Malamulo a boma ndi maziko a boma, kuphatikizapo zogula zonse zopangidwa ndi mabungwe a boma . Kuchokera ku mapepala a ofesi ndi IT ku maprojekiti a za magetsi osiyanasiyana . Chifukwa chakuti mabizinesi ameneŵa amaphatikizapo ndalama za msonkho, madongosolo ozungulira ayenera kukhala osatsutsidwa. Kuwona mtima ndi malamulo apamwamba a malamulo otsimikizira kuti boma lizisungidwa mosakondera, mokhulupirika, ndi kuŵerengera mlandu kwa anthu. Pamene malamulo ameneŵa achirikiza chuma, kulimbikitsa mpikisano, ndi kusungitsa kudalira kwa nzika zawo. Nkhaniyi imafufuza mbali yofunika ya kuwona mtima ndi kuwona mtima kwa boma, imapenda njira zothandizira kuchirikiza kudalirika, ndi njira zenizeni zapadziko lonse zolimbikitsira umphumphu.

Kuzindikira Kupititsidwa M’boma

Maakaunti a boma akutanthauza ntchito yonse ya moyo wa munthu yopeza katundu, ntchito, kapena ntchito ya akuluakulu a boma. Imakhudza chilichonse kuchokera pa kutchula chosoŵa, zokonza, kufunsira, kupenda mapangano, kulandira, ndi kuyang'anira ntchito. Kukonza kungagawidwe m'magulu atatu aakulu:

  • Mabwino: Zomangira, zipangizo, magalimoto, ndi zinthu zina zooneka.
  • Mayeso: Kufufuza, kuchirikiza, kuyang'anira malo, chisamaliro cha zaumoyo, ndi maphunziro.
  • Ntchito: [[FLT :1] Kumanga misewu, milatho, masukulu, ndi zinthu zina zofunikira.

Malamulo a dziko ndi a mitundu yonse ameneŵa amayendetsedwa ndi malamulo ovuta a dziko lonse olinganizidwa kutsimikizira mpikisano wabwino, phindu la ndalama, ndi makhalidwe abwino. Bungwe la World Trade Account on Government (GPA) ndi malangizo a European Union ndi zitsogozo zazikulu ziŵiri zimene zimakhazikitsa miyezo ya kuonekera ndi yosakhala yosemphana ndi dziko. Ku United States, Federal Acquisition Regitiongation (FAR) imapereka malamulo atsatanetsatane a kupezera ndalama, pamene boma ndi maboma akuno amatsatira malamulo awo.

Kuona Malo Oyera M’thupi N’kofunika

Kuwona zinthu kumatanthauza kuti ntchito za kugula nzotseguka ndi kuyang’aniridwa ndi anthu. Kumaloleza nzika, mabizinesi, ndi mabungwe oyang’anira kuwona mmene zosankha zimachitidwira ndi mmene ndalama za anthu zimagwiritsidwira ntchito. Popanda kuonekera, ngakhale akuluakulu a boma ongofuna bwino sangakhale ndi mlandu, ndipo ziphuphu zimapeza malo abwino.

Kuŵerengera ndi Kudalirika kwa Anthu

Pamene chidziŵitso cha kugula chipezeka poyera, kumakhala kotheka kulondola ndalama iliyonse kuchokera ku zoikidwiratu za bajeti kufikira kuperekedwa komaliza. Kuwoneka kumeneku kumapatsa mphamvu zoyang'anira mabungwe a mabwana, atolankhani, ndi nzika zofufuza kukayikira zinthu zosayenera. Mwachitsanzo, kufalitsa zikalata za malipoti ndi zifukwa zosankhira wogulitsa wina zimalepheretsa kusankhana ndi kuthandiza kutsimikizira kuti zosankha zazikidwa pa miyezo yotsimikizirika yonga mtengo, ubwino, ndi kachitidwe kakale. Zisonyezero zowonekedwe zowonekerera kuti zopereka zawo zimagwiritsiridwa ntchito moyenerera, zikulimbitsa chidaliro m'mabungwe a democracy.

