Kupanga Ntchito ya Boma: Mmene Nthambi Yoyang’anira Imakutumikirirani

Nthambi yaikulu ya boma la United States ili imodzi mwa mizati itatu ya demokrase ya ku America, kugwira ntchito tsiku lililonse kukhazikitsa malamulo, kuteteza nzika, ndi kutsimikizira kuti ntchito za maprogramu ndi mautumiki osaŵerengeka zimene zimakhudza pafupifupi mbali iliyonse ya moyo wa America. Mphamvu ya Nthambi Yoyang'anira yaikidwa mwa Pulezidenti wa United States, amene amachitanso monga mkulu wa boma ndi Mtsogoleri wa asilikali. Kumvetsa mmene nthambiyi imagwirira ntchito ndi kutumikira anthu onse nkofunika kwa nzika iliyonse imene ikufuna kuchita zinthu zofunika ndi boma lawo.

Ogwira ntchito ochuluka ameneŵa amadutsa m’mabungwe, madipatimenti, ndi maofesi mazanamazana, onse akugwirira ntchito ku cholinga chimodzi cha kutumikira anthu a ku America ndi kuchirikiza Lamulo la Malamulo.

Maziko: Mphamvu za Malamulo ndi Malamulo

Pansi pa Mfundo Yachiŵiri ya Lamulolo, Pulezidenti ali ndi thayo la kuperekedwa ndi kusungitsidwa kwa malamulo opangidwa ndi Nyumba ya Malamulo.

Prezidenti ali ndi thayo la kugwiritsa ntchito ndi kukhazikitsa malamulo olembedwa ndi Nyumba ya Malamulo ndipo, kuti achite zimenezo, amaika atsogoleri a mabungwe a Federal, kuphatikizapo Kabinati. Mphamvu imeneyi imaimira imodzi ya njira zofunika kwambiri zimene Prezidenti amapangira malamulo a boma ndi zinthu zofunika kwambiri.

Mbali ndi Mathayo a Pulezidenti

Pulezidenti amatumikira ntchito zambiri zosuliza panthaŵi imodzi. Pambali pa kukhala mkulu wa dziko, Pulezidenti akugwira ntchito monga mkulu wa boma, kuimira United States m'nkhani zaukulu wa mayanjano ndi ntchito zamwambo. Monga Mtsogoleri wa gulu lankhondo, Pulezidenti ali ndi ulamuliro wotheratu pa magulu ankhondo a dzikolo, kupanga zosankha zofunika kwambiri ponena za chitetezo cha dziko ndi ntchito zankhondo.

Malamulo amenewa ndi othandiza kwambiri kuti mabungwe a boma asinthe ndiponso kuti atsogolere ntchito yawo popanda kulamula kuti bungwe la Congress lizikhazikitsa malamulo atsopano.

Prezidenti alinso ndi mphamvu zopanda malire zokhululukira ndi kubwezera milandu ya boma, kusiyapo ngati prime walephera.

Pulezidenti ali ndi lamulo lofunikira "panthaŵi ndi nthaŵi kupereka kwa Congress Information of the State of the Union, ndipo akulimbikitsa kulingalira kwawo ku mayeso oterowo monga momwe adzaweruzira moyenerera ndi moyenerera," ndipo Pulezidenti mwamwambo wapereka nkhani ya Boma la Union ku programu yogwirizana ya Congress January aliyense akulongosola mapulani awo a chaka chikudzacho.

Mbali Yofunika Kwambiri ya Mtsogoleri Wadziko

Prezidenti wachiŵiri wa pulezidentiyo akuchirikiza pulezidenti, ndipo ngati pulezidentiyo sangathe kutumikira, wachiŵiri kwa pulezidentiyo amakhala pulezidenti.

Ntchito imeneyi imagwirizanitsa nthambi za akuluakulu a boma ndi za boma, ndipo Pulezidenti wa bungweli amaika pulezidenti wa boma pamalo apadera m’boma.

Kabinati: Atsogoleri a Prezidenti ndi Atsogoleri a Dipatimenti

Kabinate ndi bungwe lotsogolera lopangidwa ndi atsogoleri a madipatimenti 15 a akuluakulu, oikidwa ndi Pulezidenti ndi otsimikiziridwa ndi Nyumba ya Malamulo, ndipo ziŵalo za Kompyuta kaŵirikaŵiri ndizo anthu a Prezidenti apafupi kwambiri. Anthu ameneŵa abweretsa ukatswiri kuchokera ku mbali zawo za malamulo ndi kuthandiza kulinganiza zinthu zofunika ndi njira za kuyang'anira.

Kuwonjezera pa kuyendetsa mabungwe akuluakulu a boma, iwo amachita mbali yaikulu m’mzera wa Prezidenti wa dongosolo la zinthu ndi kutsatizana kwa zinthu ($Presidenti, Speaker wa Nyumba, ndi Pulezidenti wa Nyumba ya Malamulo, mzera wa kutsatizana ukupitirizabe ndi maofesi a Kabinati m’dongosolo limene madipatimentiwo anapangidwa.

Anthu onse a m’bungweli amatenga dzina la mlembi, kupatulapo mkulu wa dipatimenti ya Zachilungamo, yemwe akutchedwa kuti Attorney General. Msonkhano umenewu ukusonyeza mmene boma linapangidwira ndiponso ntchito yapadera ya Dipatimenti Yoona za Chilungamo pochirikiza lamulo.

Mmene Nthambi Yoyang’anira Imatumikirira Nzika za ku America

Chakudya chimene amadya, mpweya umene amapuma, misewu imene amayendamo, mankhwala amene amamwa, ndiponso chitetezo chimene amapeza, zimakhudza ntchito za nthambi ndi ntchito zapanthambi.

