Kufotokoza Mphamvu ya Zandale ndi Makhalidwe Ake

Mphamvu yandale ndi imodzi ya mfundo zozikidwa kwambiri pa kuphunzira boma, mbiri, ndi chitaganya. Pamphamvu yake yopepuka, yandale ndiyo kukhoza kulamulira zochita, zikhulupiriro, kapena makhalidwe a ena, makamaka malinga ndi ulamuliro ndi moyo wa anthu. Ndiyo mphamvu yochititsa zosankha ponena za amene amapeza zimene, nthaŵi, ndi motani, ndipo zimasintha zinthu kuchokera ku malamulo a dziko lonse.

Katswiri wandale Robert Dahl analongosola mphamvu yake yotchuka m'mawu apakati: A ali ndi mphamvu pa B kufikira pamlingo umene A angapeze B kuchita kanthu kena kamene kangakhale kosachita. Kusintha kumeneku kumajambula mphamvu monga kugwira ntchito kogwira ntchito. Komabe, akatswiri akulitsa kwambiri kamvedwe kake. Steven Lukas, m'ntchito yake yapansipansi [[FLT:] mphamvu: Mawonekedwe apamwamba [[[FLT: 1], kuyerekezera mbali zitatu za mphamvu: kupanga zosankha (mphamvu ya kupambana m'kulimbana), mphamvu yoyendetsa zinthu (mphamvu ya kulamulira nkhani zimene zikulingaliridwa), ndi mphamvu ya maganizo (mphamvu ya kukhoza kukonza ndi kuzindikira zinthu ndi kuzindikira kotero kuti anthu avomereze mkhalidwe wachibadwa kapena kuti avomereze mkhalidwe wachilengedwe).

Kuzindikira kumene ulamuliro wandale zadziko umachokera nkofunika kwa aliyense wophunzira mbiri yakale, sayansi yandale, kapena maboma. Mphamvu si mphamvu yachinsinsi. Imachokera ku magwero odziŵika, imasintha kuchokera ku zochitika za m’mbiri, ndipo imatsutsa ndi kusintha. Nkhani ino ikusanthula magwero aakulu a ulamuliro wandale zadziko, kusintha kwake kwa m’mbiri, malongosoledwe a zolembedwa zamwambo ogwiritsiridwa ntchito kuupenda, ndi kuwonekera kwake m’dziko lamakono.

Maziko Oyambirira a Mphamvu Zandale

Mphamvu zandale zimachokera ku maziko enaake amene amachititsa kuti munthu aliyense, mabungwe, kapena magulu a anthu azilamulira, kusonkhezera, kapena kukakamiza anthu kuti azichita zinthu.

Kukhala Wolamulira Monga Maziko a Mphamvu

Pamene anthu akhulupirira kuti wolamulira, boma, kapena bungwe lili ndi kuyenera kwa kulamulira, amamvera mwaufulu. Max Weber, mmodzi wa akatswiri otchuka kwambiri a kakhalidwe ka anthu, anatchula mitundu itatu ya ulamuliro walamulo.

Udindo wamwambo umadalira pa zikhulupiriro zokhazikitsidwa m'kupatulika kwa miyambo ndi miyambo. Maufumu, akalonga a mafuko, ndi madongosolo achibadwa amayenerera ndi kulemera kwawo kwa mbiri. Ulamuliro wa opereka ulamuliro, wosiyana, umachokera ku mikhalidwe yapadera ya mtsogoleri. Aneneri, atsogoleri osintha zinthu, ndi osintha zinthu a mphamvu za mphamvu amalimbikitsa kudzipereka ndi kukhulupirika kozikidwa pa kuona kwawo kapena mphamvu zamphamvu. Ulamuliro wa malamulo ndiwo maziko a maboma a demokrase amakono. Ilo limakhala pa dongosolo la malamulo okhazikitsidwa, njira, ndi malamulo apamwamba. Anthu samvera chifukwa cha mwambo kapena kutchuka, koma chifukwa chakuti dongosolo lenilenilo limaonedwa kukhala lovomerezeka ndi lovomerezeka. Kusankha, malamulo, ndi malamulo akupereka maziko a dongosolo lamakono la mphamvu zandale.

