Chisankho chilichonse, anthu mamiliyoni ambiri amaponya mavoti, koma mmene mavotiwo amatembenuzidwira m'mipando kapena zosankha zimasiyanasiyana kwambiri padziko lonse. Malamulo ndi njira zimene zimalamulira mmene mavoti amapangidwira, kuŵerengedwa, ndi kusinthidwa kukhala chizindikiro cha zinthu zonse zimene oyembekezera kulowa apambana kuti osankha amve bwanji. Kuzindikira mavoti ameneŵa ndi ofunika kwa aphunzitsi ndi ophunzira amene amafuna kusamvetsa mmene masankhoti angagwirire ntchito, koma mmene madongosolo osiyana angalimbikitsire kapena kutse mbali, kulimbikitsa kapena kutsendereza kapena kutseka mawu a anthu ochepa, ndi kulimbikitsa kapena kutsendekera. Nkhaniyi ikufufuza njira zosankhira mavoti otchuka kwambiri, malonda awo akuchokera, ndi ziyambukiro zawo zenizeni za dziko pa kusankha mavoti ndi kuchiritsa kwa democracy.

Kumvetsetsa Njira Zopangira Zinthu

Pamaziko ake, njira yovota ili mpambo wa malamulo amene amasonkhezera zokonda za munthu mmodzi ndi mmodzi kukhala zotsatirapo. Kusankha dongosolo kumakhudza khalidwe ladongosolo, mpikisano wa pagulu, ndi digiri imene chifuniro cha osankhidwa chimasonyezedwa m'boma. Pamene kuli kwakuti pali kusiyanasiyana kochuluka, maiko ambiri a demokrase amagwiritsira ntchito limodzi la mabanja anayi aakulu: woyamba wa mndandanda wa anthu, kuimira, kusanthula kwa makampani, kapena madongosolo ogaŵanitsa. Chilichonse chili ndi matanthauzo odziŵika a mmene chovoterachokera ndi mmene zosankha zawo zimatembenuzira mphamvu.

Mitundu ya Njira Zotulutsira M’madzi

  • Yoyamba-Past-the Post (FTP) [1] [FTP:1] – Voters amasankha wosankha mmodzi m'chigawo chimodzi; wofuna kuvota wopambana.
  • Propajectal directory (PR)[FL:1] – Setts zimagawiridwa kwa zigawo modalira pa mbali yawo ya voti lonse, kaŵirikaŵiri kugwiritsira ntchito zigawo zambiri.
  • Kusintha 'Choice Voting (RCV) [1] - Voters oyembekezera kusankhidwa mogwirizana ndi zimene afuna; zotsatira zake zimagamulidwa mwa kuchotsa ndi kupeputsa.
  • [[MLT:0] , inde, ndi mapulogalamu a pulogalamu (MMP) [1] [1] - Voters yala mavoluti awiri: imodzi ya woimira chigawo ndi imodzi ya chipani; malo onse amasinthidwa kuti afike pa kulingana.

Dongosolo lililonse limachita mosiyana ndi lotor imodzimodzi. “chosankha” cha wovotayo sindicho kokha chimene akufuna, komanso kaya chivoti chawo chidzawonongedwa, kaya angachirikize mbali yachitatu popanda ngozi, ndi chisonkhezero chimene ali nacho pamapeto pake. Tiyeni tipende dongosolo lililonse.

Kuyamba-Past-the Post (FPTP)

Kuyamba ndi ndondomeko yapamwamba kwambiri ndi yodziŵika kwambiri, yogwiritsiridwa ntchito m'maiko onga United States, United Kingdom, Canada, ndi India. M'FPTP, dzikolo limagaŵidwa kukhala zigawo chimodzi. Wovota aliyense amaponya pepala limodzi kwa wobatizidwa mmodzi, ndipo wobatizidwa amene ali ndi voti zambiri, ngakhale ngati zimenezo zili zochepa kwambiri kuposa unyinji . Gulu limene limapata mipando yaikulu limapanga boma.