Mabungwe a Kabinati ndi mabungwe odziimira okha ndiwo ali ndi udindo woonetsetsa kuti malamulo a boma ayende bwino tsiku ndi tsiku ndiponso woyang’anira malamulo a Federal, ndipo madipatimenti ameneŵa ndi mabungwe ameneŵa ali ndi ntchito ndi maudindo osiyanasiyana monga aja a Dipatimenti ya Defense ndi ya Environmental Protection Agency, Social Security Administration, ndi Security and Exchange Commission.

Chisungiko cha Dziko Lonse ndi Chitetezo

Kuteteza dziko ndi nzika zake kuli limodzi la maudindo aakulu a nthambi. Mabungwe ambiri amagwira ntchito pamodzi kuonetsetsa kuti anthu a ku America atha kukhala ndi moyo, kugwira ntchito, ndi kuyenda bwino.

Dipatimenti ya zachitetezo ndi yoposa mabungwe onse a boma ndipo imaphatikizapo awo amene amagwira ntchito yokangalika, antchito wamba, ndi awo amene akutumikira m’magulu a National Guard and Reserve, ndipo pamodzi, magulu ankhondo ndi anthu wamba a DOD amatetezera zikondwerero zathu za dzikolo mwa kuchita nkhondo, kuthandiza anthu, ndi kusungitsa mtendere ndi mautumiki opereka chithandizo ndi masoka.

Ntchito za dipatimenti ya zachitetezo cha Homeland Security ndizo kuletsa ndi kusokoneza zigaŵenga; kuteteza anthu a ku America, kuteteza zinthu zathu zofunika kwambiri, ndi kukonzanso zinthu pa zochitika zilizonse zimene zimachitika, ndipo DHS inakhazikitsidwa ndi Homeland Security Act ya mu 2002, makamaka chifukwa cha kuukira kwa zigaŵenga kwa pa September 11, 2001.

Department of Homeland Security imaletsa ndi kusokoneza zigaŵenga kudzera ku United States Screen Becureal Security Administration (TSA); imateteza malo otetezeka kwambiri kudzera ku Cybersecurity and Infrapublic Security Agency (CISA); imayankha ku masoka achilengedwe kudzera ku Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA); imateteza malire a Customs and Bordive Protection (BP), ndi kuyendetsa zinthu zoyendera kudutsa ku Immigration and Custommentmentmentment (IE) ndi U.S. Comicionation and Immignity and Immigration Servity (US).

Thanzi la Onse ndi Ntchito Zothandiza Anthu

Madipatimenti a akuluakulu ochepa ndiwo amayambukira nzika za Amereka mwachindunji ndi molongosoka monga Dipatimenti ya Zaumoyo ndi Zaumoyo wa Anthu.

Mabungwe a HHS amachititsa kufufuza kwa zaumoyo ndi sayansi ya zachikhalidwe cha anthu, amagwira ntchito yoletsa ndi kuyankha ku kubuka kwa matenda, kutsimikizira chakudya ndi chisungiko cha mankhwala, ndi kupereka chithandizo cha mankhwala kwa okalamba limodzinso ndi osavuta kudwala, ndi kuwonjezera pa kupereka Medicare ndi Medicaid, zimene pamodzi zimapereka kwa mmodzi mwa anthu atatu a ku Amereka, HHS amayang’anira National Institutes of Health, Food and Drug Administration, ndi Centers for Disease Adcial.

Food and Drug Administration imateteza thanzi la anthu mwa kutsimikizira kuti mankhwala, zipangizo zamankhwala, zakudya, ndi mafuta odzola. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention imayang'anira matenda akuyambika, imachititsa kafukufuku wofunika wa zaumoyo, ndiponso imapereka malangizo pa nthawi ya ngozi zaumoyo. Bungwe la National Institute of Health limafufuza zamankhwala amene amachititsa kuti matenda atsopano ayambe ndi kuchiritsa.

Zachuma Ndiponso Kusawonongeka kwa Ndalama

Dipatimenti ya Kayendedwe ka chuma imatsimikizira kulemera kwa dzikolo ndi kutetezera dongosolo la zachuma mwa kukhazikitsa kukhazikika kwa chuma; kupanga ndalama; kuchotsa ndalama zolipiridwa kwa anthu; ndi kusonkhanitsa misonkho. Ndalama iliyonse, ndalama zobwezedwa, ndi ndalama za Social Security zimaphatikizapo ntchito za Kernal Department.

Bungwe loona za chitetezo cha boma la Social Security Administration, la ku America, limathandiza anthu ambiri kuti azipuma pantchito, azipunduka, ndiponso kuti apulumuke.

Kuyang’anira kumeneku kumathandiza kuti anthu a ku America azisunga ndalama zawo modalirana ndiponso kuti misika ya zachuma iziyenda bwino.

Maphunziro ndi Kupita Patsogolo kwa Ntchito

Department of Education imatumikira kutsimikizira kuti Aamereka onse ali ndi mwaŵi wa maphunziro apamwamba. Ntchito ya Dipatimenti ya Maphunziro ndiyo kupititsa patsogolo maphunziro ndi kukonzekera kaamba ka koleji, ntchito, ndi unzika m'zachuma cha dziko lonse mwakupititsa patsogolo maphunziro apamwamba ndi kutsimikizira kukhoza kwa maphunziro, ndipo Dipatimenti imayang'anira maprogramu a maphunziro apamwamba, kuyang'anira maprogramu a maphunziro ndi malamulo a ufulu wachibadwidwe amene amachirikiza mwaŵi wa kuphunzira, kusonkhanitsa ndi kuchirikiza kufufuza zinthu pasukulu za ku America kutsogolera kupita patsogolo m’zamaphunziro.

Dipatimenti ya Antchito imateteza ufulu wa antchito, imapititsa patsogolo chitetezo kuntchito, ndiponso imathandiza anthu a ku America kupeza ntchito ndi kukulitsa maluso a ntchito. Kuchokera ku kukhazikitsa malamulo a malipiro ochepa kwambiri mpaka kuyang'anira maprogramu a inshuwalansi ya ntchito, Dipatimenti ya Antchito imagwira ntchito kuti itsimikizire kuti antchito a ku America apatsidwa chithandizo chabwino ndi mwayi wa zachuma.