Maboma amene amataya chikhulupiriro cha nzika zawo kaŵirikaŵiri amayang’anizana ndi chipwirikiti, chitsutso, kapena kugwetsedwa kotheratu.

Kusuntha ndi Kugwiritsira Ntchito Mphamvu

Coercion imaphatikizapo chiwopsezo kapena kugwiritsira ntchito kwenikweni kwa mphamvu kukakamiza kumvera. Ndi mtundu wa ulamuliro wachindunji ndi wowoneka. M'maulamuliro authoritarianism, kukakamiza kaŵirikaŵiri kuli chiŵiya chachikulu cha kulamulira. Apolisi achinsinsi, asilikali, m’ndende, ndi chiwawa zimagwiritsiridwa ntchito kutsendereza kutsutsa ndi kuyang'anira. Komabe, ngakhale m'machitaganya a democracy, boma limakhala ndi ulamuliro walamulo pa kugwiritsira ntchito mphamvu, monga kovomerezedwa ndi Weber. Apolisi, makhoti, ndi mabungwe ankhondo otsogolera ulamuliro walamulo pakati pa malire.

Chikole ndi mtundu wa mphamvu yokwera mtengo. Chimafunikira kuyang’aniridwa kosalekeza, kusungitsa, ndi kufunitsitsa kuvulaza. Chimayambitsanso mkwiyo ndi kutsutsa. Madongosolo okhazikika a ndale zadziko amadalira pa kuyenera ndi kukakamiza. Mabungwe okhoza kwambiri a kulamulira amachepetsa kufunika kwa mphamvu yopambanitsa mwa kukulitsa kuvomerezedwa kwa ulamuliro wawo kofala.

Kulimbikitsa

Si mphamvu zonse zandale zimene zimadalira pa mphamvu kapena ulamuliro wapadera. Chisonkhezero ndicho kukhoza kuumba zikhulupiriro, makhalidwe, ndi zochita za ena mwa kukopa, kutsutsana, kapena chitsanzo. Mtundu umenewu wa mphamvu umasonyezedwa ndi mabungwe a ofalitsa nkhani, anzeru, atsogoleri achipembedzo, okopa, ndi magulu a zandale. Lingaliro la mphamvu zofewa, loyambitsidwa ndi wasayansi wandale Joseph Nye, limakopa ndi kukopa. Mphamvu yamphamvu ndiyo luso lokopa ndi kukopa osati kukakamiza. Imachokera ku chikhalidwe, mfundo zandale, ndi malamulo achilendo amene amaonedwa kukhala oyenera ndi osangalatsa.

M’zitaganya za democracy, chisonkhezero chimachitidwa kupyolera m’makambitsirano apoyera, ndawala za kuphana, ndi msika wa malingaliro. Zipani za ndale zadziko, magulu achifuniro, ndi magulu a anthu amapikisana kuumba malingaliro ndi malamulo a anthu. Mphamvu ya kukopa iri yofunika makamaka m’nkhani zimene ulamuliro walamulo uli wofooka kapena wotsutsidwa.

Kulamulira Chuma

Mphamvu yandale zimachokeranso pa kuyendetsa zinthu zowopsya. Zimenezi zimaphatikizapo chuma, chidziŵitso, luso la zopangapanga, mphamvu, malo, ndi mphamvu zankhondo. Mphamvu zachuma zimatembenuza mwachindunji ku mphamvu ya ndale zadziko. Anthu achuma ndi makampani angapereke ndalama za ndawala, opanga malamulo, ndi kukonza nkhani zapoyera kupyolera mwa kukhala ndi oulutsa nkhani. Chidziŵitso chiri chofunikira kwambiri m'nyengo ya makompyuta. Awo amene amalamulira chidziŵitso, malamulo, ndi mabungwe a kulankhulana ali ndi mphamvu zazikulu za kuumba nkhani ndi zotulukapo zandale zadziko.

