Kufotokoza Tsankho: Kusiyapo Tsankho

Tsankho ndilo kuchitiridwa kosalungama ndi magulu ozikidwa pa mikhalidwe yonga ngati mtundu, ukazi, ubongo, kapena mkhalidwe wa kugonana. Kuposa kunyada wamba — kumene kuli mkhalidwe woipa — ndipo kumawonekera m’zochita, malamulo, ndi madongosolo amene amayambitsa ndi kuchirikiza kusalingana. Tsankho lingakhale lopambanitsa, monga mwini nyumba wokana kubwereka kwa munthu wina chifukwa cha fuko lake, kapena mkhalidwe wachinsinsi, mofanana ndi mkhalidwe wakuntchito umene umanyalanyaza akazi oyeneretsedwa kaamba ka mathayo a utsogoleri. Kuzindikira zimenezi kuli sitepe loyamba la kumanga chitaganya choyenerera.

Akatswiri a zamakhalidwe ndi akatswiri a zamalamulo nthaŵi zambiri amaika tsankho m’mitundu itatu yosiyanasiyana:

  • Tsankho la anthu: Machitidwe a tsankho a munthu mmodzi kapena kagulu kochepa motsutsana ndi munthu wina kapena gulu. Zimenezi zimaphatikizapo machitidwe monga kuvutitsa, kulankhula kwa udani, kapena utumiki wokondera m’malesitilanti ndi m’masitolo.
  • Tsankho: Machitidwe a kuletsa upo ozikidwa m'malamulo, malamulo, ndi njira za mabungwe onga masukulu, makampani, ndi mabungwe a boma. Mwachitsanzo, kampani imene imafuna antchito onse kugwira ntchito pa Loŵeruka, kuchotsa awo amene zipembedzo zawo zimachita Sabata, ikutsatira tsankho la mabungwe.
  • Tsankho lachisawawa: Mpangidwe wozika mizu kwambiri, kumene madongosolo ogaŵanika a kusalingana (zachuma, zamaphunziro, zaupandu) amayambitsa ndi kuchirikiza mavuto m'mibadwo yonse. Kusintha m'malamulo a nyumba, mwachitsanzo, kuyambitsa kugaŵa chuma kwachikhalire ndi mizera yaufuko yomwe ikupitirizabe lerolino.

Zimene Zimayambitsa Tsankho

Kuti timvetse zimene zikuchitika panopa, tiyenera kufufuza zochitika ndiponso njira zimene zachititsa kuti anthu azikhala ndi ufulu wosankhana.

Gulu la Ufulu Wachiŵeniŵeni ku United States

. . Civil Rights Movement of the 1950 ndi 1960 inali nkhondo yaikulu yolimbana ndi tsankhu lapadera ndi kukondera. Mwa kutsutsa kosamenyana ndi chiwawa, nkhondo zalamulo, ndi kusonkhanitsa anthu, omenyera nkhondo anapambana kuchotsa Jim Crow ndi kusunga malamulo apadera monga Civil Rights Act ya 1964 ndi Volting Rights Rights Act ya 1965. Komabe, gululo limagogomezeranso vuto la kuthetsa tsankhu lalikulu — zambiri za chuma ndi kutha kwa mayanjano a anthu zimene linafuna kuti zikhalebe zopitirizabe lerolino.

Ku South Africa Kuli Malo Opatulana

Pangano linali njira yolinganizidwa ya [[FLT: 0] kusiyanitsa anthu ndi tsankho yovomerezedwa ndi boma la South Africa kuyambira 1948 mpaka 1994. Ilo linasankha anthu a fuko ndi kuchotsa anthu omwe si azungu ufulu wawo, malo, ndi ulemu. Gulu lapadziko lonse lolimbana ndi aparateid, lotsogozedwa ndi ziŵerengero monga Nelson Mandela ndi zovomerezedwa ndi maiko, potsirizira pake linathetsa ulamuliro. Komabe, chuma ndi kusokonezeka kwa anthu atsankho kupitirizabe kuyambukira anthu a ku South Africa, ndi kusagwirizana kwa chuma, maphunziro, ndi thanzi.

