Kusintha kwa dziko ku India kwathandiza kwambiri kukonza dziko la dziko lapansi ndi zachuma. Masinthidwe ameneŵa anayesa kuthetsa kusiyana kwakukulu kwa malo okhala, kusesa nyumba za malamulo, ndi kuchirikiza kugaŵidwa kwa malo onse pakati pa anthu a kumidzi. Kumvetsa mbali zalamulo zothandizira kusintha kumeneku nkofunika kwambiri kuti amvetsetse mmene zinthu zikuyendera, mavuto amene amayang'anizana nawo, ndi zoyesayesa zopitirizabe za kukonza malamulo. Malamulo a dziko lapansi . . Amagwirizanitsa malamulo a malamulo, malamulo a malamulo a malamulo, ndi matanthauzo a milandu, ndipo achititsa kusintha zinthu kuvuta. Nkhaniyi imapereka kupenda kowonjezereka kwa malamulo a dziko ku India, kupenda mizu ya mbiri yawo, kupenda malamulo, ndi kupenda zipani zaposachedwapa.

Kusintha Zinthu ku India M’mbuyomu

Asanadzilamulire, mabungwe a India anadziŵika ndi njira yochuluka yosungira malo pansi pa madongosolo osiyanasiyana . Zaminditari, lyotwari, ndi mahalwari , limodzi ndi gulu lake la nthumwi lomwe linachotsa ndalama kwa alimi. Maulamuliro a atsamunda anasunga kwambiri nyumba zimenezi, asanapereke ndalama pa chilungamo cha anthu. Dziko kaŵirikaŵiri linkasungidwa ndi eni malo obedwa, pamene kuli kwakuti amalimawo anali ndi malire kapena analibe ufulu uliwonse pa dziko limene analilima. Zimenezi zinayambitsa dongosolo logwiritsira ntchito molakwa lomwe linasungitsa alimiwo m’sauka m’mphaŵi.

Pambuyo pa kudziimira, boma la India linazindikira kusintha kwa nthaka kukhala maziko aakulu a kusintha kwa kakhalidwe ndi zachuma. Oyamba Asanu A chaka (1951-56) analongosola bwino lomwe kuti kusintha nthaka kunali kofunika kuwonjezera ulimi ndi kupititsa patsogolo chilungamo cha anthu. Kusinthaku kunaphatikizapo mbali zazikulu zitatu:

  • Kuchotsa kwa mamedia [1] (zaminders, jagirdars, etc.) kuti agwirizanitse mkhalidwe mwachindunji ndi alimi.
  • Kusintha kwa zinthu kuti zitetezere nyumba ndi kukhazikitsa malamulo oyendetsera nyumba.
  • Malamulo a tsindwi la dziko ogaŵanitsa malo otsala pakati pa anthu opanda nthaka.
  • Kulumikiza kwa zidutswa zomangidwa [[FL:1] kuwongolera chipambano.

Makina alamulo a kusintha kumeneku anayenera kumangidwa kuyambira pa kukwawa. Maboma angapo anakhazikitsa malamulo oletsa zamoyo, kaŵirikaŵiri kuchititsa kutsutsidwa kokhalitsa. Okonza malamulo a Malamulo anavomereza kufunika kwa kutetezera malamulo a chisinthiko ameneŵa ku zitokoso za chiweruzo pa ufulu waukulu, umene unatsogolera ku kukonzanso koikika kwa malamulo .