Mautumiki ndi Chichirikizo

Department of Veterans Affairs imayang’anira maprogramu a ozoloŵera, mabanja awo, ndi otsala awo, kuphatikizapo malipiro a kupunduka, ngongole zapanyumba, inshuwalansi ya moyo, kuchiritsa, ndi chisamaliro cha mankhwala.

Va imagwira ntchito imodzi mwa njira zazikulu zosamalira zaumoyo m’dzikolo, kupereka chithandizo kwa anthu mamiliyoni ambiri amene anazoloŵera ku zipatala, zipatala, ndi nyumba za odwazika m’dzikolo. Kuchokera ku kusamala zaumoyo, Va imathandiza anthu akale kupeza maphunziro, kusungitsa ngongole zapanyumba, ndi kulandira malipiro a kupunduka koyendera utumiki.

Madipatimenti Oyang’anira Detine

Dipatimenti iliyonse imayesetsa kukhazikitsa malamulo osiyanasiyana ndipo imagwira ntchito zosiyanasiyana, ngakhale kuti nthaŵi zambiri imathandizana pa nkhani zimene zimadutsa malire.

Department of Agriculture

Dipatimenti ya Zaulimi (USDA) ya ku United States imapanga ndi kukwaniritsa lamulo lokhudza ulimi, ulimi, ndi chakudya, ndipo zolinga zake zimaphatikizapo kukwaniritsa zosoŵa za alimi ndi alimi, kupititsa patsogolo malonda a ulimi ndi ulimi, kuteteza chakudya, kuteteza zachilengedwe, kulimbikitsa anthu akumidzi, ndi kuthetsa njala ku America ndi kumaiko ena.

USDA ili ndi mabungwe 29, kuphatikizapo Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Food and Nutrition Service, ndi nkhalango, ndi ndalama zambiri za dipatimentiyo zimagwira ntchito zofunikira kuchitidwa ndi lamulo, monga inshuwalansi ya mbewu, maprogramu a chithandizo cha chakudya, maprogramu a famu ndi malonda, ndi maprogramu angapo osungitsa zinthu.

Programu za chakudya cha USDA, kuphatikizapo Someral Nutrition Application Program (SNAP) ndi maprogramu asukulu a chakudya chamasana, zimathandiza kutsimikizira kuti mamiliyoni a Aamereka ali ndi chakudya chokwanira. Dipatimentiyo imachirikizanso kupita patsogolo kwa kumidzi, imathandiza alimi kupeza inshuwalansi ya ngongole ndi ya mbewu, ndi kusamalira mahekitala mamiliyoni a nkhalango za dziko lonse.

Dipatimenti ya Zamalonda

Dipatimenti ya Zamalonda ndi boma limene limakonza ntchito, kuwonjezera pa kutukuka kwa chuma ndiponso kupatsa mwayi wochita zinthu zina zofunika kwambiri.

United States Census Bureau ndi magwero otchuka a chidziŵitso cha anthu a dzikolo ndi zachuma. Bungwe la Census Bureau likuchititsa chiŵerengero cha anthu otha zaka zonse zofunikira ndi Constitution ndipo likupanga ziŵerengero zopitirizabe za anthu, nyumba, ndi ntchito ya zachuma zimene zimadziŵitsa malamulo ndi makonzedwe a malonda.

Bungwe loona za nyengo la National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOA) limathandiza anthu kudziwa mmene nyengo imasinthira.

Bungwe la United States Patent and Trademark Office ndilo limapereka zikalata za ufulu wa dziko la United States ndi zizindikiro zodziŵira zinthu.

Department of Defection

Dipatimenti ya zachitetezo imathandiza kwambiri pa ntchito yoteteza asilikali kuti nkhondo isathe komanso kuti dziko lisamavutike.

Kupyola pa ntchito zankhondo zamwambo, Dipatimenti Yotetezera Imapereka chithandizo cha Chithandizo pa masoka, kuchititsa ntchito zosungitsa mtendere, ndi kusungitsa njira zotetezera nyukiliya. Dipatimentiyo imawononganso ndalama zambiri m’kufufuza ndi kuwongolera zinthu, kutsogolera ku ziŵiya zatsopano zimene kaŵirikaŵiri zimapindulitsa anthu wamba.

Dipatimenti ya Magetsi

Dipatimenti ya Energy (DOE) imapititsa patsogolo chisungiko cha chuma ndi cha dziko la America mwa kulimbikitsa kuyambitsidwa kwa nyukiliya yodalirika, yaudongo, ndi mphamvu zokhoza kukwera, imachirikiza ndalama kaamba ka kufufuza kwa sayansi kupititsa patsogolo kutulukira ndi kukonza zinthu zatsopano, kutsimikizira mpikisano wa zachuma wa ku America ndi kuwongolera moyo wa nzika zathu, ndipo ikupatsidwanso ntchito yotsimikizira chisungiko cha nyukliya ya America ndi kutetezera malo okhala mwa kupereka chigamulo cha thayo ku chopangira zida za nyukliya.

DOE akuyang'anira zida za nyukiliya za dzikolo zosungira, amayendetsa malaboratori a dziko amene amachititsa kufufuza kwa sayansi kopeka, ndi kugwira ntchito kupangira umisiri wamagetsi watsopano. Dipatimentiyo imayang'aniranso kuyeretsa malo oipitsidwa mkati mwa programu ya nkhondo ya nyukiliya ya Mawu.

Dipatimenti ya Zaumoyo ndi Ntchito za Anthu

Monga tafotokozera kale, mabungwe a HHS amagwira ntchito yoteteza ndiponso kukonza thanzi la anthu ambiri a ku America.

Department of the Desiterial of Mouth Department

Bungwe lina loona za chitetezo cha dziko la Homeland Security linakonza zoti bungweli lithandize anthu 22 kuti ateteze dziko lawo ku America.