Kulimbana ndi Chinyengo

Ziphuphu pa kugula zinthu za anthu zikhoza kukhala m'njira zambiri: kugulitsa mipikica, chiphuphu, kugulitsa zinthu, ndi mikangano ya anthu. Bungwe la Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) limayerekezera kuti ziphuphu zimawonjezera 10-25% pa mtengo wa mapangano a anthu. Kuona mtima ndi chimodzi mwa mankhwala othandiza kwambiri. Kutsegulira malamulo kumalimbitsa kwambiri akuluakulu kuti apange mapangano ovomerezeka popanda kutulukira. Kuulula kwa olemba ntchito za bizinesi kumachepetsanso ngozi ya ntchito yosangulutsa zinthu zobisika. Mayiko amene agwirizana ndi mabizinesi monga Slovakia ndi Paraguay, aona kuchepa kwa zisonyezero za kachiphuphu.

Makina Othandiza Kuona Malo Oyera

Njira zosiyanasiyana zothandiza zingathandize kuti pakhale kuonekera kwa zinthu m’boma:

  • Atsegula Maprojekiti a Biddes: Kugwiritsira ntchito ma flunsi ampikisano [1] Kutseguka (woyenerera aliyense) kapena wosankha (woikidwa) (wongoyeneretsedwa)(( woyenerera) [1] imasunga mpata wofanana. Mapulatifomu a E-projecting imalola mapikitale kulembedwa pakompyuta, kupanga njira yoŵerengera.
  • Displac Dislosure : mapulani osindikizira, zikalata zotsatizana, kuŵerengera, mapangano, ndi kukonza pa webusaiti zalamulo (kapena mabogi a chidziŵitso) amasungitsa odziŵitsa. O Gufungura Contracting Data Standard (OCDS) imapereka dongosolo lolinganizidwa la chidziŵitso chimenechi.
  • Uyang'aniro wotsatira: Ofufuza a kampani, mabungwe otsutsa ziphuphu, ndi oyang'anira chitaganya angatsimikizire kugonjera. Mwachitsanzo, Ofesi ya Mfundo za Boma ku United States ndi Commission yokhulupirika ya Korea imachita kupenda kosalekeza.
  • Digal Platforms : [[FLT :1] Madongosolo amakono okonza, monga ngati European Single Proficiation Document Document Document (EPD) ndi njira za mitundu monga Panama Compra kapena Chile Compra, jambulani kayendedwe kake konse(kuyambira pa kulembetsa mpaka kulipira", kupanga chidziŵitso chopezeka ndi kufufuzidwa.

Makhalidwe Abwino m’Kupindulidwa kwa Boma

Kusintha kwa makhalidwe kungachititse akuluakulu a boma kuchititsa kuti azichitira zinthu zimene anthu onse akuona kuti n’zothandiza osati zongofuna phindu.

Mfundo Zachikhalidwe

Mfundo zofunika kwambiri zingapo ziyenera kuzika mizu pa mbali iliyonse ya njira yopezera njira:

  • Umboni: Akuluakulu ayenera kukhala owona mtima ndi olunjika. Ayenera kupeŵa kachitidwe kalikonse kamene kamaoneka kosayenera, monga kulandira mphatso kuchokera kwa amalonda kapena kugwiritsira ntchito chidziŵitso chamkati kaamba ka phindu laumwini.
  • Umbombo: Ogulitsa onse oyeneretsedwa ayenera kukhala ndi mwaŵi wolingana wa kupikisana. Kupima kuyenera kugwiritsiridwa ntchito mosasintha, ndipo palibe wogulitsa amene ayenera kupatsidwa ulemu wapadera.
  • Umboni: Opanga zosankha ayenera kukhala okhoza kulungamitsa zosankha zawo. Zolemba za kupenda ndi zopereka za mphotho nzofunika.
  • Kukondera: maunansi aumwini, kugwirizana ndi ndale zadziko, kapena tsankho siziyenera kusonkhezera zotulukapo. Malamulo amakhalidwe abwino ameneŵa amaloŵetsamo kupeŵa miyezo iŵiri kapena kuchotsa kopanda dala.
  • Kukangalika kwa Semorial : Malamulo ali ndi thayo la kutsimikizira zitsimikizo, kukhazikika kwa zachuma, ndi kachitidwe kakale ka ofunsira ndalama za boma kusatayidwa pa omanga osayeneretsedwa.