Malamulo Osintha Zinthu

Makonzedwe a Malamulo

Malamulo a Indiya amapereka maziko ndi malamulo owongolera dziko. Poyamba, malamulo a dziko anayang'anizana ndi zopinga pansi pa Mfundo 31, zimene zinatsimikizira kuyenera kwa katundu. Malamulo oyambirira oletsa zinthu anatsutsidwa pa zifukwa zoswera ufulu wofunika umenewu. Kugonjetsa chitsutso cha chiweruzo, Konsichushoni inasinthidwa kangapo. Malamulo a kukonzanso zinthu amaphatikizapo:

  • Mpatsi Woyamba (1951): Kuikamo Nkhani 31A ndi 31B, zimene zinaika malamulo osintha nthaka kukhala osavuta pansi pa Mfundo 14, 19, ndi 31. Mfundo 31B inayambitsa Ninth Schegel, kumene malamulo akanaikidwa kuwatetezera ku kupenda chiweruzo.
  • Mpambo Wachinayi (19555): Mfundo yowonjezereka ndi kulongosola kuti malipiro a kupeza zinthu safunikira kukhala mtengo wa malonda, kulola boma kugamulapo unyinji woyenerera.
  • Demendment ya makumi anayi ndi Fourth Amendment (1978): Mfundo yotayidwa 31 (kuyenera kwa katundu) monga kuyenera kwapadera ndi kuipanga kukhala lamulo loyenera pansi pa Mfundo 300A, imene imalola kuti munthu aliyense achotsedwe katundu mwalamulo.

Kuwonjezera apo, Directive Principles of State Policy, makamaka Mfundo 39(b) ndi (c), zimafuna kugaŵidwa koyenera kwa chuma ndi kuletsa chuma, kupatsa lamulo la makhalidwe ndi lofunikira kuti dziko lisinthe. Malamulo a boma ali ndi mphamvu yokhazikitsa malamulo okonza dziko pansi pa Chisankho 18 (Dziko) la Chindandanda cha Boma mu Seventh Stedy.

Malamulo Oletsa Kumvera

Mwamsanga pambuyo pa kudziimira, ikunena zonga Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, West Bengal, ndi Madras akhazikitsa lamulo la kuletsa mamediadersition . UP Zamirari Abolition and Land Reforms Act, 1950, ndi chitsanzo chosintha. Malamulo ameneŵa anazimiza ufulu wa ma Zamapita, anavala m'dziko, ndi kupatsa ufulu wa olima enieni. Komabe, malipiro anaperekedwa kwa amene kale anali ma Zaminda, ndipo kawirikawiri kawiri anali kupikisana ndi kupikisana. Pofika kumapeto kwa ma 1950, maboma ambiri anali atachotsa ufulu wokhudzana ndi makampani khumi, ngakhale kuti osunga malowo sanakhale oyenerera kulanda ufulu wa kugula katundu.

Malamulo Okometsera Dziko

Kutsegulidwa kwa denga la nthaka . Kuika malire aakulu pa nthaka imene munthu kapena banja lingasunge, kunali kusintha kwakukulu kokhala ndi cholinga cha kugaŵira malo otsala. Malo a kutsiliza anali osiyanasiyana ndi boma ndi kugawidwa kwa malo (osagulidwa). Mwachibadwa, denga lakhala kuchokera pa 10 mpaka 54 maekala, ndipo malo othirira anali otsika. Malo a Supersix anali kudzagulidwa ndi boma ndi kugawiridwa kwa antchito aulimi osalimidwa ndi ang’onoang'ono.

Kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwalamulo kwa malamulo a denga kunatsimikizira kukhala kovuta kwambiri. Alord anagwiritsira ntchito njira zosiyanasiyana kuthaŵa denga: malonda a benami (kuchotsa malo m'dzina la ena), kupanga malo osadziŵika bwino, kusandutsa malo, ndi kusindikiza. Maboma ambiri anakhazikitsa malamulo a denga mu 1960 ndi 1970, koma malo enieni otsala opezedwa ndi kugawidwa anali ocheperapo. Mwachitsanzo, pofika kuma 1990, pafupifupi 5% a dziko lokhoza kusungidwa anali ataŵerengedwa kukhala ndi kuchuluka, ndipo ambiri a iwo anali a mkhalidwe woipa. Kuzemba kwalamulo ndi kusungidwa kofooka kunali zifukwa zazikulu kaamba ka kulephera kumeneku.

