Kodi Zinthu Ziyenera Kuchitika Bwanji?

Malamulo a boma amatsimikizira kuti boma silingachotse moyo, ufulu, kapena katundu aliyense popanda choyamba kutsatira njira zolungama ndi zokhazikitsidwa za lamulo. Linakhazikitsidwa pa Malamulo a Finu ndi 14th Amendment, lamulo limeneli limatsimikizira kuti boma lichite zinthu mololedwa, moonetsera, ndipo molemekeza ufulu wa munthu aliyense payekha. Koma njira yoyenerera si lamulo limodzi; ndilo kusonkhanitsa chitetezo chimene chimapanga mbali iriyonse ya kachitidwe ka boma, kuchokera ku ku kuleka kuyendetsa galimoto kufikira ku kuzengedwa mlandu kolakwa.

Kuti amvetsetse mokwanira ntchito yoyenera, munthu ayenera kuyang’ana pa nthambi zake ziŵiri zosiyana: njira yoyenerera ndi njira yoikidwiratu. Chilichonse chimatumikira chifuno chosiyana koma pamodzi chimapanga liwiro la lamulo lalamulo la America.

Mmene Zinthu Zimayendera

Ntchito yoyenerera imakhudza mmene boma likuchitira. Boma lisanachotse moyo wa munthu, ufulu, kapena katundu, liyenera kupereka chitetezo chochepa. Izi zikuphatikizapo:

  • Tnoice – Munthu ayenera kuuzidwa zimene boma likufuna kuchita ndi chifukwa chake.
  • Mwayi womveka [ – Munthuyo ayenera kukhala ndi mwaŵi watanthauzo wa kupereka mbali yawo ya nkhaniyo, kaŵirikaŵiri pakumva kapena kuyesa.
  • Wopanga chosankha wopanda tsankho [1] – Woweruza kapena nduna siingakhale ndi mtengo waumwini pamapeto ake.
  • Ufulu wa kupereka umboni ndi kuitana mboni – Munthuyo angapereke umboni ndi kutsutsa umboni wa boma.
  • Ufulu kwa loya – M'nkhani zambiri, kuimira kwalamulo nkofunika kutsimikizira kuti ntchito yake ndi yolungama.

Khoti Lapamwamba la U.S. linapereka mayeso amakono a zimene zimafunikira m'malamulo Mathews v. Elditridge (77). Makhoti amalingalira zinthu zitatu: chikondwerero chaumwini choyambukiridwa, upandu wa kumanidwa kolakwika kwa njira zamakono, ndi chiwongola dzanja cha boma, kuphatikizapo mtengo ndi mtolo wa boma. Kusintha kumeneku kumatanthauza kuti njira yoyenerera si njira imodzi yoyenerera ya kupindulitsa konse; chimene chili cholungama m'mapindulo chingasiyane ndi zimene zimafunikira m'makhoti aupandu.

Mmene Zinthu Zimayendera

Chinsinsi cha boma chikhoza kuchita chiyani, mosasamala kanthu za njira zimene zagwiritsidwa ntchito. Chimateteza ufulu wina ku kuloŵerera kwa boma, ngakhale ngati boma litsatira njira zangwiro. Ufulu umenewu wazikidwa pa lingaliro la ufulu weniweniwo ndipo sundandandalitsidwa bwino m'Malamulo. Khoti Lapamwamba lazindikira ufulu wotetezeredwa, kuphatikizapo:

  • Kuyenera kwa kukwatira [[FLT :1] – Kudziŵika mu [FLT :2] Obergefell v. Hodges (2015], limene linakhulupirira kuti okwatirana a gusa ndi amuna kapena akazi ali ndi kuyenera kwapadera kwa ukwati.
  • Ufulu wolera ndi kusamalira ana a munthuwe – Kusonyezedwa mu Troxel v. Granville [2000], kuchepetsa kuloŵerera kwa boma pa zosankha za makolo.
  • Ufulu wa kukhala chinsinsi ----kuphatikizapo kuyenera kwa kugwiritsira ntchito njira zoletsera (Griswold v.Connecticut[[FL:3], 1965]) ndi kupanga zosankha ponena za kudzilamulira kwa thupi.
  • Kuyenera kwa kukana chithandizo chamankhwala – Kudziŵika mu Shashington v. Harper (1990) ndi zochitika zina zophatikizapo chisamaliro cha moyo.