Ntchito za dipatimentiyi zikuyambira pa kupima anthu apandege mpaka kuteteza pulezidenti, kuteteza mphepo zamkuntho ndi kuteteza malo a pa Intaneti a dzikolo. Ntchito imeneyi ikusonyeza kuti dziko lili ndi mavuto osiyanasiyana m’zaka za m'ma 2000.

Dipatimenti Yoona za Nyumba ndi Kupita Patsogolo kwa Matauni

Dipatimenti ya Home ndi Urban Development (HUD) ndi bungwe la boma limene limapereka malamulo ndi maprogramu a dziko amene amasamalira zosoŵa za nyumba za America, kuwongolera ndi kukhazikitsa zigawo za dzikolo, ndi kukhazikitsa malamulo a nyumba abwino.

HUD imayang'anira maprogramu amene amathandiza mabanja opeza ndalama zochepa kugula nyumba, kulimbana ndi kusoŵa pokhala, kulimbikitsa kupita patsogolo kwa chitaganya m'madera osungidwa, ndi kutsimikizira kuti tsankho la nyumba likuletsedwa. Bungwe la Federal Home Administration la dipatimenti ya Federal Home Administration ku nyumba, kupangitsa kukhala ndi malo okhala kukhala osavuta kwa anthu mamiliyoni ambiri a ku Amereka.

Department of the Central

Dipatimenti ya Mkati mwa dziko imayang'anira madera a anthu onse ndi zinthu zachilengedwe, kuphatikizapo mapaki a dziko, malo othaŵirako nyama, ndi malo aakulu a anthu onse kumadzulo. Dipatimentiyi imadaliranso maudindo a anthu a ku Eni America ndi Alaska.

Bungwe la United States lofufuza zachilengedwe lotchedwa Geological Survey "kufufuza zinthu, kupenda, ndi kupatsa asayansi chidziŵitso cha mmene zinthu zachilengedwe zilili, nkhani ndi mavuto. Kufufuza kumeneku kwasayansi kumatidziŵitsa za kusamala zachilengedwe, kukonzekera kwachilengedwe, ndi kuteteza malo okhala.

Bureau of Land Management imayang'anira maekala mamiliyoni mazana ambiri a dziko la anthu onse, kulinganiza kusungidwa kwa chuma ndi ntchito yoyendetsera zinthu. National Park Service imasunga malo achilengedwe ndi mbiri a ku America ofunika kwambiri kwa mibadwo yamakono ndi ya mtsogolo.

Department of Justice

Department ikhazikitsa lamulo la boma, imaimira United States m’nkhani za lamulo, ndi kutsogolera dongosolo la chiweruzo la boma. Likutsogozedwa ndi Attorney General, dipatimenti imaphatikizapo Federal Bureau of Investigation, Drug Inforcement Administration, Bureau of Prison, ndi maofesi a Atttorney m'dziko lonse.

Dipatimentiyi imapereka milandu, imapereka malamulo okhudza ufulu wachibadwidwe, imayang’anira ndende, ndipo imapereka malangizo alamulo kwa Pulezidenti ndi mabungwe akuluakulu a boma.

Dipatimenti ya Ntchito

Dipatimenti ya Antchito imateteza ufulu wa antchito ndi kupititsa patsogolo chuma chawo. Dipatimenti imakhazikitsa malamulo otetezera ntchito, malipiro ochepa ndi malipiro anthaŵi yaitali, malo a banja ndi a zamankhwala, ndi chitetezo ku tsankho la ntchito.

Bungwe loona za chitetezo ndi umoyo la Occuperation Safety and Health Administration linakhazikitsa malamulo oteteza ntchito, ndipo linathandiza kuti anthu asamavulale komanso kufa kuntchito.

Department of State

Dipatimenti ya Boma imachita mbali yaikulu m'kuyambitsa ndi kugwiritsa ntchito malamulo a Prezidenti wa dziko lina, ndipo mathayo aakulu a United States amaphatikizapo oimira United States kumaiko akunja, nzika za United States zimagwira ntchito ponse paŵiri zapanyumba ndi kumaiko akunja, chithandizo cha kumaiko akunja, maprogramu ankhondo a kumaiko akunja, zoyesayesa za kuletsa upandu wa maiko akunja, ndi kupeputsa maiko akunja ofunafuna kuloŵa ku United States.

America amasungitsa maunansi aunansi ndi maiko pafupifupi 190 .li lirilonse loikidwa ndi antchito wamba a Utumiki Wakunja ku United States (kuphatikizaponso ndi magulu a maiko osiyanasiyana) Unansi wa zaukulu umenewu umathandiza kupititsa patsogolo zikondwerero za Amereka, kupititsa patsogolo mtendere ndi bata, ndi kutheketsa mgwirizano wa maiko onse pa mavuto a dziko lonse.

Komiti ya Boma imatumiza mapasipoti ndi ma visa, imathandiza Aamereka oyendayenda kapena okhala kumaiko akunja, imakambirana mapangano ndi mapangano a mitundu yonse, ndipo imapereka chithandizo cha kumaiko akunja kuchirikiza kupita patsogolo ndi zosoŵa za anthu kuzungulira dziko lonse. Kaamba ka chidziŵitso chowonjezereka ponena za malamulo a maiko akunja a United States ndi zoyesayesa za mayanjano, ikhoza kuyendera Webusaiti ya Boma ya ya Department.

Dipatimenti ya Zoyendera

Ntchito ya Dipatimenti ya Zoyendera (DOT) ndiyo kuonetsetsa kuti njira yoyendera yofulumira, yodalirika, yosavuta kuipeza, ndiponso yosavuta kuipeza imene imakwaniritsa zinthu zofunika kwambiri za m’dziko lathu ndi kuwongolera moyo wa anthu a ku America.