Kulamulira chuma chachilengedwe, monga mafuta, maminero, kapena madzi, kungapereke mphamvu zazikulu zandale pa mitundu ndi madera. Maboma a chuma kaŵirikaŵiri amasonkhezera kwambiri nkhani zapadziko lonse. Mosiyana ndi zimenezo, kudalira chuma kungayambitse ziphuphu ndi zidutswa za ziphuphu. Kumvetsetsa zopanga chuma kumathandiza kulongosola chifukwa chake magulu ena kapena mitundu ina imasunga ulamuliro mosasamala kanthu za kusoŵa ulamuliro wa demokrase.

Ulamuliro Umene Uli Patsogolo: Kusiyana Kofunika Kwambiri

Mawu akuti mphamvu ndi ulamuliro kaŵirikaŵiri amagwiritsiridwa ntchito mofanana, koma amaimira malingaliro osiyana. Mphamvu ndiyo kukhoza kwakuya kwa kusonkhezera khalidwe. Ulamuliro uli mtundu wa mphamvu imene imadziŵika kukhala yoyenerera. Pamene munthu wina ali ndi ulamuliro, malamulo ake amamvedwa chifukwa amaonedwa kukhala ndi kuyenera kwa kuwatsutsa. Mkulu wapolisi wotsogolera magalimoto ali ndi ulamuliro. Wofuna chikwama ali ndi mphamvu koma alibe ulamuliro.

Kusiyana kumeneku n’kofunika kwambiri kuti timvetsetse kukhazikika kwa ndale. Madongosolo ozikidwa pa kukakamiza amafunikira kusungidwa kosasintha ndipo sakhazikika. Madongosolo amene amakulitsa ulamuliro amapindula ndi kugonjera kwaufulu, kumene kuli kogwira ntchito ndiponso kokhalitsa. Vuto lalikulu la ulamuliro wandale ndi kumanga ndi kusungitsa ulamuliro mmalo mwa kudalira pa mphamvu zosalimba. Ichi nchifukwa chake malamulo, malamulo, ndi madongosolo a demokrase ali ofunika kwambiri. Amasintha mphamvu kukhala ulamuliro mwa kuigwiritsa ntchito mwadongosolo limene anthu amavomereza kukhala loyenera.

Kusintha kwa Mbiri ya Mphamvu za Ndale

Zinthu zimene zachititsa kuti anthu ayambe kulamulira ndi kukhazikitsa mphamvu zawo, zomwe zachokera m’makhalidwe a anthu, m’zachuma, ndiponso m’zopangapanga za m’nthaŵi imeneyo, zasintha kwambiri.

Mphamvu m’Makolo Akale

Mu maufumu akale onga ngati Igupto, Mesopotamiya, China, ndi Roma, ulamuliro wa ndale zadziko unali woikidwa mokulira m’manja mwa wolamulira mmodzi yemwe ananena kuti anali ndi ulamuliro waumulungu kapena waumulungu. Faroo, mfumu, kapena mfumu anaonedwa kukhala woimira milungu padziko lapansi. Mphamvu inapatsidwa, ndipo kutsutsa kunachitidwa monga ponse paŵiri upandu wa ndale zadziko ndi kulakwa kwa chipembedzo. Magulu ameneŵa anadalira kwambiri pa mwambo ndi chipembedzo kuvomereza ulamuliro, wochirikizidwa ndi gulu lankhondo ndi ulamuliro wa anthu audoma. Kupereka mphamvu kwa munthu mmodzi kunaloledwa kaamba ka maprojekiti aakulu monga kucherea, akachisi, ndi magulu ankhondo, komanso kuyambitsanso kulakwa kwachipembedzo. Magulu ameneŵa anadalira kwambiri pa ulamuliro wachipembedzo ndi ulamuliro wankhondo wofooka kapena wofooka.

