Chikhalidwe cha ku India ndiponso malo otchuka kwambiri a dziko lapansi, kuyambira kalekale ndi malo osungirako zinthu zakale mpaka ku chikhalidwe, zinenero, ndi luso. Kusunga choloŵa chachikuluchi kumafuna malamulo, ndi Rajiya Sabba, monga nyumba yapamwamba ya Indiya, imachita mbali yosiyana ndi yokhudza malamulo amene amateteza chikhalidwe cha dzikolo. Mosiyana ndi Lokha Sabba, amene amaimira anthu, Rajiya Sabata Sabata amaimira magawo ndi magawo, kutsimikizira kuti malamulo a chikhalidwe akusonyeza kusiyana kwa madera ndi chikhalidwe cha India, osati kokha za dzikolo.

Malamulo Ovomerezeka a Raje Sabra

Rajiya Sabba amaloŵetsedwa m'zamakhalidwe ndi choloŵa m'malamulo ake. Monga malo olingana m'zochitika za lamulo (kusiyapo pa ndalama), Rajiya Sabbaha, kukonza, ndi kuvomereza ndalama zoloŵetsedwa ndi chikhalidwe. Mabujarary ameneŵa amapereka kuyang'anira koyang'anira kofunikira kwa apamwamba, kutsimikizira kuti malamulo okhudza choloŵa chosadziŵika bwino, malo a mbiri yakale, ndi chidziŵitso chamwambo zikhoza kusanthula mosamalitsa. Rajeya Sabbaha angayambitse zikole zamwambo, ngakhale kuti kaŵirikaŵiri zoterozo zimachokera ku Lok Saha. Mosasamala kanthu za chiyambi, komiti yapamwamba ndi kutsutsana kwa pansi, kuwonjezera njira ya malamulo, kaŵirikaŵiri kujambula ndi luso la zojambula ndi mbiri yakale, ndi luso la za mbiri yakale, ndi luso la za mbiri yakale.

Malamulo Oletsa Kuloŵa M’malo

Pamene lamulo lakusungidwa kwa chikhalidwe cha anthu (monga ngati Komiti ya Malo Osungira Zinthu Zakale ndi Zakumbidwa za Anthu ndi Mabwinja) Act [1] Inayamba kuchitidwa m'Palamende, ikuyenda m'masitepe ambiri. Mu Rajiya Sabhaha, lamulolo limaperekedwa ku komiti yoyenerera, monga Komiti ya Chitukuko cha Anthu (chimene chimaphatikizapo chikhalidwe) kapena komiti yosankha. Makomiti ameneŵa amaitana umboni wa akatswiri a maphunziro, akatswiri ofukula zinthu zakale, ochirikiza malo, ndi oimira boma. Komitiyo kenaka imapereka lipoti ndi zivomerezo. Rajiya Sabba adapereka lipoti la kutsutsana ndi lamulo la lamulo lokhudza malamulo a m'malamulo, ndi mamendulo amene kaŵirikaŵiri amasonyeza kunyansi kwa deralo. Mwachitsanzo, pokambirana nkhani za ku Antiquities ndi Act Act, Rankhaepara ya kutumiza malamulo a ku madera ena akwawo kuchokera ku malo akwawo, iyenera kunena kuti: mamest prositiact.

Raje Sabba atavomereza lamulo, amatumizanso ku Lok Sabba . Ngati nyumba ziŵirizo sizigwirizana, kukhala pamodzi kungatchedwe, ngakhale kuti zimenezi n’zosoŵa kwa malamulo a chikhalidwe chifukwa cha kusungidwa kwa choloŵa. Mphamvu ya Rajiya Sabba ya kuchedwetsa ndi kukonzanso ndalama zimatsimikizira kuti palibe lamulo lalikulu la chikhalidwe lapita popanda kulingalira bwino za maulamuliro ndi chigawo.

Malamulo Apamwamba a Chikhalidwe ndi Chuma Okonzedwa ndi Raje Sabra

Kwa zaka makumi ambiri, machitidwe angapo apadera achitidwa kutetezera mwambo wa India, pamene Raje Sabha anachita mbali yofunika kwambiri m'njira yawo ndi kukonzanso kotsatirapo. Pansipa pali zina zofunika kwambiri.