Kulimbana pa Nkhani Yofuna Kupeza Chikondwerero

Pamakhala kusagwirizana kwa zinthu zimene akuluakulu a boma angafune kuchita pa nkhani ya ndalama kapena zaudindo. Zitsanzo zake ndi monga kuuza akuluakulu a boma kuti azichita nawo zinthu zinazake m’kampani inayake, kulembedwa ntchito ndi munthu amene akufuna kumanga nyumba, kapena munthu wina wa boma amene wapuma pantchito kuti akakhale m’kampani imene poyamba ankayang’anira.

  • Chivomerezo: Akuluakulu ayenera kulengeza mikangano iliyonse yothekera asanaloŵetsemo m'zochitika za kufunafuna.
  • Recusal : Pamene nkhondo ipezedwa, nduna iyenera kuleka ntchito yopanga zosankha.
  • Ziletso za Post-Employment: Maboma ambiri amakakamiza nyengo zozizira (m’ lekuatiso, zaka chimodzi kapena ziŵiri) zimene akuluakulu a boma a m'nthaŵi yakale satha kugwira ntchito pa makampani amene amatsata pa mapangano a anthu.

Mwachitsanzo, komiti ya zamalonda ya United Kingdom Komiti ya Malamulo a Boma ikufuna kuti akuluakulu a boma afune chilolezo asanachite ntchito zina. Mofananamo, Ofesi ya Boma la United States imakakamiza malamulo okhwima a ntchito yapambuyo pa ntchito.

Mavuto pa Kuona Malo Ndiponso Makhalidwe Abwino

Ngakhale kuti pali zinthu zina zabwino zimene mungachite, pali zinthu zina zimene zingalepheretse munthu kukhala wokhulupirika.

Malamulo Ocholoŵana

Malamulo a boma angakhale ambiri ndi opangidwa. Akuluakulu angavutike kumasulira mawu molondola, kuchititsa kuswa lamulo mwangozi. Mwachitsanzo, kagulu kochepa kopeza m'nyumba yakumidzi kanganyalanyaze chiyeneretso chachikwanekwa chofalitsa, kupangitsa pangano kutopetsedwa. Kucholoŵana kumapeputsa oseŵerawo kugwiritsa ntchito njira zozembera, monga ngati kugawa pangano lalikulu kukhala laling'ono kuti apeŵe makhoti a mpikisano.

Kusaphunzitsa

Akuluakulu ambiri a boma amalandira maphunziro osapitirirapo a makhalidwe abwino ndi kutsatira. Popanda malangizo oyenerera, ngakhale antchito a cholinga chabwino angadule malo ake kapena kunyalanyaza mbendera zofiira. Kufufuza kwa 2022 kochitidwa ndi World Bank kunapeza kuti ochepera theka la maiko olandira ndalama zocheperapo ali ndi maphunziro a makhalidwe abwino oyenera kwa antchito opeza. Mpata umenewu ndi wovuta kwambiri makamaka ku mlingo wa boma lakwawo, kumene chuma n’chosoŵa.

Chitsenderezo cha Ndale zadziko ndi Kuwakakamiza

Akuluakulu a boma kapena antchito apamwamba a boma angayese kupititsa mapangano kwa ogwirizana, opereka ndalama, kapena makampani ogwirizana ndi ndale zadziko. Chitsenderezo choterocho chingakhale chopambanitsa (zofuna zachindunji) kapena chamachenjera (kugulitsa malonda okondedwa kapena matanthauzo a zinthu). M'malo ena, ndalama zopezera ndalama zimagwiritsiridwa ntchito monga chiŵiya chopezera phindu pa kukhulupirika, kumene kumalepheretsa kusankha ndi kutulutsa ziphuphu.

Kusagwiritsira Ntchito Bwino Zipangizo Zamakono

Ngakhale kuti maboma ambiri atengera njira zopangira makompyuta, ena amadalirabe njira za mapepala. Ngakhale kumene kuli zipangizo za magetsi, sizingagwirizane ndi njira zoyendetsera ndalama, kuchepetsa kuonekera kwa zinthu. Kusoŵa kwa miyezo ya zolemba zimene anthu amaonera kumaletsanso kupezeka kwa anthu ambiri /data kungafalitsidwe mu PPDS mmalo mwa mafashoni a makina, zimene zimachititsa kuti kukhale kovuta kusanthula njira zogwiritsa ntchito ndalama.