Kumenyana ndi Akazi ndi Nkhondo ya Ufulu Wawo

Kwa zaka mazana ambiri, akazi padziko lonse anakanidwa kuyenera kwachikulu kwa anthu: kuyenera kwa kuvota. Tsankho [[FLT: 0] losungidwa m'lamulo loletsa akazi kutengamo mbali m'zandale ndi kuwaika ku malo achiŵiri. Magulu a kumapeto kwa zaka za zana la 19 ndi kuchiyambiyambi kwa zaka za zana la 20 — kuchokera ku ku kumenyera ufulu wa UK's ku United States ndi kutsogolo — anasunga zoyenera za akazi, kusonyeza maziko aakulu a kufunafuna kufanana. Gulu limeneli linayala maziko a mafunde otsatirapo a tsankho la makampani osankhana ntchito, maphunziro, ndi ufulu wakubala.

Kulanda Dziko ndi Tsankho la Utundu

Atsamunda a ku Ulaya analanda anthu a m'maiko awo, chikhalidwe, ndi zoyenera. Malamulo oletsa upandu, kuphatikizapo kukakamiza ana kuchotsedwa ku sukulu zokhalako, ndi kukana kuswa lamulo, anachitidwa pa nzika za anthu ku America, Australia, ndi Africa. Ziyambukiro za tsankho la kusiyanitsa lakuthupi zikuonekerabe mowopsa, chifukwa cha mikangano ya dziko, chikhalidwe, ndi kutha kwa mayanjano pakati pa anthu a Iventine.

Mitundu Yokulira ya Tsankho m’Chitaganya Chamakono

Ngakhale kuti tsankho lingayambitse mbali iliyonse ya munthu, mitundu ina njofala kwambiri ndipo imavulaza kwambiri. Kuzindikira zizindikiro zimenezi n’kofunika kwambiri kuti lamulo lizithandiza kugwiritsa ntchito bwino ufulu wa anthu ndiponso kuti litetezedwe.

Tsankho la Ufuko ndi Fuko

Tsankho lachiarabu lidakali limodzi la mitundu yosatha ndi yowoneka ya kusalingana kwa anthu padziko lonse. Imagwira ntchito pamlingo uliwonse wa chitaganya, kuyambira pa kugwirizana kwa anthu ndi malamulo a dongosolo. Ku United States, mwachitsanzo, Aafirika ndi Latinos amayang'anizana ndi kusiyana kwakukulu m'mapologalamu, kutsekera, misika ya nyumba, ndi kupezeka kwa zaumoyo. Kufufuza nthaŵi zonse kumasonyeza kuti ofunsira ndi "kutulutsa magetsi a " amalandira mapemphokoso ambiri kaamba ka mayanjano a ntchito kuposa aja okhala ndi "Kutulutsa mawu amwazing'ono" — chitsanzo chowonekeratu cha kusagwirizana kwa kachitidwe. Padziko lonse, kuchepera kwa mafuko onga Rodya ku Myanmar kapena Roma ku Ulaya kupitirizabe kukumana ndi chizunzo, chiwawawa, .

Tsankho la Chiŵereŵere ndi Lozikidwa pa Kugonana

Tsankho lapachiŵeniŵeni limayang'aniridwa ndi anthu odziŵika ndi amuna kapena akazi, ndipo limayambukira mokulira akazi ndi anthu osakhala a m'gulu. Amapereka mpata wa kuyang'anira ndi chimodzi cha zizindikiro zazikulu kwambiri za tsankho limeneli — padziko lonse, akazi amapeza ndalama zokwanira pafupifupi madola 77 pa ndalama iliyonse imene amuna apeza. Kuphatikizapo ndalama zimene amalipira, akazi amayang'anizana ndi zopinga za ntchito, amapatsidwa ntchito zautsogoleri, ndipo amavutitsidwa kwambiri ndi ntchito. Anthu ambiri amayang'anizana ndi tsankho lankhanza, kuphatikizapo kusoŵa ntchito, kusatetezedwa kwa nyumba, ndi chiwawa. Malinga ndi kunena za American Liberation Union (ALL), tsankho lotsutsana ndi anthu ambiri omwe amathandizidwa ndi mayiko ambiri.