Dipatimentiyo imayang'anira Federal Aviation Administration, imene imayang'anira zoyendetsa ndege ndi chisungiko cha ndege; Federal Highway Administration, yomwe imachirikiza dongosolo la misewu ya m'chigawo chapakati; ndi National Highway Traffic Safety Administration, imene imakhazikitsa miyezo ya chitetezo cha galimoto ndi kugwira ntchito kuchepetsa imfa za mayendedwe. Mabungwe ena a DOT amayang'anira njanji, mapaipi, ndi zoyendera zapanyanja.

Dipatimenti ya Ndalama

Kupyola pa mbali yake m’kayendetsedwe ka chuma ndi kayendetsedwe ka ndalama, Dipatimenti ya Ndalama ya U.S. imatulutsa ndalama zonse ndi ndalama, imasonkhanitsa misonkho ya boma kupyolera mwa Internal Revenue Service, imayang’anira ndalama za boma, ndipo imasungitsa ziletso zachuma kwa adani akunja.

IRS imasonkhanitsa madola mamiliyoni zikwi zambiri m'makampani a msonkho chaka chilichonse, imakonza mazana mamiliyoni ambiri a misonkho, ndi kusungitsa malamulo a msonkho wa dziko. Dipatimenti ya Office of Foreign Assets Control imakhazikitsa ziletso za zachuma zimene zimatumikira monga ziŵiya zofunika za malamulo a maiko akunja.

Department of Veteran Affairs

Va imaimira ntchito ya boma kwa anthu amene anavala yunifolomu. Pambuyo pa chisamaliro ndi mapindu a zaumoyo, Va imagwira ntchito m'manda a dzikolo, imapereka mautumiki othandizira ovutika kwa ovutika, ndi ntchito kuletsa kusowa kwa anthu osoŵa pokhala.

Dipatimentiyo yazoloŵera kutumikira anthu amene anamenyana ndi nkhondo zaposachedwapa ku Iraq ndi Afghanistan pamene ikupitirizabe kusamalira okalamba amene anamenya nawo nkhondo zoyambirira. Malo a zamankhwala a Va akupereka chisamaliro chapadera cha mikhalidwe yofala pakati pa anthu odziŵa za nkhondo, kuphatikizapo kuvulala kwa ubongo kowopsa ndi kupsinjika maganizo pambuyo pake.

Ntchito Zodziimira Paokha

Pulezidenti amaika atsogoleri a mabungwe ena a akuluakulu monga CIA ndi Environmental Protection Agency, atsogoleri ake ali pansi pa ulamuliro wonse wa Pulezidenti, ndiponso amaika atsogoleri a mabungwe oposa 50 a boma lodziimira lokha, monga Federal Reserve Board ndi Federal Serectal and Exchange Commission, ndiponso oweruza a Federal, akazembe, ndi akuluakulu ena a boma.

Mabungwe odziimira paokha ndiwo amene ali mbali ya EOP ndipo sali pansi pa madipatimenti aakulu khumi ndi asanu m’Cabinet, ndipo zimenezi sizimawapangitsa kukhala osasonkhezera kwenikweni, popeza kuti ambiri adakali kuchita ndi ntchito zazikulu za boma, zachuma, ndi uyang’aniro, ndipo mabungwe ameneŵa amagwira ntchito ndi mlingo wakutiwakuti wa kudzilamulira.

Agency Yotetezera Malo Okhala

Bungweli limakhazikitsa malamulo oteteza anthu kuti asamawononge chilengedwe, kuti pasakhale mpweya wabwino ndiponso madzi oipa, ndiponso kuti zinthu zowononga zisamawonongeke.

Kuchotsapo mpweya wochokera ku mafakitale ndi magalimoto ndi kuyeretsa malo oipitsidwa ndi kutetezera mitundu ya nyama, ntchito ya EPA imayambukira kuchuluka kwa mpweya wa Amereka, madzi amene amamwa, ndi malo amene amapitira ku mibadwo yamtsogolo. Phunzirani zambiri ponena za zoyesayesa za kutetezera malo okhala pa webusaiti ya [[FLT: 0] EPA'.

Kugwiritsa Ntchito Malo Okhala ndi Malo Okhala

Bungweli lachititsa kuti anthu afike pa mwezi, latumiza anthu ofufuza maloboti ku Mars ndi kutsogolo kwake, likugwira ntchito pa bungwe loona za m’mlengalenga lotchedwa International Space Station, ndi kupanga zipangizo zatsopano zimene nthaŵi zambiri zimagwiritsa ntchito pa moyo wa tsiku ndi tsiku.

Satellite ya NASA youlutsa dziko lapansi imapereka chidziŵitso chowopsa ponena za kusintha kwa nyengo, kusintha kwa nyengo, ndi masoka achilengedwe. Kufufuza kwa bungwelo kumathandizira ku luntha la sayansi ndi luso la zopangapanga pamene kuli kwakuti kusonkhezera mibadwo yatsopano kulondola ntchito za sayansi ndi uinjiniya.

Maboma Oona za Chitetezo cha Anthu

Bungwe la SSA limapereka chithandizo cha anthu opuma pantchito, opunduka, ndi opulumuka, zomwe zimapatsa moyo chuma kwa anthu mamiliyoni makumi ambiri a ku America.

Anthu ambiri a ku America amaona kuti ndalama zimene amapeza pogwira ntchitoyi ndi zochokera ku boma.

Central Intelligence Agency

Bungweli limafufuza zinthu zokhudza mayiko ena zimene zingawononge chitetezo cha dzikolo.

Ngakhale kuti ntchito zambiri za bungwe la CIA zidakali m’gulu la anthu, bungweli limathandiza kwambiri kuteteza dziko mwa kuchenjeza mwamsanga za kuopsa kwa dziko, kuchirikiza ntchito za asilikali, ndiponso kuthandiza okonza malamulo kumvetsa zinthu zovuta kwambiri padziko lonse.

Maboma Ena Ofunika Odziimira

Federal Reserve System imayang’anira zandalama ndipo imalamulira mabanki kuti alimbikitse kukhazikika ndi chitukuko.

