Table of Contents

Makonzedwe a dongosolo losankhira zinthu amaimira chimodzi cha zosankha zazikulu zimene demokrase ingapange. Kutali ndi kukhala tsatanetsatane wamba wa luso, malamulo olamulira mmene mavoti amatembenuzira m'mipando amaumba mkhalidwe wa mpikisano wa ndale zadziko, khalidwe la zipani ndi okonzekera, mtundu wa kuimira, ndipo potsirizira pake kaya dongosolo la ndale zadziko la kulinganizika kapena kutengeka maganizo. Kumvetsetsa zimenezi nkofunika kwa aliyense wodera nkhaŵa za thanzi ndi kukhazikika kwa ulamuliro wa demokrase.

Kumvetsa Madongosolo a Zandale: Maziko a Mpikisano wa Democratic

Madongosolo a zandale ndiwo njira zimene zimasandutsa nzika kuvota kukhala mipando yalamulo ndi mphamvu za ndale zadziko. Pamene kuli kwakuti zingaoneke kukhala njira zauyang’aniro zosaloŵerera, madongosolo ameneŵa amapanga zisonkhezero zamphamvu zimene zimaumba mkupiti wa ndale zadziko, mmene magulu amalinganizidwira, ndi mmene nkhondo za ndale zadziko zimalinganizidwira pakati pa chitaganya. Kusankha dongosolo losankha kumakhudza chilichonse kuyambira pa chiŵerengero cha magulu a ndale zadziko otchuka kufika pa mlingo wa kugaŵanitsa dziko m’nkhani yapoyera.

Pakatikati pake, madongosolo a voti angamvedwe ku mbali zosiyanasiyana kuchokera ku magawo a ang'onoang'ono mpaka amodzi. Madongosolo a Mairitarianism, odziŵikanso monga opambana kapena madongosolo a zidindo oyambirira, amagaŵa maiko kukhala zigawo kumene andale zadziko amapikisana ndi mipando ya munthu mmodzi, ndi wosankhidwa kulandira chivoti chachikulu koposa akupambana pa chisankho ndi kuimira chigawo. Mosiyana, madongosolo oimira a maodaleshoni amavotera nzika za magulu andale mmalo mwa ofunsira, ndi mipando yoikidwa m'khomo yogawa gawo [1] Mokwanira, gulu la olandira 23% a mavoti a dziko lonselo angapezemo pafupifupi 23% a mipando.

Pakati pa mitengo iŵiriyi pali njira zosiyanasiyana zophatikizapo zimene zimayesa kulinganiza ubwino wa njira zonse ziŵiri. Zosankha zapadera zopangidwa zimaikidwa m'madongosolo osandutsa zinthu ndi magetsi .Didicion, magoti a voti, malo osungiramo, ndi malo okhala, zimagawidwa mosiyanasiyana.

Madongosolo a Oyendetsa Ntchito: Chigwirizano ndi Zisonkhezero Zandale

Madongosolo a alonga, makamaka makonzedwe a zipilala zoyambirira, akupitirizabe kukhala ofala m'maiko ndi choloŵa cha atsamunda a Briteni, kuphatikizapo United States, United Kingdom, Canada, ndi India. Madongosolo ameneŵa ali ndi mikhalidwe yolongosola imene imakhudza kwambiri makhalidwe a ndale zadziko ndi mpikisano wa zipani.

Zigawo za M’munsi Mwamodzi ndi Zithunzi za Geographic

Mabungwe amodzi amapanga kugwirizana kwachindunji pakati pa ovota ndi woimira wawo, ndi chigawo chilichonse chosankha woimira mmodzi. Kugwirizana kumeneku kwa malo kumatchulidwa monga phindu lalikulu la madongosolo aakulu, monga momwe oimira akudziŵa kuti ndani kwenikweni amene amawaimira ndipo angasumikire munthu woteroyo kaamba ka ntchito yawo mu ofesi.

Komabe, kapangidwe kameneka kamachititsanso kupotoza zinthu moonekera bwino. Wopambanayo amatenga mfundo zonse zachikhalidwe amatanthauza wosankhayo ndi mavoti ambiri akupambana pampando wonse, pamene mavoti ena onse ali otchuka kwambiri "adada," kutsogolera ku mikhalidwe imene gulu la anthu lopambana 49% la mavoti sapeza kanthu pamene gulu la anthu 51% lichita chilichonse. M’zochitachita, opambana kaŵirikaŵiri amakhala ndi mipando yotetezeka ndi mavoti ocheperapo poyerekezera ndi ambiri pamene opikisanawo ambiri.

Lamulo la Duverger ndi Kulemba Malamulo Aŵiri

Mkupita kwa nthaŵi, madongosolo a akulu amalimbikitsa zipani zazikulu ndi kutsendereza zazing'ono, chinthu chodziŵika monga Lamulo la Duverger, chimene chimafotokoza chifukwa chake maiko onga UK ndi USA ali ndi madongosolo aŵiri apadera. Kugwirizanitsa kumeneku kumachitika chifukwa chakuti ovota m'zigawo chimodzi amayang'anizana ndi zisonkhezero zolimba za kupeŵa "kusankha" ofunsira popanda mwaŵi wa kupambana, kuwatsogolera iwo ku ku ziŵiya ziŵiri zopindulitsa koposa.