Mapindu a FPTP

  • Kudziwikiratu [1]: Cott ili yolunjika [1] Mavota amasankha dzina limodzi. Palibe mpambo wapamwamba, palibe mpambo wa zipani, popanda kuŵerenga kocholoŵana.
  • liŵiro la zotulukapo [1] : chifukwa chakuti mavoti oyambirira okha ndi amene amaŵerengedwa, zotulukapo kaŵirikaŵiri zimadziŵika pausiku wa chisankho.
  • Kutsimikizira mlandu [1] : chigawo chilichonse chili ndi woimira mmodzi, kupangitsa kukhala kosavuta kwa ogwirizana kudziŵa amene angaimbe mlandu nkhani za kumaloko.
  • Maboma amodzi a kagulu kamodzi : FP kaŵirikaŵiri imatulutsa wopambana wowonekera, kuchepetsa kufunika kwa mgwirizano ndi kufulumizitsa kupanga malamulo.

Zopinga za FPTP

  • Mavoti osankhidwa [1]: Voti iliyonse yoikidwa kwa wofunsira (kapena wopambana pa mzera waukulu) siimakhudza malo onse okhala. M’madera otetezereka, mavoti ambiri ali opanda tanthauzo.
  • Lamulo la Chitetezo : Wofuna kubatizidwa angapambane ndi ochepera pa 50% ya chisankho ngati chitsutso chagawanika. Mwachitsanzo, m'mabande atatu a njira ndi 35% angagonjetse opikisana ndi 33% ndi 32% aliyense.
  • Kulamulira kwa mbali ziŵiri : FP imasintha kwambiri kuvota kwapadera. Nthaŵi zambiri ofufuza amasiya mbali zachitatu kuti apeŵe “kuswa voti,” kutsogolera ku dongosolo la mbali ziŵiri lomwe silingasonyeze malingaliro onse a anthu.
  • Gerrymaning : Chifukwa malire a chigawo ali ndi zinthu zambiri, zigawo za mphamvu zingawagwiritse ntchito kuwonjezera phindu logaŵanitsa.

FPP imapanga zotulukapo zosadziŵika. Mu 2015 Chisankho cha UK, Conservative Party chinapambana 36.9% ya voti koma 50.8% ya mipando, pamene kuli kwakuti Chipani cha UK Independent chinapambana 12.6% ya voti koma 0.15% ya mipando. Kuchotsa kumeneku kungachotse osankha amene sakuona. Kunja kwina, otetezera amatsutsa kuti FPTPP imachirikiza maboma okhazikika ndi zifuno zomveka. Phunzirani zambiri kuchokera ku [[FLT: 0] Elector Reformation Society of FPP [1]

Kuimira kwa Malamulo (PR)

Madongosolo a zoimira za proportion cholinga cha kugwirizanitsa chigawo cha anthu olandira ndi mbali yake ya voti yotchuka. Mtundu wofala kwambiri ndi wosankha pagulu PR, kumene osankha chipani (kapena nthaŵi zina wosankha pa mpambo wa chipani) ndipo mipando imagawiridwa molingana, kaŵirikaŵiri ndi malire (m., 3-5% ya voti ya dzikolo). PR imagwiritsiridwa ntchito m'mademocracy ambiri a ku Ulaya, kuphatikizapo Germany, Spain, Sweden, ndi Netherlands, limodzinso ndi maiko ambiri a Latin America ndi Africa.

Mapindu a PR

  • Kuimira Fair : Magawo amalandira mipando mwapang'ono mogwirizana ndi mavoti, chotero gulu limene limapambana 10% ya voti limalandira 10% ya mipando. Zimenezi zimachepetsa kutaya mavoti.
  • Kutsimikizira malingaliro osiyanasiyana andale zadziko [: Magulu aang'ono (kuphatikizapo awo oimira mafuko aang'ono, ochirikiza malo okhala, kapena magulu amodzi aukhondo, angapeze chithunzi, kukulitsa makambitsirano a ndale zadziko.
  • Wovota wamkulu wotsegula [1]: Kufufuza kukusonyeza kuti madongosolo a PR amagwirizanitsidwa ndi kutulukira kwapamwamba chifukwa ovotawo alingalira kuti osankha awo ali othekera kwambiri kuŵerengera zotulukapo zatanthauzo.
  • Recuces gerrymaning : Popeza zigawo za mbali zambiri nzofala, malire achigawo sakhudza kwambiri zotulukapo za mpando.

