Table of Contents
Mmene Boma Limagawira Thayo la Maphunziro, Misewu, ndi Chitetezo cha Anthu Onse
Tsiku lililonse, anthu a ku America amadalira mautumiki a boma amene amakhudza mbali iliyonse ya moyo wa ana awo. Kuchokera ku sukulu zimene amapitako, ku misewu imene amayendetsa, kwa apolisi ndi ozimitsa moto amene amasunga malo awo. Komabe ndi anthu ochepa amene amasiya kufunsa kuti: Ndani kwenikweni amene amayang’anira ntchito zimenezi? Yankho lagona m'makonzedwe a boma la U.S., limene limagawa mphamvu pakati pa boma, boma, ndi madera akumene amayendera. Kumvetsa zimenezi si maphunziro okha a boma; kuli kofunika kuti adziŵe mmene amapangira zosankha, kumene anthu angaperekere ndalama kuti asinthe.
Dongosolo Lachitatu: Maziko a Federalism ya ku America
United States ikugwira ntchito pansi pa dongosolo la boma, mphamvu yakuya ikugawana pakati pa boma lapakati la dziko ndi maboma a boma. Maboma a kumaloko . "zigawo, mapulaneti, ndi matauni(ali zolengedwa za boma, zikumachokera ku malamulo a boma ndi malamulo. Mabungwe oyalidwa ameneŵa adapangidwa mwadala ndi oyambitsawo kuletsa chinthu chimodzi kukhala champhamvu kwambiri ndi kusungitsa ulamuliro wa anthu.
Pamene kuli kwakuti Malamulo a ku United States amapereka mphamvu zenizeni ku boma la boma (monga ngati kuumba ndalama, kulengeza nkhondo, ndi kuyendetsa malonda a maiko ena), amasunga mphamvu zina zonse ku maboma kapena anthu.
Mbali Yokulira ya Boma la Federal
Boma la boma, lokhala ndi malo aakulu ku Washington, D.C., limaika zinthu zofunika m’dzikolo, limapereka ndalama, ndi kukhazikitsa miyezo ya maziko. Mbali yake m’maphunziro, misewu, ndi chisungiko kwakukulukulu njosadalira pa /(ilo siliyendetsa sukulu, silimamanga misewu iliyonse ya m’mizinda, kapena kuyendera misewu ya m’mizinda . Koma limaumba mautumiki ameneŵa mwa ndalama, malamulo, ndi malamulo.
Maphunziro: Kukhazikitsa Miyezo ya Dziko ndi Kupereka Ndalama Zowonjezera
M'mbiri, maphunziro akhala nkhani ya boma ndi ya kumaloko, koma boma la boma lakhala loloŵetsedwamo mowonjezereka kuyambira pakati pa zaka za zana la 20. Elementary ndi Secondary Education Act (ESA)] (ESA) ya 1965, pambuyo pake yovomerezedwanso monga Wophunzira aliyense Apambana pa [[FLT:] [ES] [EP] [ES] [ES] , ikumapereka ndalama zazikulu kwa masukulu otumikira ophunzira olandira ophunzira otsika kudzera pa Zigawo I. Boma limakhazikitsanso malamulo a ufulu wa anthu m'maphunziro, monga oletsa tsankho lozikidwa pa fuko, chisembwere, kapena kupunduka, ndi K10. Dipatimenti ya maphunziro la maphunziro (FF) imagawambana ndi maphunziro apadera.