Kulamulira kwa mbali ziŵiri kumayambukira kwambiri kulinganizika kwa ndale zadziko ndi kutengeka maganizo. Kagulu kaŵiri kachipembedzo kamalola magulu opambanitsa kugwira chipani chimodzi kapena zonse ziŵiri zazikulu, popeza kuti atsogoleri a chipani sangathe kusiyanitsa ndi kukana kugwira ntchito ndi ziŵalo zimene zikukula kwambiri monga momwe zingachitire m’dongosolo lamitundu yosiyanasiyana, ndipo osankhawo akapanda kutengerapo mwayi, amamamatira ku zipani zawo ngakhale pamene zikukhala zopambanitsa, zikumachititsa kusokonezeka, kuwopsezana, ndi kuchirikiza kutha kwa democracy.

Kupotoza ndi Kutha kwa Ukulu Wake

Ngakhale popanda zipani zosintha malire a chigawo kaamba ka phindu la ndale zadziko, madongosolo a akulu angatsogolere ku kuimira kwa madongosolo owonjezereka kwa zipani zina mwakuwononga ena mwachitsanzo, nkotheka kwa chipani kupambana pa mapale oposa 50% okha ndi 25% okha a mavoti ngati osankha a gulu lotsutsawo ali ogwirizana m'zigawo 100%. Kulephera kwakukulu kumeneku kwa kuimira kwakhala kofala m'madongosolo amakono a zaumoyo.

Madongosolo a Electoral mwinamwake ndiwo oimira a kagulu kang'ono ka m'mitundu, ndi malamulo ogwirizana oimira kagulu kochepa pamene malamulo aakulu amaletsa ndi kuchotsapo magulu aang'ono. M'madongosolo aakulu, aang'ono ayenera kusumikidwa m'deralo kusankhira wosankha kapena kuyembekezera kuti ambiri agaŵanitse mavoti awo, kupanga zopinga zazikulu ku kuimira kosiyanasiyana.

Malo Oimira: Kupanga ndi Ziyambukiro za Democratic

Madongosolo a kuimira a m’dziko akugwira ntchito pa malamulo osiyana kwambiri kuposa makonzedwe a zaumoyo, okhala ndi ziyambukiro zosiyana pa ndale zadziko zopambanitsa ndi kulinganizika. Madongosolo ameneŵa amatsimikizira kuti kupangidwa kwa nyumba yopanga malamulo kumasonyeza kusiyanasiyana kwa zosankha pa voti pa sankho.

Malo a Mitengo Yosiyanasiyana ndi Baibulo Lomasuliridwa Mochititsa Chidwi

Madongosolo a Proportigalamu amagwiritsira ntchito zigawo zambiri kuti asankhire oimira ndi kugawa mipando ndi chipani mwachitsanzo, m'chigawo cha zigawo khumi, chipani chimene chimapambana 20 peresenti ya mavoti chikalandira pafupifupi mipando iŵiri. Kusiyana kwakukulu koposa m'madongosolo a mlingo ndi chigawo. M'chigawo cha mbali zitatu, gulu lingafunikire pafupifupi kota ya voti (plus imodzi) kuti lipambane mpando, pamene kuli kwakuti m’chigawo cha zigawo khumi, gulu lingafunikire pafupifupi 9 peresenti ya voti.

Mabungwe ameneŵa amasintha kwambiri zisonkhezero zimene zimagwirizana ndi maphwando ndi okonzekera. Mmalo mofuna kupambana m'malo osiyanasiyana a malo, anthu angapeze chizindikiro mwa kumanga machirikizo kudutsa dera lalikulu. Mavoti ena nthaŵi zonse amathandiza gulu la anthu kupata mipando ina, kuchotsa vuto la "kuvota kwa osankhidwa" limene limakantha madongosolo a zaka zaunyinji.

Mabungwe Osiyanasiyana ndi Kudalirana

Kusiyana pakati pa madongosolo osanthula zinthu kumasonkhezeredwa kwakukulukulu ndi kukhalapo ndi kugwirizana kwa zipani zokhala ndi moyo m’madongosolo olinganiza kwambiri. Mmalo mwa kukakamiza mpikisano wa ndale zadziko kukhala mbali ziŵiri, madongosolo a kulinganiza amalola magulu ambiri kuimira mapangano osiyanasiyana ndi malo a malingaliro kupeza nduna za malamulo.