Tsankho la Zaka Zathu

Kusankhana misinkhu kumaphatikizapo kupondereza ndi kuchitira anthu zinthu mopanda chilungamo chifukwa cha msinkhu wawo. Pamene kuli kwakuti kungakhudze achinyamata (mwachitsanzo, kuyerekezera kuti achinyamata alibe chidziŵitso kapena kuti ndi achikulire), kaŵirikaŵiri kumayang’ana achikulire. Nthaŵi zambiri anthu achikulire amaonedwa kukhala osasinthasintha, osachita zaluso, kapena odula kwambiri kugwiritsa ntchito ntchito ntchito. Bungwe la U.S.S. Ofessity Opportive Commission (EOC) lanena kuti kuwonjezeka kwa tsankho la ausinkhu wawo.

Tsankho Likhoza Kutheka

Kusagwirizana kumakhalapo pamene anthu okhala ndi matenda akuthupi, ozindikira, a nzeru, kapena olephera kupezeka bwino. Zimenezi zingaonekere m’nyumba zosafikirika, kusoŵa malo okhala bwino kuntchito, kapena kukana kotheratu mautumiki. Anthu a ku America amene ali ndi vuto la kupunduka kwa ntchito (ADA) ndi malamulo ena ofanana nawo m’mayiko ena apanga kulimba kwakukulu m'kuchirikiza kuphatikizidwa, koma malire akukhalabe. Bungwe la Zaumoyo la World Health (WHO) likusimba kuti anthu opunduka kaŵirikaŵiri amayang'anizana ndi mlingo wa umphaŵi, kuchepa kwa maphunziro, ndi kuchepetsa mwaŵi wa ntchito, osati chifukwa cha kulephera kwawo, koma chifukwa cha zopinga ndi tsankho.

Tsankho Limachokera pa Kugonana kwa Anthu Ena Ndiponso Kudziwika ndi Chiwerewere

LGBTQ+ anthu ayang'anizana kwa nthaŵi yaitali ndi kuchitiridwa tsankho m'nyumba, ntchito, zosamalira zaumoyo, ndi moyo wa anthu. M'mbali zambiri za dziko, maunansi a kugonana ofananawo akuchitidwabe upandu, ndipo awo amene amadziŵikitsidwa poyera kukhala amathanyula, kugonana kwa amuna kapena akazi okhaokha, kapena kuwopseza kuvutitsidwa, chiwawa, kapena kumangidwa m'ndende. Ngakhale m'maiko okhala ndi zitetezero zalamulo, tsankho likupitirizabe. Kufufuza kwa ufulu wa anthu kupezedwa kuti 46% ya LGBTQ+ antchito akuchitidwa ndi anthu oopa kuntchito, kuopa kusankhidwa kapena kubwezera. Nkhondo yopitirizabe ya [[FLT:] [FLT] [FLD +F:]

Njira Zochitira Zinthu ndi Anthu Zimene Zimachititsa Tsankho

Akatswiri a zamaganizo ndi a zamakhalidwe apeza njira zingapo zimene zimasonkhezera khalidwe lopatulana ndi lopatulana.

  • [[FLT: 0] Kugaŵanitsa: Mwachibadwa anthu amagawa dziko kukhala "us" (m'magulu) ndi "awo" (onse-magulu). Kulingalira kumeneku kungatsogolere ku tsankho ku gulu la munthuwe ndi tsankho la ena, ngakhale pamene maziko a gululo ali ongopeka.
  • Implicit Bias: Awa ali malingaliro osazindikira kapena malingaliro amene amayambukira luntha lathu, zochita, ndi zosankha. Ngakhale anthu amene amakana motsimikiza tsankhu angasunge tsankhu lachindunji ndi mauthenga a chikhalidwe ndi zithunzithunzi za oulutsa nkhani.
  • Kukopa: m'nthaŵi za mavuto a zachuma kapena kusatsimikizirika kwa kakhalidwe, magulu aakulu angaimbe mlandu ena chifukwa cha mavuto a anthu. Njira imeneyi ya maganizo yasonkhezera malingaliro otsutsa, kutsutsa, ndi chiwawa cha mafuko m’mbiri yonse.
  • Mphamvu ndi Mwayi Waukulu: kaŵirikaŵiri tsankhu limasungidwa ndi awo audindo kuti asunge malo awo ndi kukhoza kupeza chuma. Pamene gulu lina likhala ndi ubwino wa dongosolo, kuchotsa tsankho likuwopseza mwaŵi umenewo, kutsogolera ku chitsutso.

