Chiyambi

Kumasulira koyambirira kwakhala njira yaikulu yotanthauzira mawu alamulo ku America, makamaka kwa oweruza osasintha ndi akatswiri a zamalamulo. Pa maziko ake, chiphunzitso choyambirira chimanena kuti tanthauzo la Malamulo liyenera kukhazikika panthaŵi ya kumasulira kwake. Njira yomasulira imeneyi imadalira pa umboni wa mbiri yakale kuti apeze tanthauzo la mawu oyambirira a m'malemba. Mbali ya umboni woterewu siimangochititsa chidwi chabe; imayamba ndi maziko. Popanda kusanthula kwambiri za magwero a mbiri yakale, mfundo zolondola sizingatheke kusiyanitsa njira zawo ndi ziphunzitso zina. Nkhaniyi imafufuza mitundu ya umboni wa mbiri yakale yogwiritsidwa ntchito m’malingaliro oyambirira, njira zimene zimayambika, zovuta zimene zimabuka, ndi kutsutsana kumene kumabuka, kutsutsana kwake kwakhalapo m’malo ake ogwirizana ndi malamulo.

Kumvetsetsa Chiyambi cha Malemba

Kumasulira mawu si nthanthi ya mawu okha. Zingwe ziŵiri zazikulu zatulukira: cholinga choyambirira ndi tanthauzo la kuyambika kwa anthu. Zoyambirirazo zimasumika pa zimene maFramers enieniwo anafuna kutanthauza. Zotsatirazi zimayang'ana mmene munthu wololera panthaŵi ya kumasulira sizikanamvetsa mawu. Komabe, njira ziŵirizo, zikugawana pangano la kupeza tanthauzo la malamulo m'nthaŵi ya mbiri yakale. Kudzipereka kumeneku kumalekanitsa kuyambirira ndi kukhala ndi moyo kovomerezeka, kumene kumasunga kuti malamulo a m’nthano angasinthe mwa kumasulira zinthu zofunika zachikhalidwe. Kwa akatswiri oyambirira, malamulo a m'Chilamulo ndi buku logwirizana ndi tanthauzo la matanthauzo a ratzic. Kusintha kuti, munthu ayenera kutsatira njira yosinthira, kusafotokozanso malemba a masiku ano.

Umboni Wodalirika wa M’mbiri

Umboni wa mbiri yakale umagwira ntchito monga chipangizo chachikulu chopezeranso tanthauzo loyamba. Popanda zimenezi, mfundo yoyambirira ingakhale yongopeka. Umboni umapereka masinthidwe a chinenero, ndale, ndi nkhani za malamulo za kumapeto kwa zaka za zana la 18. Imathandiza kumasulira mawu ovuta, kukonzanso zolemba, ndi kuvumbula zolinga zokhala ndi makonzedwe ena. Mwachitsanzo, mawu achiŵiri owonjezera a “Militia" sangakhale odziŵika popanda kusanthula mmene mawuwo adagwiritsidwira ntchito m'nyengo yoyambirira. Mofananamo, makampani a Claus apatsa mphamvu zolamulira malonda “pakati pa mayiko angapo” amafuna kufufuza zimene“ pakati pa pulogalamu ya dziko. Umboni wa mbiri yakale sugwiritsidwa ntchito kutulukira zolinga zachinsinsi za mafalensi a mafaelo koma kutsimikizira tanthauzo la mawu a anthu.

Maumboni Osiyanasiyana Osonyeza Mbiri Yake

Kupeza Mabuku a Era

Mabuku ofunika kwambiri a mbiri yakale amaphatikizapo zolembedwa zopangidwa mwachindunji pa ntchito yojambula ndi kujambula. Fateralist Mapapu [1] kaŵirikaŵiri amatchulidwa chifukwa cha malongosoledwe awo a malamulo. Pamene kuli kwakuti zimasonyeza malingaliro a olemba atatu okha . Magazine, Madiana, ndi Jay , adafalikira ndi kukopa. Mofananamo, zolemba za Anti-Férerast [[FL:3] zimapereka malingaliro otsutsa ndi kuwathandiza mmene malamulowo anakambitsirana ndi kumvedwa. Zolembedwa za Convention, zonga mawu a James Madison, kupereka chidziŵitso m'kachitidwe kake, ngakhale kuti zatsimikizira. Kufufuza kwawo, monga nyuzipepala, zofalitsidwa ndi nyuzipepala, zolembedwa zotchuka, zolembedwa pamodzi ndi zotchuka, zolembedwa pamodzi ndi zotchuka.