Zopinga za PR

  • [['FLT:0] Kupimira [1]: Matanthauzo angafunikire kumvetsetsa mpambo wa chipani ndipo mwina kusanthula. Kuŵerengera kungakhale kopetsa kwambiri.
  • Maboma a Chipulumutso [1]: PR siikupanga mbali imodzi, kuchititsa kukambitsirana kwa mgwirizano kumene kungayambitse maboma osakhazikika. Mwachitsanzo, Italy, yakhala ndi masinthidwe a boma pansi pa PR.
  • Upandu wa kukopana [[FT:1] : Zigaŵenga zazing'ono kwambiri zingakhoze kulowa ngati khomo latsika. Dongosolo la Israyeli, lokhala ndi 3.25%, lalola zipani za Orthodox ndi Arabiya kukhala ndi chisonkhezero chachikulu.
  • Malo a kuimira kwa kumaloko : Pandandanda yoyera PR, ovota angakhale opanda woimira wa chigawo wofikira ndi nkhaŵa za kumaloko.

Madongosolo a PR amabwera m'mitundu yambiri .open PR imapanga mpambo (ofuna kubatizidwa), ndandanda yotsekedwa (chigawo chimene chimakhazikitsa dongosolo), ndi voti imodzi yosamutsidwa (STV) ya madera ambiri. Chivoti chilichonse chofooka chimayambukira kusankha wovota. Mwachitsanzo, mtumiziro wotsegulira PR imapatsa ovotera mphamvu zambiri zoika munthu aliyense pampando. International IDEA imapatsa Electoral System Decture Directive Directors [ kaamba ka kuyerekezera madongosolo a PR padziko lonse.

Ranked-Choice Voing (RCV)

Chosankha chapadera, chodziŵikanso monga kuvota kwa nthaŵi yomweyo, chimalola ovota kugawa ofunsira pa ovota. Ngati palibe wosankha amene apambana mavoti oyambirira a chisankho, wosankha ndi voti loyamba lapadera amachotsedwa, ndipo mavoti awo amaperekedwa kwa osankha achiŵiriwo. Kachitidweko kamabwereza kufikira munthu mmodzi atafika kwa unyinji. RCV amagwiritsiridwa ntchito m'Maine (masankhoti apadera), Alaska (masankhoti apadera), mizinda ingapo U.S, ndi kaamba ka masankho ena mu Australia, Ireland, ndi New Zealand.

Mapindu a RCV

  • Kutsimikizira kusanthula kowona mtima : Mavoti angandandalitsidwe choyamba kukhala okondedwa awo enieni popanda kudera nkhaŵa za “kusanthula [1] mavoti awo, chifukwa chakuti chosankha chawo chachiŵiri chingakhalebe ndi phindu ngati chosankha chawo choyamba chitalephera.
  • Achepetsa kusakaza : Okhoza kukopa ochirikiza ena kuti akhale achiŵiri kapena achitatu, kuchepetsa kuukira kwaumwini.
  • Lamulo la chidule: Wopambanayo amalandira chichirikizo chochuluka, monga chosankha choyamba kapena pambuyo pa kupeputsa.
  • Zowononga ziyambukiro zowononga : Ofuna kugawana kapena odziimira okha angathamanga popanda kugaŵitsa voti mwanjira imene imathandiza munthu woloŵapo.

Zopinga za RCV

  • Kuchulukitsa [1]: Kuŵerengera kumaloŵetsamo zambiri kuposa FPTP; kungafunikire kuzungulira kwamitundu yambiri ndipo kungachedwetse zotulukapo zomalizira, makamaka m'mafuko aakulu.
  • [[FLT: 0] Msokonezo wa VT : Ovota ena amalimbana kuti apeze madeti oyenerera, kutsogolera ku mavoti osagwira ntchito. Mu 2021 meya wa meya wa 2021, mavoloti oposa 150,000 adachotsedwa chifukwa cha zolakwa.
  • Kutopa kwa kampani [1]: Ngati wovota saika onse m'madende, pepala lawo lingakhale “lopasuka [1] (kupanda zosankha zotsala) poŵerengera, kutaya ilo.
  • Kampasi yapamwamba kwambiri : Pamene kuli kwakuti RCV imachepetsa njira zina, ikhozabe kuchititsa ovota kukhala opikisana mwamphamvu kutsekereza wofunsira amene samfuna.