Kusintha Kosatha

Kusintha kwamphamvu kofuna kutetezera alimi kuti asathamangitsidwe mwalamulo, kuyang'anira lendi (kaŵirikaŵiri ikumaipereka pa 20-25% ya zotulutsidwa), ndipo potsirizira pake kupatsa malo ogonako ntchito pambuyo pa nyengo yakutiyakuti. Mayiko ambiri anapatula ntchito za Tenancy Act, monga Bombay Tenancy ndi Agricul Lands Act, 1948, ndi Keralara Land Reforms Act, 1963. Malamulo ameneŵa anayambitsa malingaliro onga akuti “olingaliridwa kuti ogula malo amene amalima.

Komabe, kusintha kwa zinthu kochitidwa kaŵirikaŵiri kunapeŵedwa ndi eninyumba olengeza ogona m'nyumba kukhala antchito kapena operekeramo malamulo, kapena mwa kugwiritsira ntchito mapangano amwambo. Maboma onga West Bengal, Octal Bargal (1988) olembetsedwa ndi osungidwa ndi kuwapatsa chitetezo, koma kugwiritsa ntchito kosiyanasiyana m'dzikolo. Modell Agricul Land Letting Act, 2016 (anakonzedwa ndi NITIAYOG) imaimira kuyesa kumasula ndi kulimbikitsa kuvomereza kwalamulo kwaposachedwapa ndi kulola eni dziko kukhala ndi ufulu wosunga dziko popanda chilo popanda kutetezedwa ndi ufulu wa osunga kulandiridwa kwa oloŵa ntchito.

Mavuto ndi Nkhani za Malamulo

Mikangano ya Pansi ndi Kuneneza

Chimodzi cha zitokoso za lamulo zowopsa kwambiri chakhala chiwonjezeko cha kusinthitsa dziko. Kutsutsa pa malo akukhala, kuzindikiritsa malo, ndi kulipidwa kwakhala ndi makhoti otsekerezedwa kwa zaka makumi ambiri. Ngakhale pambuyo pa kutha kwa malamulo ambiri adziko akale, kutsutsana kwa milandu. Mwachitsanzo, mikangano yokhudza [FLT: 0] kugulitsa zinthu [[FLT: 1] (kusunga zinthu pansi pa maina achinyengo) imafunikira kufunsa ndi kutsutsa kwanthaŵi yaitali.

Kuwonjezerapo, kusiyana kwa dziko la ulimi ndi losalimapo [1] kwachititsa kuŵerengera kwa denga . Maboma kaŵirikaŵiri alephera kukonzanso zolembedwa za dziko, zimene zimachititsa makhoti kutsutsana. [FLT: 0] 2019 PRS Legistive Research [1] adaona kuti m’madera ena, oposa gawo la makhoti a dziko lapansi amaphatikizapo mikangano. Onani: PRS: Land Dis and Land Records

Zolembedwa za Dziko Zosakwanira ndi Kulembetsa

Chiyeneretso chalamulo cha lamulo kaamba ka kusintha kwa dziko lirilonse ncholondola, ndi cha masiku ano. Mwatsoka, dongosolo la zolembalemba za dziko la India lakhala lopanda pake. Maboma ambiri amadalirabe pa zolembedwa zamanja zimene zili zosakwanira kapena zosagwiritsidwa ntchito. Inconstencies pakati pa Record of Rights (RR), kufufuza mapu, ndi zolembetsa zolembedwa zimapanga malamulo. Lamulo la Boma, 1908, limafuna kulembetsa kokakamiza kwa mabizinesi onse a dziko, koma silimatsimikizira kuti ndi dzina lakusamutsidwa. Zimenezi zimatsogolera kufunsira kochulukira pa phukuto limodzimodzi ndi kulola chinyengo.