Kufufuza kwaposachedwapa kwapeza kuti maboma ambiri amagwirizana ndi adani ochepa osatha ndiponso ogwirizana nthaŵi zina, monga gulu logwirizana ndi kugaŵana zinthu zabwino ndi kuuzana zinthu zabwino, kulolerana pa malamulo, ndi kuvotera anzawo mogwirizana, kuvomereza kuti ali ndi makhalidwe abwino. Zimenezi zimayambitsa zimene ofufuza amatcha "chiwonjezeko chokopa" chimene chimachepetsa udani wa anthu ogwirizana kwa nthaŵi yaitali.

Voters ali ndi malingaliro abwino kwambiri ponena za zipani zina zimene kale zinali mbali ya gulu logwirizana limodzimodzilo kapena chitsutso cha mtundu wopezeka m'maiko a PR, ndipo malingaliro abwino ameneŵa amapirira ngakhale pambuyo pa kusakhalako kwa gulu logwirizana. Zimenezi nzosiyana kwambiri ndi udani womawonjezereka waudani waukali wa madongosolo aŵiri ankhondo.

Kusinthasintha kwa Njira Zogwirira Ntchito

Madongosolo a proportation amabwera m'mitundu yambiri, popanda maiko aŵiri omwe amagwiritsa ntchito njira imodzi, ndi madongosolo akusintha. Kusinthasintha kofala kumaphatikizapo madongosolo a zipani ( kumene osankha amene ali ndi mpambo wa osankhidwa) madongosolo osanganikirana (kuphatikiza madera amodzi ndi ndandanda yoikika yolinganiza), ndi madongosolo ovota okha (kwa anthu osankhidwa pa malo apadera).

Kupanga kuli ndi ma projekiti monga ngati mavoti aakulu ofunikira kuti anthu apeze chizindikiro cha oimira . Kugawikana kwapadera kumakhudza zotsatira zake. Kugawidwa kwa gulu koma kungachotsepo timagulu tating'ono tating'ono. Kusankha pakati pa mpambo wotseguka (kumene osankha angasonkhezere osankhidwa kuchokera ku gulu) ndi mademokrase otsekedwa (kumene atsogoleri a gulu amasankha) ndi mandandanda otsekera) amene amayambukira kuŵerengera ndi demokrase ya mkati mwa gulu.

Njira Zosiyanasiyana Zothandiza: Kulinganiza Makhalidwe Osiyanasiyana

Pozindikira kuti madongosolo onse aŵiri a dongosolo la malamulo ndi la kulinganiza ali ndi mapindu ndi kuipa kosiyana, mademokrase ambiri atengera madongosolo osanganikirana kapena ophatikizana amene amayesa kukopa mapindu a zonse ziŵirizo pamene akuchepetsa zofooka zawo.

Njira Zolumikiza

Mpangidwe wofala kwambiri wa dongosolo losanganizidwa ndi woimira wosanganizidwa ndi mbali zosiyanasiyana (MMP) wogwiritsiridwa ntchito mwapadera ku Germany ndi New Zealand. M'madongosolo ameneŵa, voti aliyense ali ndi mavoti aŵiri: mmodzi wa woimira m'chigawo chake, ndipo wina wa chipani. Mavoti amene gulu limalandira amasankha chiŵerengero chonse cha mipando imene limaloŵa m'khoti, kupanga dongosololo kukhala lolinganiza, ndipo pambuyo popanga chiŵerengero cha mipando yachigawo yopezedwa ndi ofunsira a m'gulu lililonse, magawo akudzaza ndi mandandanda awo kuti afike pamlingo wawo wonse.

New Zealand inasintha chigawo chimodzi kuchoka ku chigawo chimodzi kufika ku MMP mu 1996 chifukwa cha kusakhutira ndi zotsatirapo zosayerekezereka za dongosolo lawo lovota la m'mbiri, kumene osankha amatulukapo pamene gulu limodzi lingapambane mavoti ochepa koma mipando yambiri m'nyumba ya malamulo. Kukonzansoko kwaonedwa mofala kukhala kopambana kukonza zotulukapo zoimira pamene kuli kwakuti kukusunga kugwirizana kogwirizana ndi boma.

Madongosolo Ogwirizana ndi Mbali ya Mbali Zina

Maiko ena amagwiritsira ntchito madongosolo ofanana kumene maelementi a maalumikizano ndi a chigawo amayendera okha mmalo mwa kugwirizana mwa njira za pulogalamu ya magetsi. M'madongosolo ameneŵa, mipando ina imagawidwa ku chigawo chimodzi pamene ena amagawidwa molingana, koma mipando yolinganiza siithandiza kusiyanitsa kwa zinthu m'chigawo. Zimenezi zimatulutsa zotsatira zimene zili zogwirizana kwambiri kuposa njira zokhala ndi madongosolo a ma tribitation oyenerera koma zochepera pa madongosolo owona a MMP.

Makompyuta a PR angaphatikizepo mbali zazikulu monga chisonkhezero chopatsirana, koma kupenda mikhalidwe imene mbali zazikulu za maufumu zingakhudze ndi kuthandiza boma lopambanitsa kuvumbula kufunika kwa kugwirizana. Maupandu onga Poland (2015), Hungary (2014, ndi Greece (2015) amaphatikizapo mbali zazikulu za mapulogalamu apamwamba, madera amodzi, ndi mipando yapamwamba. Zitsanzo zimenezi zikusonyeza kuti madongosolo osanganizidwa osapangidwa bwino nthaŵi zina angatulutse zotulukapo zocheperapo kusiyana ndi dongosolo loyera.