Misewu: Kumanga Mabungwe Oyendetsera Ntchito Zaulimi ndi Kupereka Ndalama
Ntchito ya boma m'zoyendera imaonekera kwambiri mu System Highhway System , chigwirizano cha anthu 47,000 chomangidwa pansi pa Federal-Aid Highway Act ya 1956. Lerolino, Fateral Highway Administration (FULT: 3]] [FWANT]) imapatsa ndalama zosamalira dziko, kukonza mlatho, ndi kumanga atsopano kupyolera ku maprogramu a Kufufuza ndi ntchito . Ndalama zambiri 80% ya ntchito za m'maprojekiti ndi 50% ya dziko lina. Maboma amakhazikitsanso miyezo a chitetezo a boma a boma kudzera mwa misewu ndi misewu: [FLT]
Chitetezo: Chitetezo cha Dziko Lonse ndi Kutsatira Tsoka
Kutetezeka kwa anthu pa mlingo wa boma kumasumika pa ziwopsezo za dziko, masoka aakulu, ndi uyang'aniro. Kusamuka kwa Homeland Security (DHS]), komwe kunapangidwa pambuyo pa 9 / 11, kumagwirizanitsa zoletsa upandu, chisungiko cha m'malire, ndi kusokonezeka kwa pa Intaneti. FUTMA[FLD:3] (FEDEAP) imapereka chithandizo ndi chithandizo pamene boma ndi chuma cha kumaloko zagonjetsedwa. Mabungwe a boma monga FGB ayang'anira milandu yosanja, pamene kuli magulu onga [FL:] BUULES of Docos, Firma, Firmatmas, Fromes. [FFFFF]
Maboma: Omanga Mautumiki Othandiza Anthu Ochuluka
Maboma ali ndi mphamvu zambiri pa maphunziro, zoyendera, ndiponso chitetezo m’mayiko awo. Boma lililonse lili ndi malamulo akeake, malamulo, kazembe, ndi makhoti. Maboma amasankha mfundo za maphunziro, aphunzitsi a laisensi, kuyang’anira misewu ya boma, ndi kuyang’anira apolisi.
Maphunziro: Kuŵerengera, Kupereka Ndalama, ndi Kuŵerengera
Maboma ndiwo otsogolera maphunziro a boma. Amakhazikitsa miyezo yamaphunziro (monga ngati Corance Core kapena malamulo a boma), kupereka mayeso otsatizana, ndi aphunzitsi ovomerezeka. Maboma amagaŵiranso ndalama ku madera a sukulu zakumaloko mwa njira zimene kaŵirikaŵiri zimathandizira kulinganiza ndalama za msonkho wa katundu ndi chithandizo cha boma. M'mayiko ambiri, maphunziro ndiwo chinthu cha ndalama zambiri.
Mwachitsanzo, California imagwiritsira ntchito Local Control Funding Formula (LCFF) kugaŵira ndalama zowonjezereka ku madera okhala ndi ophunzira ambiri Achingelezi ndi ophunzira olandira otsika. . . [[FLT] .] Amadalira kwambiri pa misonkho ya katundu komanso amapereka boma ndalama kudzera mwa njira yochokera pa opezekapo tsiku ndi tsiku.
Misewu: Misewu Yapamwamba ya Boma ndi Misewu Yaikulu
Madipatimenti a boma a zoyendera amayang'anira misewu ya boma, mayiko a m'magawo awo, ndi m'madongosolo aakulu a misewu. Iwo amachita mapulani, kumanga, kukonza, ndi kuteteza. Maboma amalandira ndalama za boma koma ayenera kuyendera limodzi ndi ndalama za boma ndi misonkho ya gasi, ndalama zolembera galimoto, ndi ndalama. Maboma ambiri atsogoleranso ntchito za zoyendera zatsopano, monga Oregon’s [[FL:1]] programu yogwiritsira ntchito misewu ndi ya magetsi yobweza ndalama za magetsi yoloŵa msonkhezo ya chisonkhetso cha mafuta.
Kutetezeka: Apolisi a Boma ndi Kusamalira Zinthu Mwadzidzidzi
Boma lililonse lili ndi bungwe lake losungitsa malamulo, lomwe nthaŵi zambiri limatchedwa apolisi kapena alonda a m’misewu, amene amaonetsetsa kuti malamulo a m’misewu akutsatiridwa, kufufuza upandu, ndi kuthandiza madipatimenti a kumaloko. Maboma amayendetsanso mabungwe awo oyang’anira za ngozi amene amagwirizanitsa kuyankha tsoka, ochirikizidwa ndi National Guard. Boma limayang’anira ntchito za apolisi, limakhazikitsa malamulo a upandu, ndi kuyendetsa ndende za boma ndi madongosolo a oletsa ngozi.