Bungwe la America lotchedwa Small Business Administration limathandiza anthu amalonda kuyamba ndi kukulitsa mabizinesi kudzera m’maprogramu a ngongole, kupereka malangizo, ndi kutulukira chithandizo.

Kupenda ndi Kulinganiza: Mmene Nthambi Yoyang’anira Imagwirizanirana ndi Nthambi Zina

Konsichushoni imakhazikitsa njira yopimira ndi kulinganiza kuti iletse nthambi imodzi iriyonse ya boma kukhala yamphamvu kwambiri.

Kufufuza Malamulo pa Ulamuliro Waukulu

Komabe, Nyumba ya Malamulo ikhoza kuchotsapo lamulo la pulezidenti ndi voti ya makampani awiri mwa magawo atatu m’nyumba ndi Nyumba ya Malamulo, kutsimikizira kuti bungwe lokhazikitsa malamulo likhale ndi ulamuliro woposa wa kupanga malamulo.

Nyumba ya boma ikuvomereza kapena kukana maulamuliro a pulezidenti. Mphamvu imeneyi imapatsa mphamvu yaikulu ku Nyumba ya Malamulo pa amene amatsogolera madipatimenti a akuluakulu ndi mabungwe, amatumikira pa benchi ya boma, ndipo amaimira United States kunja kwa dziko.

Ngakhale kuti ntchito yokhudzana ndi malamulo siichitikachitikachitikachitika kaŵirikaŵiri, imasonyeza kuti Prezidenti wa boma ali ndi mlandu wokhudzana ndi zinthu zoipa zimene anachita.

Mabungwe otsogolera sangawononge ndalama pokhapokha ngati Congress ikufuna, kupatsa nyumba yokhazikitsa malamulo mphamvu yaikulu kuposa ntchito ya nthambi ndi ntchito.

Woweruza Afufuza Mphamvu ya Ukulu

Makhoti a Federal angafufuzenso machitidwe a akuluakulu ndi malamulo a mabungwe kuti atsimikizire kuti akugwirizana ndi malamulo a m’Bungwe la Malamulo ndi malamulo.

Oweruza akamapereka malamulo kapena akamapanga zosankha zokhudza anthu, amatsutsa zimene mabungwe a boma amachita, kugwiritsa ntchito malamulo awo, ndiponso kuweruza motsatira mfundo zawo.

Akuluakulu Afufuza pa Nthambi Zina

Ulamuliro umenewu umathandiza Pulezidenti kukhazikitsa malamulo ndi mmene malamulo amatanthauzidwira ndi kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa mibadwomibadwo.

Mphamvu ya Pulezidenti imapereka chisonkhezero chachikulu pa nthambi ya akuluakulu a boma. Pamene kuli kwakuti Nyumba ya Malamulo ingagonjetse mavetoe, magawo aŵiri mwa atatu a anthu ofunikirawo amapanga zimenezi kukhala zovuta, kupatsa Pulezidenti mphamvu yokwanira pokambirana malamulo.

Mwa malamulo a akuluakulu ndi zochita za boma, Prezidenti angasonkhezere kukhazikitsidwa kwa malamulo ngakhale pamene Nyumba ya Malamulo sikufuna kapena singathe kukhazikitsa malamulo atsopano.

Mmene Maboma Aakulu Amapangira ndi Kukhazikitsa Malamulo Okakamiza

Mabungwe a boma ndi mbali ya nthambi ya boma la United States, ndipo ndi njira zimene boma limagwiritsira ntchito pokhazikitsa malamulo.

Antchito a boma anapangidwa kuti ayang’anire mafakitale, ntchito, kapena zochita zimene zimafuna kuyang’anira kapena luso lapadera, mwachitsanzo, bungwe la Internal Revenue Service, Homeland Security, ndi National Institutes of Health.

Ntchito Yolamulira

Mabungwe akapanga malamulo atsopano, iwo amatsatira njira zokhazikitsidwa ndi bungwe loona za malamulo a boma. Mabungwe a boma ayenera kufalitsa malamulo amene aperekedwa, kulola anthu kuyankha, kuganizira zimene anena, ndi kufotokoza zimene asankha.

Malamulo otsimikiziridwa afalitsidwa mu Federal Register, chofalitsidwa cha tsiku ndi tsiku cha malamulo a boma ndi chidziŵitso. Pambuyo pa kulingalira ndemanga zapoyera, mabungwe amafalitsa malamulo omalizira amene ali ndi mphamvu ya lamulo. Malamulo ameneŵa kenaka amaikidwa m’Malamulo a Federal Regial, olinganizidwa ndi nkhani.

Nzika, mabizinesi, ndi mabungwe angapereke ndemanga pa malamulo olingaliridwa, kupereka chidziŵitso, kukweza nkhaŵa, ndi kupereka malingaliro ena. Makampani ayenera kulingalira ndemanga zimenezi ndi kuchitapo kanthu pa nkhani zofunika kwambiri zimene zadzutsidwa.

Kukakamiza ndi Kulimbikitsa

Mabungwe ena amafufuza kuti atsimikizire kuti atsatira malamulo a chitetezo kapena a malo okhala.

Mabungwe ambiri amaperekanso chitsogozo kuthandiza mabungwe otsogozedwa kumvetsa ndi kutsatira zofunika. Chitsogozo chimenechi chingatenge mtundu wa mabuku a mabuku, mafunso kaŵirikaŵiri, malingaliro osonkhezera, kapena chithandizo chaukatswiri. Mwa kuthandiza mabungwe kugwirizana ndi maulamuliro mwaufulu, mabungwe angafikire zolinga zawo zadongosolo bwino lomwe.

Nzika Igwirizana ndi Nthambi Yotsogolera

Kumvetsetsa mmene mungachitire zinthu mogwira mtima ndi mabungwe akuluakulu kungathandize nzika za ku America kupeza mautumiki, kusonkhezera maulamuliro, ndi kuŵerengera boma.