Madongosolo a Zandale ndi Kusintha kwa Zandale: Umboni Wochititsa Chidwi

Kufufuza kochuluka koyerekezera kwapenda kugwirizana pakati pa dongosolo losankhira ndi kugawana kwa ndale zadziko, ndi zopezedwa zowonekera bwino kwambiri ponena za mmene madongosolo amaumbitsira ukulu ndi mkhalidwe wa mkangano wa otsendereza.

Kusonkhezera Kulingalira ndi Malamulo Ochititsa Chidwi

Kuyambukira kugawana kwa dziko , potsutsana ndi kusagwirizana ndi, otsutsa auvel , amawonjezera m'maiko ndi madongosolo onse opambana ndi kutsika ndi ena olingana. Kusintha kwa nthaka kwakula m'maiko ndi madongosolo osankhidwa aakulu monga United States. Mpangidwe umenewu wa kutha kwa dziko ndi wowononga kwambiri chifukwa umafooketsa kulolerana ndi kuleza mtima kofunikira pa kukhazikika kwa demokrase.

Kufufuza kwina kwa mademokrase asanu ndi anayi Kumadzulo kwa anapeza kuti madongosolo opambana opambana "agwirizana ndi malingaliro oipa kwambiri kwa anthu kulinga ku zipani zotsutsana," pamene kuli kwakuti "madongosolo a maprojekiti amagwirizanitsidwa ndi chiyambukiro chabwino. Kufufuza kumasonyeza kuti "pambuyo pa" sakonda kwambiri monga ntchito ya kulinganiza. Madongosolo ochititsa kusiyana kumeneku amagwirizanitsa ndi mpikisano wandale ndi mkhalidwe wa kumanga mgwirizano m’madongosolo osiyanasiyana.

Kupanga Malo Osonyeza Kaonekedwe ka Zinthu ndi Kapangidwe ka Zinthu

Kufufuza kumasonyeza kuti maiko okhala ndi madongosolo a chigawo chimodzi ndi magulu ambiri ali ndi "mipata yocheperapo ya zonse ziŵiri zozikidwa ndi kudalira kwa kuzungulira dziko lapansi. Kufufuza kwaposachedwapa kuyerekezera mademocracy kuzungulira dziko kumasonyeza kuti madongosolo aakulu onga zigawo chimodzi ali ndi "usus-ibs" kuzungulira dziko lapansi kuposa madongosolo ambiri ogwirizana monga kuimira.

Kufufuza kunapeza kuti "zochitika zoipitsitsa za kugaŵikana... zimatuluka m'madongosolo a osankhitsa aakulu amene amapanga kuimira kwakukulu kwa chipani cha anthu ambiri kapena kuchuluka kwa anthu . Malinga ndi kufufuza kwa maiko makumi atatu mphambu zisanu ndi chimodzi, pamene kutchulidwa kwa malo odziŵika "kumatokosa mowonjezereka mademocracy "ikutsutsa kwambiri mademocracy padziko lonse," awo amene ali ndi madongosolo olinganiza aufupi kwambiri amagwirizana ndi mlingo wake wotsika ndi "akufuna kuchita bwinopo kanthu," ndi zochitika zoipitsitsa zimene zikuwonekera m'madongosolo aakulu osanthula a zisankho.

Kuwononga Kagulu ndi Kusokonezeka Maganizo

Kufufuza kwa m’miyambo kumasonyeza kuti madongosolo ambiri olinganiza amathandiza kufalikira kwa malingaliro, pamene kuli kwakuti dongosolo lochepa la kulinganiza limalimbikitsa anthu kulumikizana pafupi kwambiri ndi malo osankhidwiratu. Kupeza kumeneku poyamba kungaoneke ngati kutsutsana ndi kunena kwakuti madongosolo a mlingo amalimbikitsa kulinganizika, koma unansiwo umasintha kwambiri kuposa mmene umaonekera poyamba.

Kufufuza kwa makompyuta kumagogomezera kufunika kwa malamulo a pulogalamu yapadera, pakuti kugaŵanitsa kumakhalapo m'madongosolo ndi madongosolo olinganiza kwambiri ndi magulu ambiri. Komabe, zimenezi zimatanthauza kusiyana kwa malingaliro pakati pa zigaŵenga m’dongosololi, osati kuchuluka kwa udani wakupha kapena kuwonongeka kwa demokalase. Madongosolo a proportationation amapereka mitundu yambiri ya masanganizo ndi kuchepetsa kuchepa kwa zinthu pa nkhani zosiyana ziŵiri, monga momwe masutawo angapikisane ndi nkhani zosiyana popanda kuyambitsana ndi ziwanda, popeza kuti iwo sachita kuchirikiza kwambiri maziko awo achilengedwe.