Kumvetsa njira zimenezi si chifukwa chopatsira tsankho, koma ndi njira yothandiza kwambiri kuti pakhale njira zothandizira. Kuphunzitsa anthu olimbana ndi matendawa, kucheza ndi magulu osiyanasiyana, ndiponso kuyang’anira ntchito ndi njira zonse zochepetsera khalidwe lopalamula milandu.

Zotsatira za Tsankho

Tsankho limapweteka kwambiri anthu ena, siliwakhudzanso ndipo nthawi zambiri limachitikira limodzi.

  • Kusalingana kwa Anu ndi: Tsankho ndi chinthu chachikulu chopezerapo nzeru za anthu. Imasumika chuma, mphamvu, ndi mwaŵi m’manja mwa magulu ena pamene imakana kuuza ena, kupanga maulamuliro okhwima.
  • [[FLT: 0] Vuto la zachuma: Tsankho m'ntchito, kukwezedwa, ndi malipiro zatulukapo kusiyana kwakukulu kwa chuma. National Bureau of Economic Research yatsimikizira mmene tsankhu lachibadwidwe m'misika ya ntchito limachepetsera ndalama za moyo wa anthu a mitundu yosiyanasiyana ndi zikwi mazana ambiri za madola.
  • [[FLT: 0] Thanzi la Matantha ndi Lathupi: Chronic kuyang'anizana ndi tsankho kuli kutsendereza kwakupha. Kufufuza kofalitsidwa mu American Journal of Public Health [[FLT: 3] imagwirizanitsa kusiyanitsa kolingaliridwa ndi kuchuluka kwa kupsinjika maganizo, nkhaŵa, kuthamanga kwa mwazi, ndi matenda a mtima. Kupsinjika maganizo kwa munthu mosalekeza kuyenerera m'chitaganya chokondera n’kokulira.
  • Mipata yoikidwa: zopinga zopezera maphunziro abwino, nyumba, ndi chisamaliro cha zaumoyo. Ana m'masukulu opatuka ndi osachitidwa bwino ali ndi mpata wochepera kukulitsa kuthekera kwawo, kupititsa patsogolo umphaŵi.
  • [[FLT: 0] Kusonkhanitsidwa kwa Social Cohesion : Pamene mbali zazikulu za anthu zidzimva kukhala zochotsedwa kapena zochitiridwa nkhanza, kukhulupirira m'mabungwe kukuwonongeka. Zimenezi zingatsogolere ku chipwirikiti cha mayanjano, kugawana kwa ndale zadziko, ndi kuwonongeka kwa ubwino wofala.

Nkhondo Yopitirizabe ya Ufulu Wachiŵeniŵeni ndi Kulingana

Anthu ofufuza za ufulu wa anthu, maloya, olinganiza chitaganya, ndi nzika za tsiku ndi tsiku akuyesayesa kufutukula lonjezo la ufulu wa anthu kwa anthu onse.

Malamulo Osonyeza Kuyenda kwa Pansi pa Malo ndi Makampani Opanga Malamulo

  • Chilivil Rights Act ya 1964 idakali maziko a lamulo loletsa kusagwirizana mu United States, kuletsa tsankhu lozikidwa pa fuko, mtundu, chipembedzo, kugonana, kapena chiyambi cha dziko.
  • United Nations Declaration of Human Rights (148]) imapereka dongosolo lamitundu yonse lotsimikizira ulemu wachibadwa ndi zoyenera zofanana za ziŵalo zonse za banja la anthu. Ilo lasonkhezera mapangano osaŵerengeka a ufulu wa anthu ndi malamulo a dziko.
  • Americas Wodwala Pact [[FLT: 1] (1990) imaletsa tsankho kwa anthu olumala m'mbali zonse za moyo wa anthu, kukhazikitsa muyezo wa kupezeka ndi kuphatikizidwa.
  • Milandu ya m'khoti, yonga Brown v. Board of Education (1954) imene inathetsa kusankhidwa kwalamulo m'masukulu a U.S., ndi Obergefell v. Hodges [FLT ] (2020: 5) imene inalembetsa ukwati wa extal , yasinthanso malo alamulo.