Atsatiri a boma amanena kuti nkofunika kutetezera anthu ku zochita zosalungama zimene malamulo a boma okha sangathe kuzipeza.

N’chifukwa Chiyani Ufulu wa Munthu Aliyense Pawokha Uyenera Kuchitika Mwadongosolo?

Popanda kutero, boma lingagwire, kutsekera m’ndende, kapena kulanda katundu popanda kumvetsera, kudziŵa, kapena mwaŵi uliwonse wodzitetezera. zifukwa zodalirika zotetezera njira yoyenerera ya boma zazikidwa pa lamulo:

  • imatsutsa kachitidwe kodzisankhira ka boma - Palibe mkulu wa boma amene ali pamwamba pa malamulo. Kutsatira dongosolo la kachitidwe kumakakamiza bungwe lililonse ndi khoti kutsatira njira zosasintha, zodziŵika poyera.
  • imatetezera ufulu wa munthu aliyense payekha – ngakhale pamene boma lichita zinthu ndi zolinga zabwino, njira yoyenerera imatsimikizira kuti ufulu wa munthu woimbidwa mlandu kapena woyambukiridwa umalemekezedwa.
  • Amapereka umboni wotsimikizira kuti anthu ali ndi mphamvu [ – anthu amavomereza kwambiri zotsatira za malamulo akamaona kuti dongosololi n’loyera, looneka bwino, ndiponso lopatsa aliyense mawu.
  • Kukondera ndi nkhanza [1] – Mwakufuna opanga zosankha opanda tsankho ndi mipata ya kukopa, njira yoyenerera imachepetsa chiyambukiro cha tsankhu, ziphuphu, kapena zophophonya.

M'demokrase, zitetezero zimenezi ndizo zimene zimasiyanitsa dongosolo la lamulo ndi la mphamvu wamba. Monga momwe Khoti Lapamwamba linanenera mu Heatt Anti-Fascist Komiti ya Othaŵa ku . McGrath[FLT: 1] (1951), njira yoyenerera “ndiyo chiwonkhetso cha malamulo amenewo a boma amene amalongosola mphamvu ya kuyambukira anthu.”

Zimene Zimayambitsa Zinthu Zimene Ziyenera Kuchitika

Lingaliro lakuti boma liyenera kutsatira njira zoyenera linachokera kale, koma kapangidwe kake kamakono kanasintha m’zaka mazana ambiri za kupita patsogolo kwa malamulo a Chingelezi ndi America.

Mbalame ya Magna Carta (1215)

Chisonyezero choyambirira chotchuka koposa cha kuperekedwa kwa ntchito yoyenerera chikuwoneka mu Mutu 39 wa Magna Carta, wosainidwa ndi Mfumu John ku Runnymede. Inalengeza kuti palibe munthu waufulu amene angakhoze kuikidwa m’ndende, kuletsedwa, kapena kuthamangitsidwa “kusiyapo mwa chiŵeruzo chalamulo cha ausinkhu wake kapena ndi lamulo la dzikolo." Mawuwa – “lamulo la dzikolo" – anakhala kholo la kachitidwe koyenera. Pamene kuli kwakuti Magna Carta poyamba ankagwira ntchito kwa a nduna zokha, lamulo lake lalikulu la lamulo lokhala pamwamba pa lamulo lachilamulo la Chingelezi pomalizira pake linafalikira m’Chingelezi.

Buku la ku England Lonena za Ufulu wa Anthu ndi Makalata a Atsamunda

Pambuyo pa zaka mazana ambiri za kulimbana pakati pa Nyumba ya Malamulo ndi Mfumu, Court of Rights yachingelezi (1689) inagogomezera lingaliro lakuti mfumu siikanatha kuimitsa malamulo kapena kupanga makhoti apadera kunja kwa dongosolo lanthaŵi zonse. Atsamunda a ku Amereka ananyamula miyambo imeneyi kudutsa Atlantic. Malamulo a Colonia kaŵirikaŵiri anali ndi zitsimikizo zakuti odzakhala m’dzikolo akakhala ndi ufulu wofanana ndi wa Angelezi, kuphatikizapo zitetezero za lamulo wamba.