Kusiyana kwakukulu kuli pakati pa zipani zimene zili ndi malingaliro osiyana (zimene zimapangitsa kuti kugaŵikana kukhale kosavuta) ndi kukhala ndi malo a ndale odziŵika ndi kusagwirizana, kunyonyotsoka kwa demokalase, ndi kupambana mipikisano yonse (imene madongosolo aakulu a zinthu amapanga). Zoyambirirazo zimaimira kuchuluka kwa demokrase kwabwino; yomalizayi imaimira kutha kwa madera a kufupi ndi dziko.

Mmene Njira Zoyendera Zapamadzi Zimakhudzira Kutha kwa Ntchito: Makina ndi Njira

Kuti timvetse kugwirizana kwa mapulogalamu osankhira mavoti ndi andale, tiyenera kufufuza mmene mapulogalamu a boma amakhudzira khalidwe landale, njira zopangira mavoti, ndiponso mmene anthu amaonera zinthu.

Mabungwe Olimbana Aŵiri m’Madongosolo Aakulu

Dongosolo la ku America lopambana lotenga mbali zonse limagwiritsira ntchito zigawo za mbali imodzi kaamba ka Nyumba ya Oimira ndi mafuko ambiri a boma, mmene woloŵa mmodzi amapambana chigawo chirichonse, ndipo bungwe lomakula la kufufuza lipeza kuti dongosolo lino liri lokhoterera kwambiri ku chiwawa cha ndale zadziko chifukwa limakhazikitsa nkhondo ya ndale zadziko monga kaŵiri, imene imayambitsa kuyambukira kwa madera opasukira, ndi kuyambitsa "oloster" ofunitsitsa kutsutsa mwachiwawa dongosololo.

Kusinthasintha kwa magulu otere kumakhala kovuta kwambiri pamene onyanyira ayamba kuloŵerera m’gulu limodzi lokha mwa magulu akuluakulu aŵiri, pamene akukakamizika kugwiritsira ntchito magulu aakulu monga njira yopezera mphamvu zokhalira popanda njira zina, ndipo pamene madongosolo andale ambiri amakhoterera kupereka zipani zosonkhezera anthu oukira boma ndi mipando yalamulo m’chochitika choyamba, nkothekera kwambiri kuti magulu otengeka maganizo amalamulira chipani chachikulu kapena chigwirizano cha anthu ambiri, monga m’maparatidrama ambiri, otseka maganizo andale osavomerezedwa ndi magulu ena ambiri amapanga mipando yawo yokha ndi yotetezeka m’pangizo zochepa kuti apeze chithandizo chochepa.

Kugwira ntchito kumeneku nkofunika kwambiri kuti timvetsetse mmene madongosolo aakulu angasonkhezerere mosadziŵa kutengeka maganizo. Mmalo molekanitsa magulu onkitsa m’magulu aang’ono okhala ndi mphamvu zochepa, madongosolo aŵiri okakamiza opambanitsa ndi olinganiza moyenerera kuloŵa m’gulu limodzi, kumene otsendereza angagwiritsire ntchito masankho aakulu ndi njira za zipani kuti apeze chisonkhezero chosatha.

Nyumba Zomanga Zamtengo ndi Zofunika

Ofufuza akusonyeza njira yokhazikitsa "cordon saniitaire" .replany yogwirizana ndi zipani zowopsya kuti atsutse kuti asakhale oyenerera kapena kuti apeze ulamuliro . Mwachitsanzo, kugwiritsa ntchito njira imeneyi mwa kukana kupanga mgwirizano ndi gulu la Vlaams Belang. Njira imeneyi yokhala ndi zigaŵenga ndi madongosolo osiyanasiyana kumene magulu akuluakulu ali ndi njira zoyendera pamodzi zimene sizikufuna kuti agwirizane ndi otsutsa.

Kudutsa mademokrase, magulu ambiri ayamba kutsogolera pa zoyesayesa za kulimbana ndi kusiyanitsa magulu osonkhezera, kuphatikizapo kugwirizana kwa magulu pakati pa kumanzere ndi kumanja. Kukhala ndi zipani zambiri ndi PR imalola malingaliro osiyanasiyana kuimiridwa ndi kutheketsa nyumba ya madzi yambiri imene ingathetse magaŵano aŵiri. Kusintha kumeneku kumapereka madongosolo a democracy ndi zida zothandizira kuyankha mavuto aakulu omwe sapezeka m'magawo aŵiri ovuta.

Kuvomereza kwa Olephera ndi Kulamulira Kwadongosolo

Kuimira kwa lamulo kungalimbitse chivomerezo cha "olemba," kapena kufunitsitsa kwa awo amene amataya chisankho kuvomereza kutaikiridwa kwawo ndi kuvomerezedwa ndi boma losankhidwa mwademokrase, maziko a mademokrase okhazikika ndi amtendere omwe ali owopseza mu U.S., kumene gawo la oyembekezera ndi osunga maoda a masankho lakula.