Opereka Mayankho Alamulo Oyambirira ndi Zosankha za Khoti

Gulu lina lofunika ndilo zinthu zapambuyo pa kutembenuza kuchokera ku lipabuliki yoyambirira. Zigamulo za Bwalo Lapamwamba , monga [[FLT:] [FLT]] [[FLT]] [Malitenti] Mcloch v. Maryland [1819] ndi [[FLT]] [FLT] . [FLT:] [5] [18] [18] [1], kusonyeza mmene mbadwo woyamba wa oweruza anamvetsetsekera malamulo. Zosankha zimenezi kaŵirikaŵiri zimatchulidwa ndi akatswiri oyambirira monga umboni wa tanthauzo la poyamba. [Malamulo] Malamulo: [FLT:] [FL:] ndi mzera wa m'Chinenero chakunja cha Malamulo] [malamulo]

Manyuzipepala a M’nthaŵi Yathu Ino ndi Kutsutsana kwa Anthu

Manyuzipepala a chiyambidwe akupereka mawindo a nkhani yapoyera. Akusonyezanso malingaliro olakwika kwambiri powalemba, makalata, ndi nkhani. Mabukuwa amavumbula mfundo zoperekedwa kwa anthu onse ndi kusonyeza mmene anthu wamba akanamvera mawu alamulo. Zimasonyezeranso kuti malingaliro ambiri a anthu anali otsutsana kwambiri, pamene ena anali kuvomerezedwa ndi kukambirana pang’ono. Mtengo wa chisamaliro cha anthu onse choperekedwa ku ziganizo zina ungakhale umboni wa kaya chinenerocho chinali chomveka bwino kapena chomveka bwino. Oyambirira, pofufuza mabuku ameneŵa, amathandizanso kupeŵa mchenga wa kudalira mabuku apamwamba okha.

Madikishonale ndi Mabuku Ofotokoza Chinenero

Kukhazikitsa tanthauzo lachibadwa la mawu, akatswiri amaphunziro kaŵirikaŵiri amafufuza madikishonale a ku nthaŵi ya kuyambika, monga ngati Samuel Johnson’s . Dikishonale ya Chingelezi Language [1] [[FLT]] [7773] [73] ndi [FLT] Paramon Webster] ntchito zoyambirira [[. Madikishonale ameneŵa amapereka mafotokozedwe amene analipo panthaŵi ino ndipo angafotokoze ngati mawu anali ndi tanthauzo lalikulu kapena lopapatiza kuposa lero. Mwachitsanzo, mawu akuti “m''a m'mamvedwe a m'malamulo achiŵiri adaphatikizapo zida zonse zogwiritsiridwa ntchito ndi asilikali, osati mfuti. Momwemo,“ Amerekani mu zaka za zana lino la khumi ndi matanthauzo ogwirizana ndi matanthauzo oyambiriro amakono.

Miyambo ndi Miyambo Yakalekale

Nthaŵi zina mikangano yoyambirira imadalira pa umboni wa mmene akanema a boma anagwirira ntchito m'dziko loyambirira. ntchito za malamulo ndi zochita za akuluakulu a boma zingasonyeze mmene mphamvu za malamulo zinadziŵikidwira. Mwachitsanzo, bungwe loyamba Loyamba linakhazikitsa banki ya dziko, imene Pulezidenti Washington adasaina m'malamulo pambuyo pa kulandira uphungu kuchokera kwa Hamilton ndi Madison (Isson adaitsutsa koma pambuyo pake anasintha maganizo ake). Mfundo yakuti banki inapangidwa mwamsanga kwambiri pambuyo pa kulembedwa kwa malamulo a malamulo kawiridwe kamodzi kaŵiri kaŵiri kankagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi akatswiri oyambirira kuwerenga koyenera ndi kuyenerera Claus. Komabe, umboni umenewu uyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito mosamala chifukwa chakuti ntchito yoyambirira inali yomveka. Alien ndi Saddition, chifukwa cha chitsanzo choyambirira, cha kuimbidwa kwa Aluen ndi Active, kwa masamu.