Maluso Olimbitsira Kusunga Umphumphu

Maboma ndi mabungwe a padziko lonse apanga njira zosiyanasiyana zothetsera mavuto amenewa.

Kuphunzitsidwa ndi Kupatsidwa Chikalata Chodalirika

Luso laukatswiri lopitirizabe nlofunika. Akuluakulu a ntchito ayenera kulandira maphunziro a malamulo, kupanga zosankha za makhalidwe abwino, ndi kutulukira mwachinyengo. Maprogramu a chikalata, monga ngati Professional Public Burector (CPPB) mu United States kapena Cortered Institute of Projective & Lamp; Suppose (CPS) mu UK, kukhazikitsa mabizinesi a , kutsitsimutsa kwanthaŵi zonse ndi ma kampani opangidwa ndi pulogalamu amathandiza akuluakulu ofufuza zinthu zenizeni za m'dziko.

Malangizo Omveka Bwino ndi Omveka Bwino

Kupeputsa malamulo otsatizana ndi kukhazikitsa malamulo apadera kumathandizanso kuti malamulo a pulogalamu atsate malamulo achitsanzo. Mwachitsanzo, bungwe la United Nations Commission on International Trade Law (UNCITRAL) Law Law la Mode pa Public Profication limapereka chidindo chovomerezeka. Malamulo oyeneretsedwa ovomerezeka opangira zikalata, zolembera, ndi mapulogalamu a pangano loyang'anira zinthu amalimbikitsanso kusasinthasintha. Mwachitsanzo, bungwe la Kenya la Public Procegication Regatorition Authority Authority Authority (Udindo la Udindo wa Unyinyinyiriro) limatulutsa zikalata zosavuta kuchepetsa mphamvu ya kugwiritsa ntchito.

Kuphulika Kwamphamvu

Malamulo amene amatsimikizira kuti anthu sadziŵika ndi kubwezera ndi ofunika kwambiri. Kuwonjezera pa zitetezero zalamulo, maboma ayenera kukhazikitsa njira zodalirika zoperekera lipoti, monga mawindo otentha, ma maofesi a pa Intaneti, kapena maofesi a kunja. Malamulo a South Korea a Anti-Corruption ndi Communic Rights Commission amathandiza kukonza njira youlutsira mafoni, yomwe yachititsa kuti ndalama zikhalenso zofunika kwambiri.

Luso la Zaumisiri ndi Kuchiritsa

Makina opangira zipangizo zamakono angachititse kuti munthu azitha kuonana ndi kuonana komanso kugwiritsa ntchito mfundo za makhalidwe abwino.

  • . . . . Miyeso yonse imaperekedwa ndi kutsegulidwa pa magetsi panthaŵi yoikidwiratu, kuchinjiriza kuipitsa kapena kuvumbula mwamsanga.
  • Makwalala ogwirizana: Kachitidwe kalikonse [1] kuchokera ku malonje ogwiritsiridwa ntchito kufika ku zisinthiko(ilo) ndi kudula ndi kuima.
  • Kufufuza kodzifunira: Marogom ofotokozedwa bwino angachepetse chisokonezo chakukonda.
  • Open Data Publication : [[FLT :1] Platform zingafalitse dala zikalata ndi zolemba m'mafomati zogwirizana ndi Open Contracting Data Standard (OCDS).

Maplatform omangidwa pa madongosolo ofeŵa oyang'anira zinthu, monga Directus [1], amalola maboma kupanga mbali zimenezi popanda wogulitsa lock-in, kupangitsa kukhala kosavuta kusinthira ku malamulo a kumaloko ndi ntchito. Mayiko ambiri, kuphatikizapo Ukraine ndi Georgia, agwiritsira ntchito zipangizo zotero kukonza ndi kutsegula chidziŵitso chawo, kutsogolera ku chipambano cha kuletsa kuvunda kwa ziphuphu.

Kulimbikitsa Uyang’aniro wa Chiŵeniŵeni

Amboni ndi magulu olonda amachita mbali yofunika kwambiri m'kupangitsa maboma kukhala ndi mlandu. Mawu onga Otsegula Kuyang'anira Udindo ndi Trancrective International [ imapatsa anthu ziwiya ndi maphunziro odziwitsira kuti afufuze chidziŵitso. Maboma ena ali ndi maluso oyenerera oyang'anira anthu, monga chitsanzo, ufulu wa India ku Act kupempha anthu kuti alembereko mafaelo, ndi maprogramu a bajeti yopereka ndalama amaitana oimira anthu kuti apange chigamu.