Chisonyezero cha pulogalamu ya zandale chimachepetsa mphamvu ya kutaya voti mwa kupatsa olephera mphamvu zambiri m'mbali zonse za boma lawo, kulimbikitsa olephera mwachindunji mwa kuchepetsa chiŵerengero cha anthu amene amagwera mu gulu la 'loster' ndi kutsimikizira kuti tiang'ono ta ndale tili ndi mawu m’boma lawo. Zimenezi zikusiyana kwambiri ndi kupambana madongosolo onse kumene kupambana kwa osankhidwa kungatanthauze kuchotsa kotheratu pa mphamvu, kupanga zisonkhezero zamphamvu kuti apeze zotsatirapo kapena kufooketsa dongosolo lenilenilo.

Kusankha Koyambirira ndi Kugwira Ntchito ya Kuchotsa

Umboni wochirikizidwa wamphamvu wakuti osankha aakulu ngosaimira kwambiri osankha a onse; iwo ngokalamba, achuma, oyera, ndipo ali ndi mlingo wapamwamba wa chidziŵitso chandale zadziko. Kupeŵa ziyambukiro za kutsika kwa chisankho, masankho aakulu osaimira ayenera kukhala maziko aakulu a zoyesayesa za kusintha.

M'madongosolo aŵiri aakulu, masankho aakulu amakhala malo aakulu odziŵirapo amene akuimira chipani chimodzi. Pamene osankha oyambirira ali osaimira ndi otsutsa mopambanitsa kwa osankhidwa onse, zimenezi zimapanga njira ya otsutsa otsutsa kuti apatsidwe chipongwe ngakhale kuti palibe chichirikizo chachikulu. Kupanga mbali ina ya zipani zosankhidwa kungachepetse upandu wa ofuna kupambana pa chipani, komabe kumapanga mbali yotero m'chikhalidwe cha ndale zadziko chimene chakhala chogwiritsira ntchito kukonzanso kukhala ndi mphamvu yokha ya kusankha osachirikizidwa kwakukulu.

Njira Zina Zopangira Zinthu ndi Zotsatirapo Zake pa Kuchepetsa Ubongo

Kuwonjezera pa kusiyana kwakukulu pakati pa dongosolo la kuvota ndi lakulinganiza, njira zolozera zotsimikizirika m’magulu ameneŵa zingayambukire mokulira ukulu wa kulinganizika kapena kupambanitsa m’mpikisano wa ndale zadziko.

Zopangapanga Zoyenda Pamanja ndi Zopinga Zamaketi

Malamulo osankha ovota angachepetse kupondereza mwa kupereka chisonkhezero kwa ofuna kufunsira kwa wovota wa nyuzi ndi kuchepetsa ndawala yosasangalatsa. Pa avareji, RCV samasonyeza kuti akugwirizana ndi chipani chachikulu cha ndale zadziko. Mwa kulola ovota kuyang'anira anthu m’njira yosankha, madongosolo ameneŵa amachepetsa chiyambukiro cha wowononga ndi kulimbikitsa ofuna kuchirikiza wachiŵiri kwa ovota amene amakonda kukhala oloŵa m’gulu lina.

Komabe, malamulo atsopano ovota amabweretsa mavuto, kuphatikizapo ngozi yotsala yakuti woloŵa m’gulu la ofufuza nthaŵi zina angathetsedwe mwamsanga, ndi ntchito yowonjezereka yofuna kusankhira obatizidwa ambiri. Zilango zimene zimagwiritsira ntchito RCV tsopano zimasiyanasiyana kuchokera ku matauni kumka ku maiko onse, zikumapereka magwero ochulukira a kuyesera kwachilengedwe kaamba ka kupenda mlingo wosiyanasiyana wa kupenda, kulinganiza kwa kakhalidwe ka zachuma, ndi pangano.

Madongosolo apamwamba ndi Apamwamba

Maphunziro a Washington samapereka lingaliro lakuti njira yawo yaikulu Yapamwamba ndi ziŵiri yatsogolera ku kusanthula oyembekezera ocheperapo. Mmalomwake, mtundu wolonjeza kwambiri wochotsera ziyambukiro zoipa pa ziyambukiro za kuuma kwa mwambo ndi Top-Four kapena Pamwamba-5 ya maziko, pamene oyembekezera onse amathamanga m'mawu amodzi oyambirira, oyembekezera kudziŵikitsa iwo eni kukhala m'mawu apamwamba kapena osakhala a partisan, anayi kapena asanu mwa opitirapo kwenikweni panthaŵiyo kusankhidwa pa chisankho cha onse, ndi chiphunzitso chakuti woloŵa m'dziko aliyense wokhala ndi mlingo wamphamvu adzaloŵa m'choloŵamo cha chisankho, ndi RCV amene wosankhidwa ndi osankhidwa ndi osankhidwa ambiri a kagulu ka .