Dongosolo la Kukwera Magazi ndi Mphamvu Yochepa

Ku Ulaya wa m'zaka zapakati, ulamuliro wa ndale zadziko unakhala ndi mtundu wosiyana kwambiri. Ulamuliro wa boma woyenerera kudutsa m'gulu la ambuye, aswasi, ndi mafumu. Malo anali maziko oyamba a ulamuliro. Ambuye ankalamulira magawo ndi anthu amene anakhala nawo, posinthana kukhulupirika ndi utumiki wankhondo kwa anthu apamwamba kapena chisoti chachifumu. Mphamvu inali yaumwini, ya kumaloko, ndi yogwirizana m’malo mwa mphamvu zandale. Tchalitchi cha Katolika chinalinso ndi mphamvu zazikulu zandale, chinkapikisana ndi olamulira adziko ndi kuperekanso magwero a ulamuliro a dziko lonse.

Mphamvu za dziko zinagawidwa ndipo kaŵirikaŵiri zinatsutsidwa. Nkhondo zosalekeza, mapangano osasintha, ndi kusoŵa kwa maiko amphamvu apakati zinatanthauza kuti ulamuliro unagwiritsiridwa ntchito m’njira yapamwamba ndi ya mafuko. Dongosolo limeneli potsirizira pake linayambitsa maiko apakati, amene anakhazikitsa mphamvu m'maufumu a monarchy ndipo pambuyo pake m'magulu oimira.

Kuunikiridwa ndi Kuyambika kwa Ulamuliro Wachisawawa

Kuunikiridwa kwa zaka za zana la 17 ndi la 18 kunatsutsa kwambiri magwero a mwambo a ulamuliro wandale zadziko. Anthu onga ngati John Locke, Jean-Jacques Rousseau, ndi Montesquieu anatsutsa kuti ulamuliro wandale zadziko walamulo uli pa chivomerezo cha olamulidwa. Lingaliro la ulamuliro wotchuka linachotsa kuyenera kwaumulungu kwa mafumu. Lingaliro la Rousseau la pangano la kakhalidwe la anthu linali ndi lingaliro lakuti mphamvu yandale imapangidwa ndi anthu, amene amavomereza kulamulidwa kuti atetezedwe ndi ubwino wofala.

Mfundo zimenezi zinasonkhezera kusintha kwa zinthu ku America, France, ndi kwina kulikonse. Chilengezo cha American Declaration of Independent ndi Chilengezo cha Chifalansa cha Ufulu wa Munthu ndi wa nzika zonse ziŵiri zinatsimikizira kuti maboma amapeza mphamvu zawo zolungama kuchokera ku chivomerezo cha olamulira. Imeneyi inali kusintha kosintha kwa zinthu. Mphamvu zandale sizinawonedwenso kukhala chinthu choikidwa kuchokera kumwamba. Chinali chinthu chimene chinapita pamwamba kuchokera kwa anthu, chosonyezedwa ndi masankhoti, kuimira, ndi malamulo pa ulamuliro wa boma.

Malamulo Amakono

M’nyengo yamakono, ulamuliro wandale m’madongosolo a democracy umapangidwa ndi malamulo, malamulo, ndi njira zosankhidwira. Mphamvu imagawidwa pakati pa nthambi za boma kuletsa kusumika kwake. Macheke ndi magonthi, unistism, ndi zitetezero za ufulu wa anthu zalinganizidwira kutsimikizira kuti mphamvu zakhala ndi thayo ndi kulemekeza ufulu wa munthu payekha. Zisankho zimapereka njira yanthaŵi zonse yosamutsira mwamtendere ulamuliro. Mabungwe andale, magulu a zikondwerero, ndi oulutsa nkhani zimatumikira monga mamediredi pakati pa nzika ndi boma.