Boma linakhazikitsa Digal India Records Records Programme (DILRMP) mu 2008 kuti lipange ndi kukonzanso makompyuta, kugwirizanitsa kulembetsa ndi zolembedwa za dziko, ndi kupita ku chitsimikizo. Kupita patsogolo sikunali kogwirizana; maboma ena monga Gujaratat, Karnaka, ndi Maharashtra apanga mastarite, pamene ena ali otsalira. Lipoti la Ministry of Rulbal Development linasonyeza kuti pamene kuli kwakuti pafupifupi 88% ya zolembera zakhala zolembedwa zagwirizana ndi kulembetsa. Onani: [FL:] DRAPMP . [FFF:]

Kutengedwa kwa Malamulo Opeka ndi Benami Treections

Ngakhale kuti zaka makumi ambiri za malamulo a denga, kuthaŵa kwawo kwakukulu kwapitirizabe. Malord agwiritsira ntchito ziŵiya zalamulo zonga mphatso, maluwa, mapangano, ndi makonzedwe a kusungitsa tsindwi. Benami Transactions (Provition) Act, 1988 adaikidwa kuti aletse zimenezi, koma kuti zikhale zopanda mano kwa zaka zambiri. Mu 2016, kubwezedwa kwakukulu kwa chilango, kuphatikizapo kuikidwa m'nyumba ndi kuchotsedwa kwa benami. Komabe, kukwaniritsa lamulo pansi pa Chilamulo n’kwaniza pang'onopang'onopang'ono, ndipo nkhani zambiri zikutsalabebebebebe kusanakwane kupangidwa Ben Procellation Trimes .

Mafotokozedwe achiweruzo akhudzanso kusungidwa kwa lamulo. Mwachitsanzo, Khoti Lapamwamba mu R. K. Arora v. State of Uttar Pradesh (1962) adakhulupirira kuti malamulo a denga ayenera kutengedwa mwamphamvu, ndipo zigamulo zimayanja mwini munda. Zigamulo zachepetsa mphamvu ya boma kutsegulanso malo okhazikika. Zoletsa zalamulo zimenezi zikutanthauza kuti mabwalo ambiri adziko atha kupulumuka thaŵitsa.

Malamulo a M’mayiko Omwe Akutsamwitsana

Nkhani ina ya lamulo yobwerezabwereza ndiyo kusagwirizana kwa maboma onse. Pazochitika za m'mbiri, malamulo a choloŵa choyanja amuna, ndi kusintha kaŵirikaŵiri amachotsa akazi. Chikalata cha Hindu production Act, 1956, chinapatsa akazi ufulu wolingana ndi malo aulimi kokha pambuyo pa kusintha kwa maboma mu 2005, amene amagwiritsira ntchito mayiko onse. Malamulo ambiri a boma akakhala ofooka. Amasiye amazindikirabe “mutu wa banja” monga amuna, makamaka amuna. Amasiye amayang'anizana ndi mavuto ena potchula ufulu wa panyumba. Pamene ena amapanga makonzedwe aulemu zogwirizana m'dziko, chiyambukiro chamtunduwo ncho n’chochepa. Onani: [FL:] USAD Land: ndi Dziko ku India: Akazi ndi Dziko.

Kusintha kwa Zinthu Komwe Kwachitika Posachedwapa

Kusintha Kalembedwe ka Dziko ndi Kusinthasintha kwa Zolemba za Masiku Ano

DILRMP yakhala pulogalamu yapanthaŵi ino, koma kupita patsogolo kwaposachedwapa kumaphatikizapo kuyambitsidwa kwa pulogalamu za magetsi zozikidwa pa ndandanda ya makompyuta , kugwirizanitsa ndi Aadhaar kuti adziŵike, ndi maprojekiti a kutsimikizira zigawo zosankhidwa. Mu 2020, boma linayambitsanso [[FLT:] Develoption Lands System [[FL:] kuchepetsa njira zolembera. Komabe, kujambula kwalamulo kwa mapepala ndi njira zolembera zolembera zolembera zolembera zolembera. [Magazine]