Kupeza Mautumiki a Boma

Mabungwe akuluakulu amapereka mautumiki osaŵerengeka kwa nzika. Anthu amafunsira mapindu a Social Security, Medicas perse, mapindu a ophunzira akale, ngongole za malonda, ndi maprogramu ena ambiri. Iwo amapeza mapasipoti, mafamu a msonkho, ndi kufunafuna chithandizo pa masoka.

Mabungwe ambiri tsopano amapereka mautumiki amene amakupangitsa kukhala kosavuta kufunsira phindu, kuyang'ana za malo ofunsira, ndi chidziŵitso chakupezeka. Ma Website onga USA.gov [1] amatumikira monga malo a pa mautumiki a boma, kuthandiza nzika kupeza chidziŵitso ndi chithandizo chimene zimafunikira.

Kutenga Nawo Ntchito Yotsogolera

Nzika zingasonkhezere malamulo a bungwe mwa kupereka ndemanga pa malamulo operekedwa. Webusaiti .gov imapereka pulatifomu yoyenerera yopezera malamulo operekedwa ndi ndemanga zopereka. Ndemanga zolingalira zimene zimapereka chidziŵitso, kufotokoza ziyambukiro, kapena kuyerekeza njira zina zingayambukire malamulo omalizira.

Mabungwe ambiri amathandiza anthu kumvetsera nkhani zawo komanso kukambirana nawo pa misonkhano yawo popanga malamulo akuluakulu kapena popanga zosankha zikuluzikulu.

Kufunafuna Chidziŵitso ndi Thandizo

Freedom of Information Act imapatsa nzika ufulu wa kupempha mafashoni kuchokera ku mabungwe a boma. Pamene kuli kwakuti chidziŵitso china sichimaperekedwa kaamba ka kubisika, chisungiko cha dziko, kapena zifukwa zina, FAIA imapereka chiŵiya chofunika kaamba ka kuwonekera ndi kuŵerengera kwa boma.

Anthu akasemphana maganizo ndi mabungwe a boma, amafunika kupempha thandizo kwa anthu amene amawasankha kuti aziimira m’mabungwe a boma.

Mabungwe ambiri ali ndi anthu kapena maofesi othandiza anthu ogula zinthu kuti athetse mavuto ndiponso kudandaula.

Ofesi Yoyang’anira ya Pulezidenti

Ofesi Yoyang’anira ya Pulezidenti (EOP) ndi ya anthu ogwira ntchito pafupi ndi pulezidenti, limodzi ndi mabungwe monga Office of Management and Baccounting (Ofesi Yoyang’anira Ntchito ya Ufulu Wolamulira) ndi Ofesi ya United States Trade Administration.

Ofesi ya Kusamalira ndi Kulinganiza Ndalama

OMB amathandiza Pulezidenti kukonza bajeti ya boma, imene Prezidenti amaipereka ku Nyumba ya Malamulo chaka chilichonse.

OMB inapendanso malamulo operekedwa otsimikizira kuti iwo amayendera limodzi ndi malo oyamba a pulezidenti ndi kukwaniritsa miyezo ya mtengo wokwera mtengo. Kupenda kumeneku kumachititsa White House kukhala ndi mphamvu yaikulu pa kukhazikitsa mabungwe.

Bungwe la Chisungiko la National Security Council

Bungwe la NSC limalangiza Pulezidenti za chitetezo cha dziko ndi nkhani za boma lachilendo. Bungweli limasonkhanitsa pamodzi akuluakulu a pulezidenti otsogolera pa nkhani za kuteteza, luntha, ndi mayanjano kuti agwirizane ndi malamulo ndi kuthetsa mavuto.

National Security Advisor, yemwe amatsogolera antchito a NSC, akutumikira monga mmodzi wa oimira pulezidenti apafupi kwambiri pa nkhani za dziko lonse. NSC imagwirizanitsa malamulo m'madipatimenti ndi mabungwe osiyanasiyana oloŵetsedwa m'chisungiko cha dziko.

Bungwe Loyang’anira Zachuma

CEA imapatsa pulezidenti masinthidwe a zachuma ndi malangizo. Akatswiri a zachuma a bungweli amafufuza mmene chuma chikuyendera, amafufuza mfundo za boma, ndiponso amathandiza kukonza njira zachuma za boma.

CEA imatulutsa lipoti la Economic Report ya Pulezidenti, limene limapenda mikhalidwe ya zachuma ndi kulongosola malamulo a boma a zachuma. Lipotili limapereka chidziŵitso chopindulitsa ponena za kalingaliridwe ka zachuma ndi zinthu zofunika kwambiri.

Maofesi Ena a EOP

Bungwe loona za malo okhala ndi malo okhala likulangiza Office of Science and Technology Policy pankhani za sayansi ndi za tekinoloji. Bungwe loona za malo okhala likuyang'anira malamulo a malo okhala.

Ofesi ya White House imaphatikizapo oimira a pulezidenti apafupi kwambiri ndi ogwira ntchito omwe amayang'anira nkhani za kulankhulana, malamulo, njira za ndale, ndi ntchito zina. Mamembala ameneŵa amathandiza Pulezidenti kuika zinthu zofunika patsogolo, kulankhula ndi anthu, ndi kugwira ntchito ndi Congress.

Mavuto Oyang’anizana ndi Nthambi Yauyang’aniro Yamakono

Kumvetsa mavuto amenewa kumathandiza nzika kuzindikira kuti boma likuchita zinthu mocholoŵana komanso kuti n’kofunika kuti zinthu zisinthebe.

Kuyang’anira Uyang’aniro Waukulu wa Usilikali

Kuthandiza mabungwe kuti azigwira ntchito limodzi bwino, kuti asamakope makope, ndiponso kuti aziuzana nkhani, kumafuna chisamaliro ndi khama.

Atsogoleri a boma amavutika kwambiri kuti alamulire boma ndipo amaonetsetsa kuti mabungwe a boma azichita zinthu zofunika kwambiri.