Komabe, maufumu a demokalase amakono amakumananso ndi mavuto ena.

Malingaliro Aakulu pa Mphamvu Zandale

Asayansi andale ndi akatswiri a zamakhalidwe apanga njira zingapo zopezera chidziŵitso cha mmene mphamvu zimagwirira ntchito m’chitaganya.

Lingaliro la Olemba Mabuku

Ofufuza za maufumu amanena kuti mphamvu zandale zimafalikira pakati pa magulu ambiri opikisana m'chitaganya. M’malo mwake, mphamvu imagaŵikana ndi madzi, ndipo magulu osiyanasiyana amasonkhezera mfundo zosiyanasiyana pa nkhani zosiyanasiyana. Democracy, polingalira zimenezi, ndi malonda a zinthu zopikisana. Kukopana, ndi kukopa anthu onse kumapereka njira zambiri zothandizira magulu kuti asonkhezere. Robert Dahl's ayambe kuphunzira za New Haven, Connecticut, mu [[FLT:] Ndani amene amalamulira? ndi lemba lapamwamba la anthu. Pluvistics amaona kuti boma limapereka malo monga wokana kuloŵerera. Robert Dahl' amavomereza maphunziro a gulu losinthasinthasintha la zitsenderezo.

Chikalata cha Katswiri wa Zakudya

Ofufuza za dziko amatsutsa lingaliro la kuchuluka kwa atsogoleri, akumati mphamvu ndizo zili m’manja mwa gulu laling'ono, la mwaŵi. C. Wright Mills, mu Mphamvu Elite , adatsutsa kuti gulu logwirizana la atsogoleri a kampani, asilikali, ndi magawo a ndale zadziko limalamulira kupanga zosankha m'manja mwa United States. Anthu apamwamba ameneŵa amagawana zikhalidwe zofanana, zikondwerero, ndi malingaliro a dziko. Iwo amakhala ndi magulu aakulu a anthu ndipo amapanga zosankha zimene zimatumikira zofuna zawo, kaŵirikaŵiri pa kuchuluka kwa anthu. Chiphunzitso cha Elitist chigogomezero cha mphamvu za anthu wamba kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zandale zenizeni.

Kufufuza kwa M’chiorthost

Chiphunzitso cha Marx chimaona mphamvu yandale kukhala chizindikiro cha mphamvu ya chuma. M’lingaliro limeneli, boma ndi chida cholamulira anthu. Gulu lolamulira, limene lili ndi njira zopangira zinthu, limagwiritsira ntchito boma kusungitsa mapindu ake achuma ndi kutsendereza mavuto a gulu logwira ntchito. Mphamvu zandale sizili zauchete. Ndi chida chotetezera dongosolo la kapitalizimu. Malongosoledwe a Marxist amasumika pa njira zimene kusalingana kwa zachuma kumatembenuzira kukhala kusalingana kwa ndale zadziko, ndipo amapempha kusintha kwa kakhalidwe kakhalidwe kuti kagwiritsiridwe ntchito moyenerera.

Kuyamba Kufuna Kulamulira Akazi

Chiphunzitso chandale chachikazi chakulitsa kumvetsetsa mphamvu ndi kuphatikizapo amuna ndi akazi. Akatswiri a zachimuna amanena kuti nthanthi zamwambo za ulamuliro zanyalanyaza njira zimene mabungwe amapangira moyo wandale zadziko. Mphamvu siimangogwiritsiridwa ntchito m'mabungwe a ndale zadziko. Imagwira ntchito m’banja, ntchito, ndi miyambo. Kufufuza kwachimuna ndi magulu ena opatutsidwa kuchotsedwa pa ulamuliro wandale ndi mmene magulu a anthu atsutsa kulekana kumeneku. Lingaliro la mphamvu ndilo likulu la kulingalira kwa oyenerera kwa olemekeza, kugogomezera kufunika kwa kachitidwe kamodzi ndi moyo wa makono monga zida zosinthira mphamvu za ulamuliro.