Maboma Akomweko: Ntchito Yothandiza Anthu
Maboma a m’maderawa ndi amene amathandiza kwambiri anthu ambiri. Amaphatikizapo mizinda, matauni, midzi, ndi zigawo zapadera (monga zigawo za sukulu ndi madera ozimira moto). Maboma a m'dziko amapangidwa ndi lamulo la boma ndipo ali ndi mphamvu zowapatsa. Iwo ali ndi udindo wopereka maphunziro tsiku ndi tsiku, kusamalira misewu, ndi kuteteza anthu onse.
Maphunziro: Kugwira Ntchito kwa Zigawo za Sukulu
Machigawo a sukulu a kumaloko ndiwo amaphunzitsa anthu. Amalemba aphunzitsi ndi maheditari, amayang'anira nyumba za sukulu, amayendetsa maphunziro a boma, ndi kupereka zoyendera, chakudya, ndi ntchito zina zapasukulu. Mabungwe a sukulu, osankhidwa ndi ovota a kumaloko, amakhazikitsa malamulo ndi bajeti. Ndalama zimachokera makamaka ku misonkho ya katundu wa m'dzikolo, yowonjezeredwa ndi chithandizo cha boma. Kukula kwa maphunziro a mwana kungasiyane kwambiri kuchokera ku chigawo chimodzi kupita ku china cha chigawo ndi china chakunja ndi chuma ndi chisonkhoma.
Mwachitsanzo, Department of Education of New York City ndiyo chigawo cha sukulu chachikulu koposa mu U.S., kutumikira ophunzira oposa 1 miliyoni m'masukulu 1,800. Mosiyana ndi, chigawo chaching'ono chakumidzi chonga [[FLT:] Garfield County School District [[FLT:] ku Utah] kungakhale ndi ophunzira mazana angapo ndi sukulu imodzi ya K-12.
Misewu: Misewu Yam’mizinda ndi Misewu ya M’chigawo
Maboma akusunga misewu imene anthu amagwiritsira ntchito tsiku lililonse: misewu ya m’mizinda, misewu ya m’chigawo, makwalala, ndi misewu ina. Amachotsa chipale chofewa, kukonza magalimoto, magetsi a msewu, ndi zizindikiro za m’misewu. Kupereka ndalama kumachokera ku misonkho yakwawo, misonkho, ndi magawo a boma. M’mizinda yaikulu, madipatimenti a zoyendera zoyang'anira magalimoto ovuta ndi nyumba zamakono kuphatikizapo njira za njinga ndi mabasi. Mwachitsanzo, Department of Transportation imayang'anira misewu yoposa makilomita 6,500 ndi 4,400 misewu yosonyeza zizindikiro.
Kutetezeka: Apolisi, Moto, ndi EMS
Madipatimenti a apolisi a kumaloko ndi maofesi a boma ndi mabungwe aakulu osungitsa malamulo a anthu ambiri a ku America. Iwo amavomereza mafoni 911, madera ozungulira, kufufuza upandu, ndi kutsatirira malamulo a kumaloko. Madipatimenti amoto amapereka kuletsa moto, kuyankha koopsa, ndipo kaŵirikaŵiri mautumiki a zachipatala (EMS). Maboma ambiri amayendetsanso maofesi awo osamalira zamwadzidzidzi. Kugula ndalama kumabwera kuchokera ku bajeti ya kumaloko . Mwachitsanzo, Dipatimenti ya Apolisi [[FLT: 0] yachiccago imapereka chithandizo cha mankhwala oopsa, ndipo nthaŵi zambiri amagwiritsira ntchito maofesala oposa 12,000, pamene tauni yaing'ono yonga , Monttian , "FLT" imayendetsa ntchito ndi maofesala ochepa ndi maofesi a maofesi a maofesi amoto odzifunira.
Kugwirizana kwa Boma: Mmene Malowo Amagwirira Ntchito Pamodzi
Kumvetsa mfundo imeneyi n’kofunika kwambiri kuti timvetse mmene malamulo a boma amagwirira ntchito ndiponso mmene nzika zimathandizira.