Mabuku Akale Osonyeza Kuuka kwa Zinthu Zam’mbuyo ndi Zofukulidwa M’mabwinja, 1958

Lamulo la maziko limeneli limathandiza kuteteza zipilala zakale za dziko lonse ndi kutsogolera zofukula zinthu zakale. Raje Sabba wakhala akuthandiza kwambiri kulimbitsa zinthu zake. Pa nthawi ya kutsutsana pa kukonzanso kwa 2010, kumene kunayambitsa malo 100 oletsedwa ndi malo oletsedwa 200 ozungulira zipilala zotetezedwa, Rajya Sabba ziwalo zinatsutsa kufutukula malo a mizinda aakulu monga Delhi ndi Agra. Kusinthako kunafunanso kugamula kwake kwa kuganiziridwa kwa nyumba iliyonse m'deralo . Malamulowa anabweretsa pambuyo pa kutsendereza kopitirizabe kwa chikhalidwe cha [1] RABHA . Komiti ya Raja Shabba inasimba za malamulo ovomerezedwa oletsa kulowa m'lamulo, omwe anaphatikizapo lamulo lomaliza.

Kapepala Kabwino Kosonyeza Chuma, ka 1972

Kachitidwe kameneka kamalamulira malonda ogulitsa zinthu zakale ndi chuma cha zojambulajambula. Rajiya Sabba, wabwerezabwereza kupenda lamulo limeneli kuti atsekereze. Mu 2023, Raje Sabhaha anagogomezera mmene mapulatifomu a pa Intaneti anali kugwiritsidwa ntchito kugulitsa zinthu zakale popanda zolembedwa. Mamembala ochokera m'mayiko okhala ndi miyambo yapamwamba ya kachisi, monga Tamil Nadu ndi Odsha, anakakamiza kuti mafotokozedwe a "kulembetsa" awonjezeredwe kuti aphatikizepo zinthu zina za miyambo. Zotsatira zake zinawonjezera zofunika zolembetsera za ogulitsa zinthu za ku India (AI) ndi kuchititsa chidwi ndi kufufuza zinthu za m'mabwinja. Chidaya Sabba chinali chovuta kutsimikizira kuti lamulolo silinalire pa mlandu womangitsa malonda akwawa.

Malamulo Ogwirizana ndi Mabuku a M’Baibulo a National Mission for Manuscripts (NMM)

Pamene kuli kwakuti NMM inali njira ya boma poyamba, kuchirikiza kwake kwa malamulo kunabwera kudzera ku National Mission for Manuscripts Act, imene inadutsa Raje Sabba mu 2021. Nyumba yapamwambayo inatsutsana za kufunika kwa kusunga chuma cha malembo apamanja a India, zoyerekezeredwa pa zinthu zoposa mamiliyoni asanu m’zinenero zosiyanasiyana ndi zilembo. Rajiya Sabhaha ziwalo za maiko onga Kerala ndi West Bengal adatsutsa kuti ntchitoyikire mwapadera ku malembo apamanja a mgwalangwa ndi mafoshopu a mtengo wa birch, zimene zingawonongeke mosavuta kuwonongeka kwa nyengo ya nyengo. Rajiya Sabbaha anaika makonzedwe a malembo a chigawo chapakati amene angapange ndi kusungitsa makope m'malo ambiri, kutetezera masoka achilengedwe. Kuyandikira kumeneku kwa bungwe la United States kukonzanso kwa zinthu zachuma cha Sargan.

Kuchokera ku Chikhalidwe Chosadalirika ndi Chigawo cha UNESCO

India anavomereza pangano la UNESCO la Kuteteza Chikhalidwe cha Malo a Makolo mu 2005. M'chaka cha 2019, chiŵalo cha chinsinsi cha Rajiya Sabba chakhala ndi makambitsirano angapo a maola ndi makambitsirano a kugwiritsa ntchito msonkhanowu m’dzikolo. Ziŵalo zapempha kuti zikhale ndi malamulo omveka bwino otetezera miyambo ya anthu, zolemba za pakamwa, ndi luso la mwambo limene silimatetezedwa mwakuthupi. M'chaka cha 2019, lamulo la munthu mmodzi la m'boma mu Raja Sabbaha linayambitsa lamulo la National Intallicturable Heritage Heritage Authority. Ngakhale kuti chikalatacho sichinakhale lamulo, chinasonkhezera ntchito ya undunja la malamulo amene anatsogolera ku kuyambitsidwa kwa makomiti a boma chifukwa cha chuma cha dziko. Mpambo wa Savyaha wathandiza kuyang'ka kuyang'ka nkhani ya malamulo a bungwe la Lapalame.

