Maiko onsewa apanga mabungwe a mbiri yawo, mikhalidwe yawo ya chikhalidwe, ndi miyambo yandale zadziko. Kusintha kumeneku ndi kulimba kwa dziko la dziko la Republicnism — Franvernvers of as of the ges of .

Mabungwe a mitundu yonse onga ngati Mitundu Yogwirizana ndi Internationalpote Institute ya Democracy ndi Electoral help(IDEA)] ntchito yochirikiza ulamuliro wa demokrase ndi wa Republic kuzungulira dziko lonse, kupereka chuma kaamba ka mapulani, masankho osankhidwa, ndi maphunziro a boma. Kufalikira kwa dziko lonse kumasonyeza chilengezo cha boma limene liri ndi mlandu, lopereŵera, ndi lovomereza kwa anthu amene limatumikira.

Mapeto ake: Ubwino Wosatha wa Boma la Republic

Ma Republic si angwiro. Angakhale ochedwa, andewu, ndi ogwiritsa mwala. Amafunikira kuyesayesa kosalekeza, kukhala maso, ndi kulolera molakwa kwa onse aŵiri nzika ndi atsogoleri. Akhoza kulephera — monga momwe Roman Republic, Weimar Republic, ndi ena ambiri amasonyezera.

Mbiri ya kugawana dziko ndi mbiri ya kuyesa ndi kukonzanso. Mbadwo uliwonse uyenera kufutukula ndi kutsimikizira malamulo a kulamulira kwa republic — lamulo lopatula maulamuliro, kutetezera ufulu, ndi kugawana kwamphamvu kwa nzika zodziŵa. Malamulo ameneŵa saali odziphera okha; amadalira pa kudzipereka kwa anthu amene amazindikira phindu lawo ndipo ali ofunitsitsa kuwatetezera. M’dziko limene maulamuliro auchigaŵenga akupitirizabe kuchirikiza, ntchito yosunga ndi kulimbitsa makampani a Republicism idakali yofunika mofulumira monga momwe yakhalira.

Mwakumvetsetsa zimene zili marepubuliki, mmene amagwira ntchito, ndi chifukwa chake zili zofunikira, nzika zingakhale otengamo mbali okhoza kwambiri m'kulamulira kwawo — ndi otetezera aluso kwambiri a dongosolo lofooka, lamtengo wapatali la kulamulira kwa unduna wa dziko limene limatheketsa. Kuŵerenga kowonjezereka pa maziko a filosofi a purigalamu, Encyclopedia ya Philosophy imapereka kupendedwa kwabwino kwambiri, pamene kuli kwakuti Encyclopæ Britannica Britannica imapereka mbiri yofala ya boma la Repablica.