Mmene Okhulupirira Umboni wa M’mbiri Agwiritsirira Ntchito Umboni

Oweruza ndi akatswiri a mbiri yakale sangopeza mfundo za m'mbiri; amapanga mfundo zimene zimagwirizanitsa umboni ndi malamulo. Njirayo imakhudza njira zingapo. Choyamba, womasulira amatchula lamulo la malamulo lokhudza nkhani ndi kusiyanitsa chinenero chake. Chachiwiri, amafufuza mmene mawu ofunika kwambiri anagwiritsidwira ntchito m'nyengo yoyambirira mwa kufufuza maumboni ofotokozedwa pamwambapa. Kachitatu, amafufuza mmene malamulo a m'malamulo akugwirira ntchito komanso cholinga cha mfundo za m'kalembedwe ka kulembera ka pepala ka . Chachinayi, amalingalira mbiri iliyonse yokhudzana ndi kutengera kakonzedwe kake, kuphatikizapo mavuto amene kankafuna kukonza. Pomaliza, iwo amagwiritsa ntchito tanthauzo loyamba la nkhani zamakono, kaŵirikaŵiri amajambula pakati pa zochitika za m'mbiri ndi masiku ano.

Njira imeneyi si yomveka nthaŵi zonse. Olemba mawu apamwamba angatsutsane ponena za kulemera kwa mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya umboni. Ena amagogomezera mawu ndi tanthauzo lake lapoyera, kuchepetsa kudalira kwa olemba. Ena ngofunitsitsa kugwiritsira ntchito ndemanga za Conflational Convention. Malingaliro ocholoŵana kwambiri, monga ngati Justice Antonin Scalia’s a kafukufuku wa mbiri yakale. [FLT:] [[FLT]] . Helter v. [FLT] [2003] [200] [200] [maunyinjikizidwa ndi kutembenuza kwa mbiri yakale, kuwonjezera, kulongosola kwa chiwonjezeko cha . M’katswiro wa mbiri yakale, SCLT, SCPFFFFFFFFFFF], tanthauzo la “matanthauzo la projectives, ndi kuwonjezera chikalata choyambirira cha kulongosola za kulongosola za lamulo, chikalata choyambirira cha kulongosola choyambirira cha lamulo cha kulongosola chakulongosola chakulongosola chakulongosola chakunja.

Zitokoso ndi Kusuliza

Kusankha ndi Kutsimikizira Bias

Chimodzi cha zisulizo zofala kwambiri za kuyambika kwa Baibulo nchakuti ofufuza ake angasankhe mosankha umboni wa m'mbiri umene umachirikiza mfundo zawo zokonda. Chifukwa chakuti nyengo yokhayikitsidwa inapangidwa ndi magwero aakulu ndi otsutsana, nkotheka kupeza mawu amene akuoneka ngati amagwirizana ndi mbali iliyonse. Otsutsa amanena kuti malingaliro oyambirira amasankha umboni wabwino pamene akunyalanyaza mfundo zosatsimikizirika. Mwachitsanzo, nkhani za pa Second Amendment imaphatikizapo mawu aŵiriwo amene amagogomezera kufunika kwa gulu la asilikali ndi mawu onena za munthu aliyense amene ali woyenera kudziimira yekha. Oyambirira ayenera kuvomereza ndi mbiri yonse yakale, osati mbali zimene zimayenderana ndi malingaliro andale amakono.

Kusintha kwa Malo

Vuto lina ndilo kulephera kwa zinthu zopanda pake . Kugwiritsa ntchito mfundo zapamwamba zapakati pa makumi aŵiri ndi zisanu ndi zitatu ku zinthu zenizeni zapakati popanda kuzindikira kuti zasintha kwambiri. Dziko la 1787 linali la magraria, osaimbidwa mlandu, ndipo makamaka kumidzi. Chuma chinali chofewa, ndipo luso la zopangapangapanga linali lochepa. Kugwiritsa ntchito malonda a Celas ku chuma cha dziko limene limaphatikizapo ʽcommerce ndi ndandanda ya za za za zachuma zovuta. Akatswiri ena a mbiri yakale amatsutsa kuti mapulinsipulo angazigwiritsidwe ntchito monga lamulo, osati muyezo. Kulimbana pakati pa kukhulupirika ndi kudalirana kwamakono ndiko magwero opitirizabe.

Mbiri Yosakwanira

Sizikalata zonse za malamulo za mbiri yakale zokhala ndi zambiri. Zigawo zina za Bill of Rights zinatengedwa popanda kukangana kolembedwa chifukwa chakuti zinalingaliridwa kukhala zosagwirizana ndi malamulo. Mwachitsanzo, Mendustriment inali yotetezera ufulu wosavomerezedwa, koma pali umboni wochepa wonena za ufulu umene Aframes anali nawo. M’nkhani zotero, akatswiri oyambirira ayenera kudalira pa mfundo zowonjezereka zomasulira, monga kapangidwe ka malamulo kapena malamulo wamba. Zimenezi zingapangitse kutsutsana ndi tanthauzo lenileni la mawu oyambirira.