Ntchito Yofewa ya Dziko la Chifaniziro, 2016

Kuthetsa vutoli m'masinthidwe a zinthu, NITI Aayog adafuna kuti pakhale pangano la Model Land Leatting Act mu 2016. Ntchito imeneyi imalola eni malo popanda kuopa kutaya malowo, pamene akupatsa malo otetezeka kwa anthu otsala. Imalola marenti a pakamwa (ndi cholembedwa), lendi yokwanira, ndi chitetezo kuti asachotsedwe panthaŵi ya kupempha. Pa nthawi ya 2023, maboma ochepa okha monga Uttar Pradesh ndi Utakhand alandira mabaibulo a chitsanzo chimenechi. Vuto la lamulo ndilo kulinganiza ndi kulinganiza malo okhala ndi chitetezo champhamvu ndi ntchito yosafunika kwambiri yothamangitsa.

Kuweruza ndi Kuweruza kwa Khoti Lalikulu

Khoti Lapamwamba lapereka ziweruzo zingapo zofunika kwambiri zokhudza kusintha kwa nthaka m'zaka khumi zapitazo. State of Keralah v K. S. Abhilash (2022), Bwalo linagogomezera kuti kusintha dziko ndi njira yopitiriza ndi kuti maboma ayenera kukonza malamulo awo mogwirizana ndi malamulo a boma. [[FLT:]] Commissioner of Infection of Infection (Kufufuzidwa) v. Ananda Parbal Development Trust [ (20]), Khoti liyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito mowonjezerapo ntchito ndi malo othandizira othandizira ndi kulanditsa ufulu wawo pamalirengo. Nkhani ina yofunika, [FLD: B. B. Boma la Karnamesssss) la ku Katract: sakhoza kutembenuzidwa ndi kuwongolera zalamulo pamene zina zina zina zolakwika.

Masinthidwe a Malamulo ndi Ndandanda Yachisanu ndi Chiŵiri

Komiti ya Ninth Study, imene imateteza malamulo a kuweruzidwa kwa juli, yakhala ndi lupanga lolimba ziwiri. Pamene kuli kwakuti inalola malamulo otsutsa dziko kupulumuka zitokoso zoyambirira, Khoti Lapamwamba mu .R. Coelho v. Boma la Tamil Nadu . (2007) adakhulupirira kuti malamulo oikidwa mu Ninth Stegel pambuyo pa 1973 ali oyenera kupendedwa pansi pa “malamulo a . Chiphunzitso chapamwamba. Zimenezi zapangitsa dziko laposachedwapa kulephera kukonzanso malamulo alamulo. Maboma angapo tsopano akubwerera kumbuyo malamulo awo okonza zinthu kuti atsimikizire kuti asaswe zoyenera zofunika, makamaka malamulo oyenera kulingana ndi oyenerera kukhala pansi pa Chigawo 21.

Kumaliza

Malamulo a kusintha dziko ku India ngocholoŵana ndipo amasinthasintha nthaŵi zonse. Malamulo a malamulo, limodzi ndi malamulo a boma, apanga malamulo ambirimbiri omwe amakwaniritsa chilungamo cha anthu koma kaŵirikaŵiri amalephera chifukwa cha kukwaniritsa malo, kupeputsa, ndi kusasintha. Zotsatira za mbiri yakale za kusintha kwa moyo ndi kusamvera malamulo zikupatsabe chiyembekezo cha nthaŵi yaitali, ndi malamulo ambiri ovomerezeka, ndi malamulo ambiri ovomerezeka, kutsalira, kukondera kwa akazi, ndi kuchedwa kwa chiweruzo. Zochita zaposachedwapa monga DILRMP, Model Landment Act, ndi masinthidwe alamulo akuperekabe chiyembekezo kaamba ka malamulo oyenera ndi oyenerera. Komabe, malamulo opindulitsa a dziko, kuchirikiza kukonza malamulo oyenera ndi oyenera kuchirikiza chilungamo a kakhalidwe kakhalidwe kakhalidwe ka anthu. Kuchirikiza kuyendetsa bwino kwa anthu ndi kuyendetsa bwino zinthu m’dziko la India.