Kutengera Njira za Luso

Zipangizo zamakono zimapangitsa kuti ofesi ya nthambi ikhale ndi zinthu zambiri zothandiza pa ntchitoyi komanso zingachititse kuti boma liziyenda bwino.

Makampani a boma amafunika kuteteza zinthu zimene anthu akudziwa kuti zikhoza kuwonongeka pa Intaneti komanso kuti anthu azidziwa zinthu zoyenera.

Kukhulupirira Anthu

Kudalirana kwa anthu kwachepa m’zaka makumi angapo zapitazi.

Kuyesa kugwiritsa ntchito njira zothandizira kuwonana, kupima kuseŵera, ndi kuwongolera njira zogwirira ntchito kwa makasitomala kungathandize kubwezeretsa chidaliro.

Kuthetsa Mavuto Ovuta Kuwathetsa

Mavuto ambiri masiku ano ovuta kwambiri . Kusintha kwa zinthu pa Intaneti, kuchuluka kwa anthu ovutika, kukonzekera, kusalingana kwa zachuma . Kugwirizana kwa mautumiki osiyanasiyana ndi m'mayiko osiyanasiyana. Mabungwe a kayendetsedwe ka gulu ndi zochita za anthu sizingakwanire kuthetsa mavuto ovutawa, ogwirizana.

Makampani amafunika kupeza njira zothandizira kwambiri, kugawana chidziŵitso ndi chuma, ndi kupanga njira zoyendera.

Tsogolo la Utumiki Wanthambi Wotsogolera

Pamene chitaganya cha America chisintha, nthambi yoyang’anira iyenera kuzoloŵera kukwaniritsa zosoŵa ndi ziyembekezo zosintha.

Maboma Ogwiritsa Ntchito Makompyuta

Anthu ambiri amafuna kuti azigwiritsa ntchito Intaneti pokambirana ndi boma, monga mmene amachitira ndi makampani ndiponso mabungwe ena.

Makompyuta angathandize kuti boma lizipezeka mosavuta, makamaka kwa anthu olumala kapena amene amakhala kumadera akutali.

Kupanga Chosankha Chofunika Kwambiri cha Chidziŵitso

Makampani akugwiritsira ntchito kwambiri chidziŵitso ndi zopinga kuwongolera kupanga zosankha, ziŵiya zofunkha bwinopo, ndi zotulukapo. Kuchokera ku kuneneratu za kubuka kwa matenda ndi kudziŵikitsa chinyengo ndi kupenda pulogalamu yachipambano, kufufuza chidziŵitso kungathandize mabungwe kukonza bwino ndi kukwaniritsa zotulukapo zabwino.

Komabe, kugwiritsira ntchito bwino chidziŵitso kumafuna kutetezera malo achinsinsi, kutsimikizira kuti chidziŵitso nchodalirika, ndi kupanga mphamvu ya kupenda zinthu.

Kulamulira Kothandiza Kwambiri

Nthambi ya boma ikuyambitsa njira zatsopano zogwirira ntchito ndi maboma, anthu ogwirira ntchito paokha, mabungwe osakhala amalonda, ndiponso anthu a m’deralo kuti athetse mavuto.

Njira zogwirizana zimenezi zingagwiritsirire ntchito maluso ndi zipangizo zosiyanasiyana, kuchirikiza kwambiri njira zothetsera vutolo, ndi kukwaniritsa zotsatira zimene palibe munthu aliyense amene angakwanitse. Zimafuna maluso atsopano, zochita, ndi ziganizo zosumikidwa pa kugwirizana mmalo mwa kulamulira kwapamwamba.

Kupita Patsogolo kwa Ntchito

Kukopa anthu aluso kuti agwire ntchito za boma pa ntchito za boma kumafuna kulipira ndalama zopikisana, ntchito yabwino, ntchito yothandiza anthu pantchito, ndiponso ntchito zamakono.

Makampani akuyesetsa kukonza anthu osiyanasiyana kuti agwire ntchito ngati mmene amachitira m’madera amene amatumikira, ndipo akukonza njira zatsopano zopezera antchito, kuwaphunzitsa, ndi kuwasunga ndi luso lowapezera ntchito m’madera monga kusoŵa chitetezo pa Intaneti, sayansi yofalitsa zinthu, ndi makompyuta.

Kumaliza: Mbali Yofunika ya Nthambi Yoyang’anira

Kuchotsapo kutetezera dziko ku chisungiko cha chakudya ndi kutetezera chakudya, kuchokera ku kupereka chisamaliro chaumoyo kufikira ku kuyang’anira malo onse, kuyambira kuyang’anira misika ya zachuma kufikira ku kuchitapo kanthu pa masoka, mabungwe akuluakulu a chitaganya cha Amereka amakhudza mbali iliyonse ya chitaganya.

Kumvetsetsa mmene nthambi ya akuluakulu imagwirira ntchito, mphamvu, mathayo, ndi zolephera, kumathandiza nzikazo kukhala zogwira ntchito bwinopo ndi boma lawo. Ngati zifunsira mapindu, kufotokoza pa malamulo, kufuna chithandizo, kapena kungodziŵa, nzika zimene zimamvetsetsa nthambi yaikulu zingapereke chichilikizo chabwinopo kaamba ka zikondwerero zawo ndi kukhala ndi mlandu wa boma.

Nthambi yaikulu imakumana ndi mavuto aakulu potumikira anthu osiyanasiyana ndiponso ovuta.

Tonsefe tili ndi mlingo wotsimikizira kuti nthambi yaikulu ikugwira ntchito bwino ndi kuthandizira anthu.

Kuti mudziwe zambiri zokhudza nthambi ya akuluakulu a boma ndi mmene mungapezere mautumiki a boma, chezerani USA.gov , wotsogolera wa boma ku madipatimenti ndi mautumiki ena. Kuphunzira zambiri zokhudza madipatimenti ndi mabungwe ena, kufufuza mawebusaiti awo kapena kuonana ndi United States Government Manual , buku lovomerezeka la boma.