Kusagwirizana Pakati pa Opanga Mafuko

Mafulensi sanali a maganizo amodzi. Msonkhano wa Malamulo unali ndi kusagwirizana kwakukulu pa kuimira, ukapolo, ndi ukulu wa ulamuliro wa boma. Kutsutsana kwa m'zisudzo kunali kotsutsana. Oyambirira kaŵirikaŵiri afunikira kusankha mbali imene imaimira chidziŵitso chowona. Ena amatsutsa za “doma” kuzindikira, pamene kuli kwakuti ena amatsutsa kuti lemba la Malamulo linathetsa mikangano imeneyi m’njira yakutiyakuti. Kukhalako kwa mikangano yambiri, kaŵirikaŵiri yotsutsana, kumalepheretsa kulankhula za tanthauzo limodzi loyambirira. Komabe oyambirira amatsutsa kuti lembalo, lovomerezedwa ndi anthu, amapereka cholinga chimene chimaposa zolinga za anthu a pa frame.

Umboni wa Mbiri M’milandu Yaikulu ya Bwalo Lamilandu

Kupyola [[FLT: 0]. Nkhani zingapo zaposachedwapa zimasonyeza mbali yaikulu ya umboni wa mbiri m'zoyamba za jurisprudence. [[FLT]] New York State Rifle & Lamp; Pistol Association v. Bruten[FL] [FLT] [2] [2002] [2], Khoti Lalikulu linalengeza muyezo watsopano wa kukhazikitsa Komphonya kwachiŵiri: malamulo ayenera kukhala ogwirizana ndi “mwambo wa malamulo a mfuti zankhondo ” ku United States. Chigamulo chakuti makhoti aang'ono azichita kusanthula m’mbiri, kuyerekezera malamulo amakono ndi oyambitsidwa ndi oyambitsidwa m’makedzana. Chikalata cholembedwa ndi Chilungamo chachikulu, Chikalata cholembedwa ndi Chilamulo cha mbiri yakale, kuphatikizapo malamulo otchuka, chikalata cholembedwa ndi malamulo otsutsa kwambiri. [F]

Nkhani ina yofunika ndi . Malingaliro a Alito a kugwiritsira ntchito umboni wa m'mbiri kusonyeza kuti kuyenera kusunga ndi kunyamula zida kunali kozikidwa kwambiri m'mbiri ndi mwambo wa dziko. Momwemo, mu [[FLT:] Firdement , yomwe inaphatikizapo Demendment kupyola pa 144th Confective. Chilungamo cha Alito kugwiritsidwa ntchito umboni wa mbiri yakale kusonyeza kuti kuyenera kusunga ndi kunyamula zida kunali kozikidwa kwambiri m'mbiri ya dziko ndi mwambo. [FLT:] [FLT] [ESP] Empino v. Department of Revolation ya [FLT:] [FLT:] [20], Khoti la Free Cection Clectionssion inafuna kuti atengere maphunziro a m'masukulu. Chilungamo cha mbiri yakale chongo

Kumaliza

Umboni wa mbiri yakale ndi wa kumasulira koyambirira kwa malamulo. Popanda zimenezi, njirayo ingakhale yosatsimikizirika yoisiyanitsa ndi njira zina. Olemba nkhani amadalira pa magwero ambiri: zolembedwa zoyambitsa, zolembedwa zoyambirira za khoti, zopereka ndemanga zalamulo, manyuzipepala, dikishonale, ndi ntchito za mbiri yakale. Umboni uliwonse uli ndi mphamvu ndi malire, ndipo ntchito yawo imafunikira kuweruza kosamalitsa. Zosankha zaposachedwapa, aachronomist , ndi kusagwirizana pakati pa mafaramers n’zakedia, koma sizingalephereke. Oyambirira amayankha mwa kukakamiza kuti malemba alamulo ndi matanthauzo ake oyambirira a anthu alamulo, ngakhale pamene umboni wa mbiri yakale uli wovuta. Zosankha zaposachedwapa mu [FL: FTLT], ndi kutsimikizira kwake koyambirira, kuwonjezera umboni wake wodalirika.