Madongosolo ameneŵa amayesa kuthetsa vuto la osankha aakulu osaimira mwa kutsegula mawu oyamba kwa ovota onse mosasamala kanthu za chipani, ndiyeno kugwiritsira ntchito voti yosankhidwa m’chosankha cha onse kutsimikizira kuti wopambanayo ali ndi chichirikizo chachikulu. Umboni woyambirira wa ku Alaska, umene unatsatira dongosololi, umapereka lingaliro lakuti likhozadi kutulutsa zotulukapo zabwinopo, ngakhale kuti chidziŵitso chowonjezereka chikufunika kuti chitsimikizire.

Kusankha Zochita za Pachipalepo ndi Kuchepetsa Lamulo

Kufufuza kumanena kuti madongosolo othamanga ayenera kukhala ndi oyembekezera kubadwa koma amachepetsanso chisonkhezero cha zipani zazing'ono zowopsya zoyerekezeredwa ndi masankho amodzi, ndi chiyambukiro chimenechi cha kuchepetsa lamulo pansi pa chisankho, zodalira pa mlingo umodzimodzi wa kutembenuka kwa ndale zadziko. Makampani a ku Italy pansi pa 15,000 okhala ndi nzika za kumbuyo amatengera dongosolo limodzi lozungulira, pamene kuli kwakuti dongosolo lothamanga lili pamalo apamwamba pa khomo lino, kulola ofufuza kuyerekezera zotulukapo pansi pa malamulo aŵiri osankhidwa ndi njira ya kusanthula ya kulinganiza ya Reregion Disonity Disonity Desition Desition Deltinetic ku Develoption kuzungulira chikhomo cha 155,000.

Nzeru yochititsa kugwetsa zinthu njakuti otengeka maganizo angapange ku chigawo chachiŵiri koma adzalimbana kupambana pamene ayang'anizana ndi mdani woyenerera mu mpikisano wa mutu ndi mutu, monga osankha amene osankhidwa ake anachotsedwa adzachirikiza njira yotsalira yoyenerera. Komabe, kugwira ntchito kwa njira imeneyi kumadalira pa khalidwe la wovota ndi kulinganiza kwapadera kwa mpikisano wa ndale zadziko m’nkhani iliyonse.

Kufufuza za Matenda: Njira Zoyendetsera Ntchito za Andale ndi Zotulukapo Zawo

Kupenda zochitika za dziko kumasonyeza mmene kapangidwe ka dongosolo la osankhidwa kamatembenuzira kukhala zotulukapo zenizeni za ndale zadziko, kupereka zitsanzo zenizeni za njira zoyerekezera zofotokozedwa pamwambapa.

United States: Kuchuluka Koposa kwa Maufumu

Ku United States, dongosolo la masankho limapereka malo ena ouma kwambiri padziko lonse kaamba ka ziyambukiro za demokrase za chiwawa cha ndale zadziko, monga momwe dongosolo la ku America lopambana la opanga malamulo limapangira kutha kwa dziko, kutengeka maganizo, ndi chiwawa cha ndale zadziko chikumaipitsiratu kusiyana kwa maiko okhala ndi njira zambiri zoimira. Mbali zapadera za dongosolo losankhira la U.S. zikuyanja kwambiri ndale zadziko, monga ngati kukuza pulogalamu ya gulu lina losankhidwa ndi gulu lina, kuchepetsa mphamvu ya kuvota, kufooketsa mpikisano pakati pa magulu aakulu, ndi kuletsa gulu latsopano loyenerera, pakati pa ziyambukiro zina.

GA gulu la chipani cha Republica limakhudza kwambiri kuposa kuchirikiza kwake kwenikweni m'masankho kuyenera, kupangitsa dongosolo la U.S. kukhala "kupotoka" ndi kutengera ulamuliro wa authoritarianism. Zimenezi zikusonyeza mmene madongosolo a magawo aŵiri aakulu angakulitsire chisonkhezero cha timagulu topambanitsa timene tingachepetsedwe m'madongosolo ambiri ogaŵanika.

United States ndi imodzi ya mademokrase atatu okha aakulu Kumadzulo (ndi dongosolo la pulezidenti lokha) limene limasankha opanga malamulo kupyolera m'zigawo chimodzi (woimira mmodzi pa chigawo chimodzi cha malo alionse), ndi chigawo chirichonse chikumapereka kupambana kwa mtundu wonse wa chisankho. Kudzipatula kumeneku kumathandiza kulongosola chifukwa chake mphamvu za ndale zadziko za ku America zikusintha mowonjezereka kuchokera ku njira zina za democracy zopita patsogolo.

Germany: Kupambana kwa Mitembe Yophatikiza

Dongosolo la Germany losanganizidwa ndi ziŵalo zogaŵikana, lotengedwa pambuyo pa Nkhondo Yadziko II, laonedwa kukhala lachipambano m'kupititsa patsogolo kukhazikika, kulamulira kwachikatikati pamene likutsimikizira kuimira kosiyanasiyana. Dongosolo limaphatikiza madera amodzi (amene osankha oimira a m'magawo) ndi mipando ya maphwando yogawiridwa kutsimikizira kuti akugwirizana.