Gulu la Malamulo: Kuimira Mitundu Yosiyanasiyana ya Chikhalidwe

Imodzi ya mapanga a thanthwe a Maharashtra, ma Satras a ku Assam, Jagannath amaimira chikhalidwe cha anthu a m’mayiko a India ndi madera ogwirizana. Boma lililonse lili ndi malo ake oyamba. Pa Lok Sahahahasha, maphanga a miyala a Maharashtra, maphanga a Gujarat, Sabra, amaimira boma lonselo. Izi zimalola maboma a Sagannath kulongosola mwambo wawo wotetezera zinthu kudzera mwa anthu osasankhidwa kapena osankhidwa.

Mwachitsanzo, pamene malo a malo apamwamba (Devision and Promotion) Bill anali kutsutsana mu 2015, Raje Sabha wa ku Northernernern adatsutsa kuti lamulo la "malo a dziko" linali lolimba kwambiri ndipo silinavomereze kuti minda yopatulika ndi malo a anthu a m'dera lawo omwe anali ofala m'chigawo chawo. Kuloŵerera kwawo kunatsogolera ku kulowetsedwa kwa "cholowa cha bungwe la aunity", kulola makomiti a kumalo ena popanda boma lonse. Mofananamo, oimira a m'madera a kugombe anaumirira kuti zombo za kuphwasuka ndi chikhalidwe za m'nyanja ziphatikizidwe m'kapeto wa ASI, kusintha kumene kunaloŵetsedwa m'maluwamba wa malamulo a bungwe lakale la Avinglement.

Kufufuza za Boma ndi Ntchito ya Raje Sabha

Rajiya Sabba kaŵirikaŵiri amatumikira monga njira yoperekera nkhaŵa za dziko ku bungwe loyang'anira malamulo. Pa ola lofunsa, mamembala amadzutsa nkhani za kumangidwa kosaloledwa pafupi ndi malo a choloŵa cha dziko monga Khajuraho kapena mabwinja a Hampi. Nduna ya Culture iyenera kuvomereza, ndipo kukambirana kumeneku kaŵirikaŵiri kumatsogolera ku makomiti a nyumba za malamulo kulimbikitsa malamulo atsopano. Mu 2017, komiti ya Rajiya Sabba pa chikhalidwe ndi maulendo imalimbikitsa kuti ikonze makonzedwe a kayendetsedwe ka chuma cha dziko monga mkhalidwe wolandira ndalama zazikulu [1]a chivomerezo chimene chinavomerezedwa ndi kugwiritsidwa ntchito. Zimenezi zikusonyeza mmene chisonkhezero cha Rajiya Sabha chimaperekera mphamvu ku mapulinsipulo a ka kayendetsedwe ndi kayendetsedwe ka ntchito ka ntchito kayendetsedwe ka ntchito ka ntchito ya zauyang’anira ntchito ya boma.

Mavuto Amene Malamulo Otsatira Choloŵa Chawo Anakumana Nawo ndi Zimene Raje Sabha Anachita

Ngakhale kuti Raje Sabha anali ndi ntchito yomanga, malamulo a boma akupitirizabe kuvuta ndipo zimenezi zikukhudza mmene malamulo a chikhalidwe amagwirira ntchito.