Malamulo a Nachisanu ndi 14

Pamene Malamulo a ku United States analembedwa, analibe mawu oyenera. Mpambo wa Fith Amendment, wovomerezedwa mu 1791, unasintha kuti: “Palibe munthu... adzamanidwa moyo, ufulu, kapena katundu, popanda njira yoyenerera ya lamulo. [1] Chifukwa chakuti Bill of Rights inagwira ntchito ku boma la boma lokha, maboma akananyalanyaza chitetezo chimenechi. Mpata umenewo unakhalabe mpaka Mencesment ya 1450 inavomerezedwa pambuyo pa nkhondo ya Civilic mu 1868. Mchitidwe wake woyenerera unafutukula chofunika ku boma ndi maboma akumeneko: “... kapena Boma lililonse la munthu aliyense wa moyo, ufulu, kapena katundu, popanda lamulo.”

M’zaka za zana lotsatira, Khoti Lapamwamba linagwiritsira ntchito chiganizo choyenera cha Kusintha kwa 144 kwa ku chisankho , chosiyana ndi chochuluka cha Bill of Rights potsutsana ndi maboma. Mwachitsanzo, kuyenera kwa kupereka uphungu ([[[FLT:]2] Gideon v. Wainwright [[FLT:]], 1963]), mwaŵi wotsutsana ndi ufulu wa kudziimira pawekha ([[FLT:] Malloy v. Hogn , 1964], ndi kumanja kwa kutsutsana ([FL:6]]. , Texas , zinakhala ndi chiganing'a chonse choyenera ku khoti.

Mmene Kukonza Zinthu Kumagwirira Ntchito

Munthu amatetezedwa chifukwa chakuti ndi wa boma, waupandu, kapena wauyang’aniro, ndiponso chifukwa cha zimene zakhudza anthu.

Kutsatira M’milanduwo ya Anthu

M’masunamo a anthu a m’dzikolo, amene amaphatikizapo kukangana pakati pa anthu achinsinsi kapena pakati pa boma pa katundu kapena ndalama mpaka kutsimikizira kuti:

  • Tchulani mlandu [[FLT :1] + Woimbidwa mlanduyo ayenera kupatsidwa mwalamulo ndi mafomu ndi dandaulo, kulongosola zinenezo ndi khoti kumene mlanduwo udzamvedwa.
  • Ndimwayi woyankha [[FLT :1] + Woimbidwa mlandu ali ndi nthaŵi yoikiratu yankho ndi kupereka tsatanetsatane wawo.
  • Apereka ku kuimira kwalamulo [ – Pamene Kuyenera kwa Chisanu ndi chimodzi kwa Kusintha kwa kupereka uphungu sikumagwira ntchito m’milandu yachiŵeniŵeni, kaŵirikaŵiri makhoti amalola maloya kulembedwa ntchito, ndipo m’zochitika zina zazikulu (monga imfa ya makolo), boma lingafunikire kupereka loya walamulo m’dongosolo loyenera.
  • Kubisa [1] Makhonde onse angasinthane zikalata, kutenga, ndi kusonkhanitsa umboni asanazenge mlandu kuti apeŵe zinthu zosayembekezereka.
  • A kuzenga mlandu kolungama pamaso pa woweruza wopanda tsankho – Ngati mlanduwo upita ku mlandu, kuzenga mlanduwo kuyenera kuchitidwa popanda tsankho.

Fanizo lalikulu ndilo [[FL:0] Sniach . Ndalama za Banja . (11969). Wisconsin analola wobwereka ngongole kulipira munthu asanamve. Khoti Lalikulu linanena kuti kuweruzidwa kumeneku kunachititsa kuti munthu wokongolayo asakhale ndi mpata wobwezera ndalamazo mpaka ndalama zitatengedwa.

Kutsatira Mlandu wa Apandu

Chifukwa chakuti milandu ya upandu ingatulukepo kumangidwa – kutayikiridwa kwa ufulu wofunikira ndizo zapamwamba kwambiri pano. Malamulo andandalika ufulu wachindunji wochuluka umene umagwira ntchito m'milandu, ndipo Bwalo Lapamwamba lawamasulira mooloŵa manja. Zitetezero zazikulu zimaphatikizapo:

  • Kuyenera kwa kukhala chete – Mpambo wachisanu umatetezera oimbidwa mlandu kukakamizidwa kudzitsutsa. Apolisi ayenera kupereka Madalinda [1] machenjezo asanayambe kufunsidwa ([FLT:]] Manda . Arizona ., 1966]
  • Kuyenera kwa kuzenga mlandu kwapoyera ndi kofulumira – The Sixth Amendment imafuna kuti ziyeso zikhale zotseguka kwa anthu ndi kuchitika mosazengereza.
  • Kuyenera kwa loya . Kuchokera [[FLT :2] Gedeon v. Wainright (1963), boma liyenera kupereka loya kwa woimbidwa mlandu aliyense woyang'anizana ndi mlandu wa kulakwa. Pambuyo pake zigamulo zinawonjezera zimenezi ku kulakwitsa mayeso amene amanyamula chigamulo cha ndende ([[FLT:]4]] Argisterer v. Hamlin , 1972]
  • Ufulu woyang'anizana ndi mboni [1] – Otetezera angawolokere anthu amene amachitira umboni motsutsana nawo ( Pointer v. Texas [FLT :3], 1965).
  • Ufulu wa kuitana mboni ndi kupereka chodzitetezera – mphamvu ya Subpoena imachititsa oimbidwa mlandu kubweretsa umboni m’khoti.
  • Kuchinjiriza ku ngozi ziŵiri ndi kudzivulaza – Palibe munthu angayesedwe kaŵiri kaamba ka mlandu umodzimodzi, ndipo palibe amene angakakamizidwe kuulula.

Khoti Lapamwamba linaperekanso chitetezo choyenerera kwa achichepere mu mu Gault [1] (1967). Pasanafike mlandu umenewo, makhoti a achichepere akatsekera achichepere m’ndende popanda mlandu, mayeso, kapena maloya. Khotilo linanena kuti “Siliyense Wachisanu ndi chiŵiri ndi Chingelezi kapena Bill of Rights iri ya achikulire okha," ndi kulamula kuti achichepere opulupudza alandire chidziŵitso, uphungu, kuyenera kwa kuchitira umboni mlandu, ndi mwaŵi wakutsutsa kukana ufulu wa kudzitsutsa.

Kutsatira Malamulo a Mipukutu

Mabungwe a boma amapanga zosankha zambiri zimene zimayambukira anthu mpaka kudula mapindu a moyo, kuchotsa laisensi ya woyendetsa galimoto, kuchotsa wogwira ntchito wa anthu onse. Ntchito yake imagwiranso ntchito pano, koma njira zenizeni zimasiyana. Mathews v. Eldridge . Eldridge [[FL:1]] Kuyesa (wotchulidwa poyamba) kunayambika mu ulamuliro: wopumula wopunduka wa anthu popanda kumvetsera. Khoti linagamula kuti kumvetsera koonekeratu asanagamule chigamulocho sikumafunidwa nthaŵi zonse ngati bungwelo limapereka chitetezo china, monga chidziŵitso cholembedwa, mwaŵi wopereka umboni wolembedwa, ndi kumvetsera kokwanira pambuyo pake.

Komabe, mfundo zazikulu – kuzindikira, mwaŵi wa kupereka nkhani ya munthuwe, ndi Wopanga zosankha wopanda tsankho — zidakali zofunika m’kuyendetsa kulikonse kumene kungachotsere munthu mwaŵi wakukhala ndi ufulu watanthauzo kapena katundu.

Mavuto Amene Adzabwere

Ngakhale kuti malamulo ndi amphamvu, ntchito yake imakhala yovuta kwambiri ku America wamakono.

Kutsekemera kwa Manda ndi Kupanga Mafuta

Milandu yambiri ya upandu yoposa 95% sumapita ku mlandu. Amathera popempha kuperekedwa. Pamene kuli kwakuti pempho siliri lachibadwa losakhala lalamulo, lingawononge njira yoyenerera. Otetezera kaŵirikaŵiri amaimba mlandu mlandu chifukwa cha chiwopsezo cha chigamulo cha nthaŵi yaitali kwambiri pa mlandu, chochitika chodziŵika monga “chilango cha milandu. ." Pamene maloya otetezera ayang'anizana ndi kuthodwetsa ndi chuma chochepa, oimbidwa mlandu angavomereze kuchita mapangano popanda kuzindikira mokwanira zoyenera zawo kapena umboni wotsutsana nawo. Kuyenera kwa kuweruza kwachilungamo kumakhala kwachabe ngati dongosolo la opereka chilango.