Mphamvu ya Zandale m’Malo Amakono

M’zaka za m’ma 2000 zino, anthu ayamba kusintha zinthu zina zokhudzana ndi sayansi ya zandale, kudalirana kwa mayiko, kutchuka kwa anthu, ndiponso mabungwe ena.

Zipangizo zamakono Ndiponso Kusintha Mphamvu za Magetsi

Makompyuta a pa Intaneti ndi a zaumoyo asintha kwambiri mmene ulamuliro wandale umagwiritsidwira ntchito ndi kutsutsidwa. Maboma amagwiritsa ntchito zipangizo zamakono poyang’anira, pofalitsa nkhani, ndi polamulira. Maboma audindo ayambitsa njira zotsogola zoyang’anira za makompyuta kuti athetse kusagwirizana. Maboma a democratic akulimbananso ndi mavuto okhudza kuchotsa chidziŵitso, kuloŵerera m'mayiko ena, ndi mphamvu za makampani a tekinoloji amene amalamulira chidziŵitso chochuluka.

Komanso, luso la zopangapanga lapatsa mphamvu nzika. Makompyuta athandiza kukonzekera mofulumira, monga momwe zimaonekera m'mabungwe monga Alab Spring, zionetsero za promocracy ku Hong Kong, ndi njira zolankhulira zotsogozedwa ndi achinyamata. Mapulatifomu a pa Intaneti amapereka zinthu zina zodziŵira anthu ndi kulola mawu otsalirapo kufikira anthu padziko lonse. Mphamvu za m'nyengo yamakono zidakalipobe, koma nzachionekere kuti kulamulira chidziŵitso ndi zipangizo za kulankhulana tsopano ndi mbali yaikulu ya mphamvu zandale zadziko.

Kudalirana kwa Mayiko ndi Mphamvu za Dziko

Kudalirana kwa mayiko kwasintha mphamvu zandale kuchoka ku mayiko ena kupita ku mabungwe a mayiko osiyanasiyana, makampani osiyanasiyana, ndi mayiko ena. Mabungwe monga United Nations, World Trade Organization, ndi International Monetary Fund amalimbikitsa kwambiri malamulo a dziko. Mabungwe apadziko lonse okhala ndi ndalama zambiri ndi ndalama zambiri kuposa mayiko ambiri amene ali ndi mphamvu. Mabungwe a boma osakhala a boma, mabungwe a zachuma, ndi mabungwe apadziko lonse amakhudzanso mayiko osiyanasiyana.

Kugwirizana kwa mayiko osiyanasiyana n’kofunika kwambiri kuti pakhale mavuto monga kusintha kwa nyengo, miliri, ndiponso kusakhazikika kwa zachuma.

Kuyambika kwa Chipopolizimu ndi Chitokoso Chake cha Mphamvu Yokhazikitsidwa

Populiism imaimira chitokoso chachikulu ku kukhazikitsa ulamuliro wandale m'mademokrase ambiri. Atsogoleri ndi magulu a Populist amanena kuti amaimira anthu wamba molimbana ndi anthu apamwamba oipa ndi osakhudzidwa. Iwo kaŵirikaŵiri amakana magulu amwambo onga makhoti, aulutsi, ndi utumiki wa anthu monga ngati wa lamulo. Chipani cha Populi chimakonda kwambiri pa lingaliro lakuti mphamvu zandale zagwidwa ndi anthu apamwamba ndi kuti nzika wamba zataya ulamuliro pa miyoyo ndi maboma awo.