Kusagwirizana pa Zandale ndi Kuchedwa

Masheya a mwambo nthaŵi zina amagwidwa ndi kutentha kwa kampani. Mwachitsanzo, makambitsirano a National Museum of Indian Culture and Heritage Bill analekedwa kuchitika kaŵiri chifukwa chakuti mamembala ake sanagwirizane ngati nyumba yosungira zinthu zakale ayenera kupezeka ku New Delhi kapena m’tauni yokhala ndi maziko amphamvu kwambiri a dzikolo, monga Kolkata kapena Hyragabad. Kukana kwa boma kunatsogolera ku maphunziro a dzikolo, kumene pomalizira pake kunalimbikitsa otsutsa kuletsa malamulowo kupyola pa mikangano yokhalitsa. Pamene kuli kwakuti kuchedwa kutha kusokoneza, iwo amakakamizanso kukambirana kowonjezereka. M’nkhani ya malamulo a m'nyumba ya ku Rajaya Sabha Sabha adatsogolera ku bungwe lofufuza lofufuza zinthu za dziko lonse, kumene kunalimbikitsa kuti anthu a m'malo mwa mabwinja amodzi a bungwe lapakati. Mkhalidwe lakale la pulogalamuli likhalenso bwino kwambiri.

Mipata ya Olamulira ndi Kudula Mitengo

Ngakhale pamene malamulo aperekedwa, kusungitsa kumakhala kochepa. Makomiti a Rajiya Sabba (kumenenso kumakhudza chikhalidwe) azindikira kupereŵera kwa akatswiri oteteza zachilengedwe, kuchedwa kukonzanso ndandanda ya zipilala zotetezedwa, ndi chilango chosakwanira pa kuswa malamulo. Komiti ya Rajiya Sabba''s Department - Redetary Stacy Staime Committee on Transport, Tourism ndi Cul (kumenenso kumatchula za chikhalidwe) yatulutsa malipoti ambirimbiri oitanira kaamba ka dongosolo losonyeza kupendedwa kwa choloŵa ndi kutsendereza kwa nthaŵi yosatsata ndi kutsata nthaŵi. Mu 20222, komitiyo inawona kuti 4% yokha ya pa zipilala zotetezero za pa makampani a ku India inali ndi mapulani otetezera zinthu m'lamulo. Ngakhale kuti inalamulidwa ndi lamulo. Rajaya Sabba adalemba nkhani za poyera za komiti yofufuza ndi kukambirana za bungwe la oyendetsa malonda.

Kulinganiza Kukula ndi Kusungidwa Kwake

Imodzi ya nkhani zotsutsana kwambiri m’lamulo la choloŵa ndiyo kulinganiza bwino pakati pa kukula kwa mzinda ndi chitetezo. Raje Sabba wakhala bwalo lamilandu yowopsa yotsutsana pa ntchito zamaziko pafupi ndi madera otetezeredwa. Nkhaniyo inafika pamutu pa nkhani za National Capital Territory of Delhi (Zopereka za Chiphunzitso) Chilamulo, chimene chinalola mamembala ena a pafupi ndi malo osungirako zinthu za m'dziko. Rajiya Sabba wa ku dera la Delhi wakhala bwalo lochititsa kutsutsana bwino: kulola nyumba kukonzedwa kwa kachipangizo katsopano kogulitsa zinthu m’kati mwa 100mtunda. Kulolera kumeneku, kogwirizana ndi lamulo, kuonetsa mmene mkhalidwe wa Rajiya Sabra ungachititse zotulukapo zimene zingachokere kuchokera ku njira yoyera.

Malangizo Amtsogolo: Kulimbitsa Gawo la Raje Sabha

Monga momwe mwambo wa ku India ukusinthiranso zinthu zatsopano , kufalikira kwa matauni, kupangidwa kwa mitundu ya zojambulajambula zamwambo . Raje Sabba amafunika kusintha. Kusintha kosiyanasiyana kungawonjezere mphamvu yake poteteza chikhalidwe cha dzikolo.

Kukhazikitsa Komiti Yoona za Chikhalidwe cha Akatswiri

Pamene komiti yomwe ilipo ikugwira ntchito bwino, Rajiya Sabba anakhoza kupanga komiti yopatulidwa ya chikhalidwe ndi choloŵa, yosiyana ndi malo ochezera. Komiti yotero ikakhala ndi luso lapadera ndipo ingakhale ndi luso lokulirapo panthaŵi yake. Ikhoza kuitanira osati kokha ma bureaucratat komanso kutumiza makampani ofufuza zinthu, olemba mapulani, ndi oimira anthu a m'madera ena. Zimenezi zingasonyeze chitsanzo cha UK House of Lords Khet Committee on the Carance , chimene chinapanga malipoti otchuka pa . Mwamwambo wa Rajaya Sabba ali kale ndi mlingo wokulirapo wa mamembala a akatswiri, komiti ya akatswiri a katswiriso angakhomere mwachindunji.