RCV ikutchuka monga njira yoperekera zoimira zambiri pamene akusunga zigawo chimodzi. FairVote, gulu la anthu osakhala apartisan, ochirikiza RCV ndi kupereka maphunziro atsatanetsatane a ntchito yake, monga ngati mu Alaska ndi Maine . Chisankho chapadera cha 2022 Alaska cha U.S. Nyumba inali ntchito yoyamba ya RCV yogwirizanitsidwa ndi munthu wosakhala wa partisan, ndipo chinatulukapo chilakiko ndi Democrat pa Republican yovomerezedwa ndi Donald Trump.

Mtengo wa Member (MMP)

Madongosolo a gulu lophatikizana amayesa kuphatikiza magawo abwino kwambiri a FPTP ndi PR. Voters adaponya mavoti aŵiri: mmodzi wa wofunsira m'chigawo chawo chimodzi (kugwiritsira ntchito FPTPP) ndi chimodzi cha ndandanda ya zipani. Chisankho cha gulu chimagwiritsiridwa ntchito kugaŵira mipando yapamwamba kuchokera ku mpambo wa chigawo kapena dziko, kutsimikizira kuti kapangidwe ka bungwe lonse la commission kawo kawonjezetsa ntchito. MMP imagwiritsiridwa ntchito ku Germany, New Zealand, South Korea, ndi U.S. mizinda ingapo ya New York City.

Mapindu a MMP

  • Oimira a CD : Olemba atenga mamembala a dziko kupyola mamembala a chigawo, pamene chivoti chimatsimikizira kulinganiza kwa bungwe lokhazikitsa malamulo.
  • Anataya mavoti otayidwa [1]: Ngakhale ngati wosankha wosankhidwa wa chigawo atalephera, voti yawo imathandizabe kuŵerengera kwa onse kwa mpando wa chipani.
  • Alola kugaŵikana kwa chivoti: Mavoter angafupe wotchuka wa pa chipani chimodzi pamene akuchirikiza chipani china.
  • Mapwando oyenera [[FL:1]: Chifukwa mapwando ayenera kukopa ponse paŵiri kumalo ndi m'dziko, timagulu tonkitsa kaŵirikaŵiri timafuna kupambana mpikisano wa chigawo kapena malo a mpambo.

Zopinga za MMP

  • Kupimira [1]: mavoti aŵiri, milingo iŵiri ya kuimira, ndi kuŵerengera kwa mipando ya kutsogolo kungasokoneze ovota. Bungwe la Electoral Commission la New Zealand limachititsa mautumiki aakulu a maphunziro.
  • ndi kuchepetsa mipando [1]: Ngati phwando lipata mipando yambiri yachigawo kuposa mbali yake yolinganiza, dongosolo limawonjezera mipando yowonjezereka ku mbali zina kuti abwezeretse kulingana, kufutukuka kwa nyumba ya malamulo. Kuchuluka kwa Bundestag kwa Jeremani kwakula kufika ku mamembala oposa 700 chifukwa cha kuwongolera kumeneku.
  • Maboma a Chidziŵitso : Mofanana ndi PR, MMP kaŵirikaŵiri imatulukapo maboma ogwirizana, omwe angasaunjike ngati magawo ali ndi malingaliro aakulu.
  • Kuvota kochitidwa ndi mavoti aŵiri [[FL:1]: Ovota ena angaganize kuti voti lawo lachigawo latayidwa ndipo amangosumika maganizo pa chivoti cha chipani, kuchepetsa mlandu wa kumaloko.

New Zealand inasintha kuchoka ku FPTP kupita ku MMP mu 1996 pambuyo pa semina. Kusinthako kunawonjezera kwambiri chiŵerengero cha zipani m'nyumba ya malamulo ndi kukakamiza kupangidwa kwa mgwirizano. New Zealand Electoral Commission imapereka chitsogozo chodalirika ku MMP [1] imene imalongosola mmene dongosolo likugwirira ntchito.