Magulu a oimba populist angalimbitse kutengamo mbali kwa demokrase mwa kusonkhanitsa nzika zimene zinali zosagwirizana ndi oikidwa. Komabe, iwo angafooketsenso mabungwe a demokrase, kufooketsa lamulo, ndi kufooketsa kuyenera kwa chitsutso. Unansi pakati pa kuponderezedwa ndi ulamuliro wa ndale zadziko ngwovuta ndi wotsutsana. Kumvetsetsa populution kumafuna chisamaliro ku zochititsa zake zazikulu, kuphatikizapo kusalingana kwa chuma, kusintha kwa chikhalidwe, ndi kulephera kwa magulu andale andale.

Magulu a Anthu Monga Opereka Chithandizo cha Mphamvu

Kuyambira kale kwambiri, mabungwe a zachikhalidwe akhala akulimbana ndi ulamuliro umene ulipowu ndiponso kusintha kwa zinthu.

Magulu amakono onga Black Live Matter, [[FLT: 0] Me Too , ndi Lachisanu kaamba ka Zamtsogolo amasonyeza kupitirizabe kwa mphamvu ya udzu kumachita zandale zadziko. Magulu ameneŵa amagwiritsira ntchito kutsutsana, kutsutsa kwalamulo, kuvomerezana kwalamulo, kulengeza, ndi kulinganiza kwa osankhidwa kupititsa patsogolo zolinga zawo. Amaonetsa kuti mphamvu zandale sizingakhazikike. Zingapangidwe, kupikisanitsidwa, ndi kuphatikizidwa mwa zoyesayesa zaunyinjika.

Chifukwa Chake Kumvetsetsa Mphamvu ya Zandale Kuli Kofunika

Kuphunzira za ulamuliro wandale si nkhani yamaphunziro chabe, koma kumakhudza kwambiri anthu, aphunzitsi, ndi opanga malamulo.

Anthu amene akudziwa bwino kumene ulamuliro wandale wachokera amakhala okonzeka kupenda nkhani zandale, kuchititsa atsogoleri kukhala ndi mlandu, ndiponso kuchita nawo zinthu za demokalase.

Chachiŵiri, kuvomereza kuŵerengera mlandu kumathandiza nzika kukakamiza anthu kuti aone ngati ali ndi mphamvu zowalamulira, kumamatira ku lamulo, ndi kulamulidwa kwa makhalidwe abwino.

Chachitatu, imathandiza kuti magulu a anthu azikhala ochezeka, kudziwa mmene mphamvu zimagwirira ntchito, kumathandiza anthu osauka kuzindikira zinthu zimene zingawalepheretse kusintha.

Chifukwa chachinayi, nkhani zandale zimachepetsa nkhani zovuta kwambiri ndipo zimalimbikitsa anthu kuti azifufuza bwinobwino mmene anthu amasankhira zochita, kuti adziwe zimene akufuna kuchita, ndiponso kuti asinthe zinthu zina n’chiyani.

Kumaliza

Mphamvu yandale ndi chinthu champhamvu ndi chofala. Icho chimazikidwa pa kuyenera, kukakamiza, chisonkhezero, ndi kulamulira pa chuma. Chakhala chodabwitsa kuchokera ku maufumu aumulungu a dziko lakale kufikira ku madongosolo a democracy ocholoŵana a lerolino. Madongosolo a ndale monga kuchulukitsa, litism, Marx, ndi chininchi chachikazi amapereka malensikira osiyana kaamba ka kumvetsetsa mmene mphamvu zimagawidwira ndi kugwiritsiridwa ntchito.

Kusintha kumeneku kumachititsa kuti anthu akhale ndi mavuto komanso kuti apeze mwayi. Anthu, aphunzitsi, ndi atsogoleri amene akudziwa bwino kumene kumachititsa kuti anthu asinthe zinthu zimenezi komanso kuti apange madongosolo andale. Kufufuza zandale kumasonyeza kuti anthu amadzilamulira okha.