Kuwonjezereka kwa Boma ndi Mkulu Wankhondo Wakumaloko

Raje Sabra anatha kukhazikitsa njira zofunsira maboma ndi mabungwe a dzikolo asanathetse lamulo lililonse lokhudza choloŵa. Kufufuza koyambirira, kumene Rajiya Sabraat amaitana makalata olembedwa kuchokera ku mayiko onse, kukanatsimikizira kuti chidziŵitso cha kumaloko sichikunyalanyazidwa. Mwachitsanzo, pamene akukhazikitsa malamulo pansi pa malamulo a Ancient Monuments Act, Rajiya Sabha angafune kuti madipatimenti ofukula zinthu za m'mabwinja apereke zitsimikizo za ku kukonzanso kulikonse. Zimenezi zikapangitsa nyumba yapamwamba kukhala ndi mbali yachindunji m'dongosolo la kachitidwe kapeseti, kupyola chabe kutsutsana.

Luso Lopanga Malo Oyera

Malamulo ambiri a choloŵa amalephera kugwiritsidwa ntchito bwino chifukwa chakuti anthu sadziwa malo amene amatetezeredwa kapena ntchito zimene amaletsedwa. Raje Sabba ali ndi mphamvu yolimbikitsa kuti boma lipange malo onse otetezedwa, ndi matapa ndi okopedwa a PDS a malamulo ogwirizana ndi malamulo. Komiti ya Rajya Sabba ya zamagetsi inachita zogwirizana ndi kuyendetsa makompyuta mu 2020, koma sinagwiritsiridwe ntchito mokwanira.

Kuyambitsa Lamulo la Choloŵa Chofunika Kwambiri

Pakali pano, malamulo a ku India a m’machitidwe ambiri, malamulo, ndi malamulo a boma. Rajiya Sabba anatha kukakamiza kuti pakhale lamulo limodzi la malo apamwamba lomwe limabisa zinthu zokometsera zinthu, zopatuka, ndi zoloŵa zosadziŵika. Malamulo otero angachititse kutsendereza ndi kutseguka kwa malamulo. Pambuyo pake, chiŵalo chachinsinsi cha Rajiya Sabba chinayambitsidwa mu 2023 ndi chiŵalo chodziŵika ndi ntchito yake yoteteza chuma. Pamene kuli kwakuti chikalatacho sichingathe kupitirira mwamsanga, phukupangitsa kuti chisonyeze kugawanika kwa malamulo omwe alipo.

Kumaliza

Raje Sabba si malo achiŵiri kwambiri pa nkhani ya kusungidwa kwa chikhalidwe ndi choloŵa. Kupangidwa kwake kwa boma, njira zochotsera ufulu, ndi uyang'aniro wa komiti kumalola kuyambitsa malingaliro a chigawo, kuteteza zikondwerero za anthu ochepa, ndi kukonza malamulo kuti agwirizane ndi kusiyana kwakukulu kwa India. Malamulo olamulira zipilala zakale za India, zolimbana ndi zikhalidwe, ndi miyambo yosadziŵika bwino yakhala yowongoleredwa [1] mobwerezabwereza ndi kuloŵerera kwa nyumba yapamwamba. Mavuto monga kuchedwa kwa ndale ndi kuchedwa kwa mabwinja kuimirira, koma kukhoza kwapadera kwa Ravya Sabba kuimira ndi kuchirikiza kuyambitsa mkangano kuchititsa kuti ikhale yosunga dziko la India. Pamene dzikolo likupitirizabe kukula, Syaya adzachita mbali yofunika kwambiri, ndipo mbali ya m’tsogolo idzakhalabe ya ku India.

[[FLT: 0] Kuŵerenga kowonjezereka pa mawebusaiti a Indiya a malamulo ndi malamulo a choloŵa, onani nduna ya boma Lok Sabha ndi [Chidziŵitso] cha UNESCO yosaoneka ya chikhalidwe cha India chingapezeke pa [FLT:] . [FLT] Nthano zopezeka pa mpambo wa [[FLT:] [FLT] [5].]