Kuimira Kokwanira Kwalamulo

Lonjezo la Gedeon v. Wainwright [1] Silikwaniritsidwa mokwanira. Maofesi ambiri oteteza anthu amanyamula milandu mazana ambiri pa loya aliyense, kusiya nthawi yochepa yofufuza, kufunsa, kapena kujambula mafaelo. Mu 2014, lipoti la American Bar Association linapeza kuti “madongosolo otetezera dziko lonselo ali pamavuto. [1] Popanda uphungu woyenerera, oimba mlandu sangapereke mogwira ntchito yawo yoyenerera, monga kufufuza motsutsana ndi lamulo kapena kupereka umboni wotsutsa.

Makhoti Ankasankhana

Kufufuza kumasonyeza kuti anthu a mafuko ndi mafuko ochepa amachitiridwa nkhanza pambali iliyonse ya dongosolo la chiweruzo, kuchokera ku kuima ndi kufunafuna kuweruza. Kukondera kosatsutsika pakati pa oweruza, oweruza, ndi ajuli kungasonkhezere zosankha m’njira zimene zimatsutsana ndi lonjezo la chilungamo. Mwachitsanzo, oimbidwa mlandu Akuda ali othekera kwambiri kumangidwa asanaweruzidwe, zimene zimachititsa kuti kukonzekere kutetezera ndi kuwonjezera kuthekera kwa kugamula. Mchitidwe wapadera umafuna opanga zosankha mosakondera, koma malingaliro achinyengo amatsutsa lingalirolo.

Kuphunzira Zinthu Zosiyanasiyana Ndiponso Kukhala Wekha

Umisiri watsopano umapereka mphamvu yosayerekezereka ku boma yopezera anthu. Khoti Lapamwamba layamba kumasuliranso ntchito yoyenera ndi Kusintha kwa Chinayi kuti alembe mawu a manambala. Carpeent . United States (2018), Khoti linagamula kuti apolisi afunikira chilolezo cha kupeza mapepala a malo a maselo, chifukwa chakuti anthu ali ndi chiyembekezo choyenera cha kukhala obisika m'mabungwe awo panthaŵi yake. Koma nkhani zina zambiri sizikuthetsedwa: Kuyang'anira zinthu, kusonkhanitsa kwa zinthu kochitidwa ndi makampani ena amene amagawana ndi lamulo, ndi kupanga zigamu za malamulo a zamagetsi m'mabungwe ndi kuweruza.

Kusamukira ku Dziko Lina ndi Kutsatira Malonda

Kuzenga mlandu kuli kwachiŵeniŵeni mmalo mwa upandu, chotero chitetezo cha lamulo chochuluka sichimagwira ntchito . Osakhudzidwa angasungidwe kwa miyezi yopanda chigwirizano, ndipo saali otsimikiziridwa kukhala loya wa boma wolipiridwa. Khoti Lapamwamba lanena kuti Cear Proce Claus imatetezera anthu onse mu United States, mosasamala kanthu za malo aunzika, koma chenicheni nchakuti makhoti oloŵa m’dziko amayang'anizana ndi zigonjezo zazikulu ndi njira zopimirapo zimene zingatsogolere ku ku kuchotsa kolakwa.

Mapeto ake: Kuteteza zinthu

Chinsinsi chake si njira yodziphera yokha. Zimadalira oweruza ochenjera, maloya aluso, nzika zodziŵa, ndi chikhalidwe cha ndale zimene zimaŵerengera ufulu wa kuchita zinthu. Lamulo lakuti palibe munthu amene angachotsedwe moyo, ufulu, kapena katundu wopanda dongosolo loyenera. Kwa ophunzira ndi aphunzitsi, kuzindikira njira yoyenera si njira yongokhalira yamaphunziro chabe yovomerezera kuswa malamulo, kupempha mlandu, ndi kuchirikiza lonjezo la boma lolamulidwa ndi lamulo. Kulimbana ndi mphamvu yopanda lamulo, kuyambira ku Harren Carta mpaka ku Garren Court, kumasonyeza kuti njira yoyenerera siiteteza, monga momwe kuliri chitetezero chachikulu cha ufulu.

kaamba ka kuŵerenga kowonjezereka, onani Kufufuza kwa Malamulo kwa bungwe lofufuza za ntchito yofunikira , , chidule cha Matews v. Eldiridge , ndi [FLT:] Center ya Chilungamo chopereka malipo pa zitokoso za dongosolo la zinthu.