Maphunziro: Kugwirizana pa za Kupereka ndi Kuyang’anira
Maphunziro amapereka chitsanzo cha kugwirizana kwa boma. Boma la boma limapereka ndalama (m., Thit I, IDEA) koma sililamula ndandanda. Maboma amakhazikitsa ndi kugwiritsa ntchito mayeso koma amadalira madera akwawo kuti ayang'ane sukulu. Maboma akusonkhanitsa misonkho ya katundu koma ayenera kutsatira malamulo a boma. Dongosolo limeneli lingayambitse kusagwirizana: maboma angaike malamulo osavomerezedwa pa madera, ndipo malamulo a boma a kayendetsedwe ka boma. Mwachitsanzo, Programme yopereka chilo ku Holy
Malamulo: Kupereka Ndalama Zoyendetsera Ntchito za Boma, Kulinganiza, Kutha kwa Malo
Makonzedwe a zoyendera amatsata ndandanda: Boma la boma limapatula ndalama kupyolera mwa maprogramu onga Surface Transportation Block Grant , akukhazikitsa maprojekiti ndi kuyendetsa misewu ya boma ya aid, ndipo maboma akumasamalira misewu yakumaloko ndi kuthandizira. Kupereka ndalama zothandizira ndi Jobs Act (IJA, 2021] amapatsa $50,000,000 mwa kugwiritsa ntchito kwa boma kwa zaka zoposa zisanu, ndi maboma ndi kupikisana kaamba ka mabizinesi, madongosolo a madzi, ndi zina zambiri. Zimenezi zikupanga dongosolo la boma loti lizitsegule kupyola dziko lake, ndi ntchito za boma lolinganizidwa ndi kampani yakwanimalo.
Mautumiki a Zamsanga: Dongosolo Lovomereza Lokhala ndi Anthu
Yankho la m’dziko la m’dzikolo likusonyeza mfundo ya "malowo, kudalira boma, kuchirikiza boma. Pamene tsoka lachilengedwe lichitika, apolisi a kumaloko, moto, ndi EMS ziyamba kuchitika. Ngati chochitikacho chiposa mphamvu za dzikolo, bwanamkubwa angalengeze zangozi ndi kusonkhezera bungwe la National Guard ndi chuma. Ngati ndalama za boma sizili zokwanira, bwanamkubwa akupempha chilengezo cha ngozi kuchokera kwa Pulezidenti, kutsegula chithandizo cha boma, ndalama za boma, ndi zigwirizano ndi bungwe lina. Mwachitsanzo, mkati mwa mphepo ya Katrina (2005), kulephera kwa magawo atatu onse kugogomezera kufunika kwakukulu kwa chigwirizano. Posiyana, yankho lowonjezedwa ndi mphepo ya Prigalamu (207) linawomba) linasonyeza kugwirizana kowonjezedwa ndi akuluakulu a boma ndi mabungwe a boma ndi mabungwe a boma lotsogolera ndi lopereka thandizo la bungwe lopanga bungwe loodvoma ndi lopereka ndalama.
Kusiyanasiyana M’mayiko a United States: Palibe Ukulu Umodzi-Onse
Ngakhale kuti mbali zonsezo nzogwirizana, kugaŵikana kwenikweni kwa mathayo kumasiyanasiyana kwakukulu kuchokera ku boma ndi boma. Maboma ena ali otchuka kwambiri, ndipo maboma a boma amalamulira mwamphamvu maphunziro ndi zochitika za kumaloko.
- [[FLT: 0] Hawaii [1] N’ngwapadera: ili ndi chigawo chimodzi cha sukulu padziko lonse, popanda mabungwe a sukulu. Dipatimenti ya zamaphunziro ya boma imayendetsa sukulu zonse za boma.
- Maryland imapatsa thayo lalikulu la kuchirikiza maphunziro, ndi boma likupereka mbali yofunika, koma bwanamkubwa alibe ulamuliro wolunjika pasukulu zakumaloko.
- Texts [[FLT :1] ali ndi ulamuliro wamphamvu wa kumaloko, koma boma limakhazikitsa maphunziro ndi kuyesa (STAR). Magawo olemera ndi chuma angapereke ndalama za masukulu awo mooloŵa manja kwambiri kuposa osauka, kutsogolera ku mlandu wa zaka makumi ambiri wonena za kuyenera.