Kusintha Maganizo a Anthu pa Nkhani ya Zovala

Njira yovota simangoŵerengera zinthu zimene amakonda, imangowapanga. Osankha akamvetsa akamakanika, amasintha khalidwe lawo, nthaŵi zina m’njira zimene zimatsutsana ndi zimene amakonda. Njira yosankha imakhudzana ndi kugawana kwa ovota, kugawidwa kwa ndale, ndi kuvomerezedwa kwa zotsatira zake.

Kuloŵa M’pangano la Zovala

Kufufuza kokhazikika kumasonyeza kuti wovota ali wochuluka m'madongosolo olingana kuposa m'FPP. Mwachitsanzo, avareji ya kutuluka m'maiko a OECD ndi PR ili ndi pafupifupi 10 peresenti kuposa kwa amene amagwiritsira ntchito FPTP, ngakhale kulamulira zinthu zina. Pansi pa PR, ovota saona kuti kuvota kwawo kumatayidwa, chotero ali ndi chisonkhezero champhamvu chofunikira kutengamo mbali. RCV imawonjezeranso kubwererako modzichepetsa, makamaka pakati pa osankhidwa achichepere amene amayamikira kukhoza kufotokoza zofuna za anthu. Mu FPTPP, jitout ingavutike m'madera kumene chitsiricho chimakhala chomaliza.

Kusintha kwa Ndale zadziko

FPTP imakonda kupanga mpikisano wa mbali ziŵiri, umene ungakulitse chigawo cha dziko. Opanga mapulogalamu otetezeka kaŵirikaŵiri amakopa chipinda chapamwamba, pamene masankho ambiri amakhala nkhondo yopambanitsa. Mosiyana, PR ndi MMP amalimbikitsa madongosolo ambiri kumene maphwando ayenera kulolera kupanga mapangano. Komabe, PR angathekenso kuti magulu otengeka ayambe kukhala ndi malo okwera, monga momwe amaonera m'mayiko ena a ku Ulaya. Unansi pakati pa dongosolo ndi kuwonjezerako umaonekera bwino: RCV, mwaphindu amene angakope mavoti achiŵiri aice, ofunsira oyenera amene angangochita apimira kujambula chigawo cha osankhidwa.

Kufuna Kupeza Zinthu Zofunika Kwambiri Ndiponso Kukhutira

Voter project [1] N’kukhulupirira kuti nkhani za munthu zovota nzapamwamba kwambiri . M'kufufuza kwa 2020 kwa ovota ku Maine (kumene kumagwiritsira ntchito RCV) ndi maiko ozungulira, Maine coption anasimba chikhutiro chachikulu ndi kasankhidwe ka osankhidwa ngakhale pambuyo pa kuŵerengera kwa zosankha za ofunsira. Mofananamo, m'dongosolo la MMP la Germany, ovotawo amasonyeza chidaliro kuti chivoti chawo chimasonyezedwa m'malembedwe a boma. Mu FPTPP, makamaka m'maiko okhala ndi malo aŵiri otetezedwa kwambiri, osankhidwa ambiri amadzimva otsutsidwa chifukwa chakuti gulu lawo losankhidwa silipambana.

Kumaliza

Mavoti si tsatanetsatane waukatswiri wa zaluso; iwo ali mphamvu zimene zimapanga mawonekedwe amene amapambana, mayanjano, ndi kaya nzika zimalingalira nkhani zawo. Kuyamba ndi m'mbuyo kumapereka kupeputsa ndi kuyankha bwino koma kaŵirikaŵiri kumachititsa kulephera kugamula ndi kutayitsa. Kuimira kwapadera kumatsimikizira kutembenuza koyenera kwa mavoti m'mipando koma kungachititse kuvuta kuyendetsa. Kusankha kwa makampani a mavoti kumalimbikitsa kuwona mtima ndi opambana ambiri, komabe kumayambitsa kuvuta. Madongosolo a chigawo a chigawo chapakati amapanga kulinganizika koma angasokoneze ndi kutsogolera kukhazikitsa malamulo a malamulo. Kwa aphunzitsi ndi ophunzira, kuzindikira ntchito za malonda ndi kusamuka kumeneku ndiko njira yoyamba yodziŵira yosintha. Kusankha kwa kusankhidwa kwa dongosolo la osankha kuli chosankha ponena za mtundu wa zinthu, zimene timafuna kulinganiza, kapena kugwirizanitsa ndi kukonzanso kukonza kwa zikhalidwe zina.