Kufufuza za Kuona Malo ndi Malamulo

Kupenda njira zoyendetsera ntchito mwachipambano kumapereka maphunziro otsimikizirika owongolera zinthu.

Phunziro Loyamba: Kugwiritsa Ntchito Njira Yolozera Zinthu ya ku United Kingdom

UK inayambitsa malo ake Agenda mu 2010, kufunikiritsa madipatimenti onse a boma kufalitsa mapangano ndi kugwiritsa ntchito chidziŵitso pa Intaneti. Kuyambitsidwa kwa Contracts Fieper papulat imatumiza zikalata ndi madipo, ndi boma limalamula kuti agwiritsire ntchito OCDS. Kuyamba kumeneku kwachititsa kuwonjezera makampani (makampani aang'ono ndi apakati) (SMES) tsopano akutsata mapangano chifukwa chakuti angapezere mosavuta mwaŵi. Kuwonjezerapo, UK’s , Utumiki wa OF: [FLD] ndi wothandiza anthu ambiri.

Kupenda Nkhani 2: Programu ya California ya Malamulo Ophunzitsa

California’s Komiti ya Mautumiki Aakulu [[FLT: 1] inakhazikitsa Programme yokwanira ya Malamulo Ophunzitsa makhalidwe yomwe imaphatikizapo kulangiza kwa pachaka kwa antchito onse opeza, kuchotsapo malamulo a zachiwawa, ndi mkulu wa malamulo a makhalidwe abwino. Programu imeneyi imaphatikizapo “kutulutsa" nyengo ya antchito amene amasiya dipatimenti kuti agwirizane ndi omanga nyumba. Chigawo chachikulu ndicho kugwiritsa ntchito njira yapakati ya e- projective system, Calition ndi Conctive projective ndi Conctive (Proctive projective) [Flactive , imene imafufuza, ndi kuyang'anira, ndi kuyang'anira koluza kopetina kwa Boma. Chikalata chosonyezedwa mofala cha . Chikalata cha bungwe la U.

Phunziro Lachitatu: Dongosolo la prozorro ku Ukraine

. Protro imagwira ntchito pa Open Contracting Data Standard ndi kukhazikitsa zonse zofunikira panthaŵi yeniyeni. Imaphatikizapo “mabungwe a“ project" amene aumiriza kupikisana, ndi kuyang'anira kwapakati kogwiritsiridwa ntchito ndi otsutsa ochirikiza kusakaza. Ofufuza apeza kuti dongosolo la katangale lichepetsa ngozi ndi 47% m'zaka zitatu zoyambirira ndi kupulumutsa boma pafupifupi $6 biliyoni. Chochititsa kuti malamulo a prozor’s culturetion akhale otsender , kulola maiko ena kuzoloŵera. Zimenezi zikusonyeza kuti kachipangizoka kamodzi kolimbana ndi kapesetedwe ka ziphuphu ka zigwirizanitsedwe ntchito ndi anthu.

Kumaliza

Kuoneka bwino ndiponso makhalidwe si zinthu zimene boma limagwiritsa ntchito pogula zinthu. Zitsanzo zimenezi zikakhala zodalirika komanso zopindulitsa. Zikawonongeka, zotsatira zake zimakhala zowonongeka ku chitaganya: kuwononga chuma, misika yosokonekera, kuchepa kwa chikhulupiriro pa mabungwe, ndi kuwonongeka kwa chidaliro cha anthu. Komanso, maboma amene amapanga ndalama zothandizira anthu, malangizo omveka bwino, kuteteza kwambiri, ndi kukonza malo osungirako amakono amatuta mphoto za ndalama, zosungira zinthu zatsopano, ndiponso kukonza bwino.

Mwa kuphunzira pa kufufuza kwachipambano kwa zopereka ndi kukonzanso ziŵiya ndi machitachita amene amachirikiza umphumphu, maboma angatsimikizire kuti dola iliyonse yowonongedwa pa katundu wa anthu onse ndi mautumiki imapereka mtengo waukulu kwambiri (n’kuti anthu angakhulupirire njira yogwiritsira ntchito ndalama zawo.)