- [[FLT : 0] Alaska[[FLT :1] alibe boma la boma; mautumiki ambiri amaperekedwa ndi boma kapena madera a kumidzi. Madera a kumidzi kaŵirikaŵiri alibe apolisi akumaloko, kudalira pa Alaska State Troopers.
Kupeza Zoona: Kodi Ndani Amalipidwa?
Kumvetsa mlingo wa boma kumatanthauzanso kuzindikira amene ali ndi ndalama zoyendetsera ndalamazo.
- Kutembenuza:[[FLT :1] [[FT:2] [[FT:3] FEDAL: ~8-10% ya K-12 yogwiritsira ntchito ( NKHANI I, IIEA, Mutu Woyamba)
- Boma: ~45 - 50% (m’kulandira misonkho, misonkho ya malonda, malotale)
- Malo: ~40-45% (misonkho yokwana yokwana)
Maperesenti ameneŵa amasiyana ndi boma. Mwachitsanzo, [[FLT : 0] Vermont [FLT :1] imadalira kwambiri pa ndalama za boma zothandizira maphunziro, pamene New Hampshire [1] [[FLT: 3] imadalira kwambiri pa misonkho ya katundu yakwanuko.
Chifukwa Chake Nzika Zili ndi Nkhani Yotereyi
Kudziŵa mlingo wa ntchito ya boma kumathandiza nzika kutsogolera bwino madandaulo awo, malingaliro, ndi pangano la ndale zadziko. Ngati chibowo cha m'khwalala lakumaloko chifunikira kukonzedwa, kutumiza kwa dipatimenti ya ntchito ya anthu onse ya mzinda ndiko kuyendetsa bwino / osati kutumiza kwa kazembe kapena chiŵalo cha Congress. Ngati maphunziro a sukulu akuwoneka kukhala atha ntchito, kupezeka pa msonkhano wa sukulu kumapindulitsa kwambiri kuposa kulemba kwa U.S. Mlembi wa Maphunziro. Mofananamo, ku vhoti ya masankhoti a kumaloko, kabungwe kaze ka chigawo, sukulu, ndi bungwe lachigawo la [1] kuli ndi chiyambukiro chachinduko pa mautumiki amene amayambukira moyo wa tsiku ndi tsiku. Komabe wovota kaŵirikaŵiri kumaloŵa pansi pa masankhoti akwato akwa, zosankha ponena za misewu, masukulu, ndi kutetezedwa ndi kachigawo kakang'ono ka anthu.
Mwachitsanzo, ngati anthu akufuna kuti misewu ikhale yabwino, angapereke msonkho wochuluka kuti anthu agulitse magalimoto, kupempha boma kuti lipereke ndalama zoyendetsera galimoto, kapena kupempha akuluakulu aboma kuti azipereka ndalama zothandizira pa ntchito yoyendetsera galimoto.
Kumaliza
Kugawa kwa maudindo m'boma la boma, boma, ndi malo akumeneko si kungokhala kwapamwamba koma njira yocholoŵana, yolumikizidwa. Maphunziro, misewu, ndi chitetezo zimayendetsedwa mwa kugwirizana kumene kumadalira pa mlingo uliwonse kumachita mbali zosiyanasiyana. Boma limakhazikitsa miyezo, kupereka ndalama, ndi kutsogolera pa nkhani za dziko. Mabungwe akuluakulu , misewu yaikulu, apolisi a boma . Panthaŵiyi amatumiza kwa maboma tsiku lonse. Maboma ndi otsogolera ntchito, pafupi ndi anthu.
Mwa kuzindikira amene amachita bwino lomwe, nzika zingayendetse njira, kuchititsa akuluakulu a boma kukhala ndi mlandu, ndi kukhala ndi phande m’demokrase. Kaya ikhale kuchirikiza nyumba yasukulu yatsopano, kupempha misewu yotetezeka, kapena kuchirikiza mautumiki angozi akumaloko, chidziŵitso cha milingo ya boma chimathandiza kwambiri kukhutiritsa unzika.
Kaamba ka kuŵerenga kowonjezereka, fufuzani USA. kujambula kwa nthambi za boma , U.S. Department of Education in K-12 [[FLT:], ndi [FLT] , ndi Faceral Highway Administration’s programu .