Magulu Amakono ndi Kuphunzitsa

Masiku ano, ufulu wa anthu n’ngosiyana ndipo n’ngosiyana. Kugulu la Black Lives Confict kwabweretsanso chisamaliro ku ufuko wa dongosolo la upo ndi chilungamo cha apandu. # Meo[[FLT:] ] Kulimbana kwa ufulu wa dziko ndi chiweruzo cha malo kukuvumbula kufalikira kwa kuvutitsa ndi kuukirana, kutsogolera ku masinthidwe a malamulo m'malo antchito ndi m'mafakitale. Magulu ankhondo onga [[FLT: 4.]# NoDAPLL [[F:5] ndi nkhondo ya ufulu wa dziko ndi chilungamo ikupitirizabe kuchirikiza ulamuliro ndi kutsutsa tsankho. Mabungwe a padziko lonse, monga ngati Amnesty ndi bungwe la ufulu wa anthu pansi pa ufulu wa anthu ndi woyang'anira malamulo ofanana.

Mitundu ya United Nations ikupitirizabe kuchita mbali yofunika kwambiri pokhazikitsa miyezo ndi kuchititsa maiko kuŵerengera. Malamulo ake a ufulu wa anthu, kuphatikizapo Komiti ya Kuchotsa Utundu, malipoti a boma ndi kuvomereza kusintha.

Mavuto Amene Tikukumana Nawo

Ngakhale kuti pali kupita patsogolo kwakukulu, nkhondo yolimbana ndi tsankho idakalipobe ndipo mavuto atsopano abuka pamodzi ndi okalamba amene akupitirizabe.

Kusankhana Mafuko ndi Kuponderezedwa kwa Makhalidwe Abwino

Kusankhana mitundu m’dongosolo loweruza zachilungamo kudakali imodzi mwa nkhani zofunika kwambiri zokhudza ufulu wachibadwidwe m’nthaŵi yathu.

Tsankho la Magetsi ndi Malamulo a Malamulo

Pamene chitaganya chikukula, tsankho lapeza njira zatsopano. Ma apulogalamu ogwiritsiridwa ntchito m'kulembetsa, kubwereketsa, ndi chilungamo chaupandu angawonjezere ndi kukulitsa tsankho lomwe liripo. Mwachitsanzo, tekinoloji ya kuzindikira nkhope yakhala ikusonyezedwa kukhala yoluluza anthu a mitundu pamiyeso yokulirapo, kuchititsa kumangidwa kolakwika. Kulingalira kuti nzeru zopanga zinthu zakhala zikuyambitsidwa ndi kuperekedwa moyenerera ndiko chitokoso chosonkhezera ufulu wa anthu.

Kutumizidwa ndi Utundu kwa Osamuka

Kukonda dziko ndi kudana ndi anthu ena m’madera ambiri a dziko lapansi kwachititsa kuti anthu osamukira m’mayiko ena, othaŵa kwawo, ndi ofunafuna kopulumukirako ayambe kuukira anthu osamukira m’dzikolo.

Chilungamo cha Mkhalidwe ndi Tsankho la Malo Okhala

Kuipitsa, malo a utsi wapoizoni, ndi ziyambukiro za kusintha kwa nyengo ziyambukiro zosacheperapo za anthu ndi mitundu yamitundu. [[FLT: 0] Ufuko wa m'zikhalidwe za anthu ndi mtundu wodziŵika wa tsankho limene limafuna kugwirizanitsa zoyenera za anthu ku madongosolo a malo okhala.

Kumaliza

Kuzindikira tsankho m’njira zake zonse — la munthu payekha, la kakonzedwe, la malo ake, ndi la dongosolo la zinthu — nkofunika kumanga dziko lolungama ndi losakondera. Mbiri yakale imasonyeza kuti kupita patsogolo nkotheka, koma sikumapeŵeka. Kumafuna kuti munthu akhale watcheru, wamaphunziro, wokonda, ndi wochita zinthu mogwirizana. Mwa kuzindikira mizu ndi njira za tsankho, kuchirikiza malamulo otsatirika, ndi kugwirizana ndi awo amene amayang’anizana ndi kuchitiridwa mosayenera, aliyense wa ife angathandizire ku kufunafuna kulingana ndi ufulu wa anthu.