Chigawo chamakono cha ku Germany cha Bundestag chimagwiritsira ntchito njira yosankhira yokulira, kuchepetsa mapwando amene amalandira kuimira kwa nyumba ya malamulo.

Chokumana nacho cha Germany chimasonyeza kuti madongosolo a kulinganiza sayenera kutsogolera ku kusakhazikika kapena kupunduka kwa boma. Maboma a Coalition atsimikizira kukhala okhoza kuchitapo kanthu motsimikiza pamene akufunikira mtundu wa kulolera ndi kumanga kulinganiza kwa malo opambanitsa. Dongosolo lachepetsa mopambana magulu otsutsa kumbuyo ndi kumanja, ngakhale kuti zaka zaposachedwapa zakhala ndi mavuto atsopano pamene gulu la Germany linakwera.

New Zealand: Kusintha Kwachipambano

Kufufuza kwa nkhani zandale mu Nyumba ya Malamulo ya New Zealand isanavomerezedwe ndi pambuyo pa kuvomerezedwa kwa PR mu 1996, kunapeza kuti udani wa otsutsa unachepa mkati mwa Nyumba ya Malamulo ndi kuimira dongosolo losankha zinthu limodzi.

Kusintha kwa New Zealand kuchokera ku dongosolo la kayendetsedwe ka makampani la Westminster kupita ku MMP kumapereka maphunziro ofunika kwambiri kwa mademokrase ena amene akulingalira za kusintha. Kusinthako kunasonkhezeredwa ndi kugwiritsidwa mwala ndi anthu ndi zotsatirapo zosadziŵika bwino ndi kusoŵa kwa kuimira kosiyanasiyana. Pambuyo pa kusintha, New Zealand inayamba dongosolo lokhazikika lokhala ndi maboma ogwirizana anthaŵi zonse amene atsimikizira kukhala okhoza kusamalira malamulo aakulu pamene akusunga malamulo a demokrase ndi chikhalidwe.

Scandinavia: Kuimira proportation and Democratic Health

Maiko ambiri a ku Ulaya amagwiritsira ntchito mtundu wina wa PR, ndipo maiko a ku Scandinavia, amene kaŵirikaŵiri ali apamwamba pa ponse paŵiri demokrase ndi chimwemwe ndi otsika kwambiri pa kugawana kwa ndale zadziko, kugwiritsira ntchito PR yoyera, ndipo pamene kuli kwakuti ichi sichimatanthauza kuti iwo alibe mikangano iriyonse kapena malingaliro onkitsa, iwo ali okhoza bwino kuwayang’anira ndi magulu ambiri kusonyeza malingaliro osiyana, ndi kukulitsa kwa madzi ambiri kuti ayambitse chichilikizo chachikulu cha zosankha zandale.

Mayiko a ku Nordic [1] Denark, Finland, Iceland, Norway, ndi Sweden . Udindo wopambana kwambiri pakati pa mademokrase a dziko lapansi pa njira zophatikizapo kupambana kwa boma, kukhazikika kwa ndale zadziko, chikhutiro cha nzika, ndi kugwirizana kwa anthu. Pamene kuli kwakuti zinthu zambiri zimathandizira pa zotsatirapo zimenezi, madongosolo awo oyeneretsa amachita mbali yaikulu m'kukhazikitsa ulamuliro wodzikira ndi kuyang'anira nkhondo zandale mopindulitsa.

Ufumu wa United Kingdom: Kusintha kwa Magazi

Bungwe la United Kingdom loyambirira lapambuyo pa ziboliboli latulutsa ndale zogaŵanika mowonjezereka m'zaka makumi angapo aposachedwapa, makamaka pa nkhani zonga Brexit. Chisankho cha 2019 chinaona kuti bungwe la Conservative Party lipambana ambiri ndi mavoti 43,6% okha a dzikolo, pamene anthu amene analandira mavoti aakulu anapindula ndi malo ochepa kwambiri kuposa amene anachirikiza.

Brexit meteredum ndi zotsatira zake zinasonyeza mmene madongosolo a zandale amavutikira kuyang'anira mikangano yandale yocholoŵana, yamitundumitundu. Kusankha pakati pa Lend ndi Says kunabisa kusiyana kwakukulu m'zosankha za chilengedwe ndi mawu a Brexit, kuthandizira ku kusagwirizana kopitirizabe kwa ndale zadziko. Dongosolo lowonjezereka lolinganiza lingakhale litatenga bwino kucholoŵana kumeneku ndi kutheketsa kulolera kugonja.

Italy: Kuyesa Zachilengedwe Posintha Zinthu

Mpaka 1993, maboma a m’boma la m’Italy anali kulamulidwa ndi dongosolo la malamulo loyera kumene nzika zinasankha kukhala ndi mpambo woimira gulu la zipani kusankha bungwe la malamulo (bungwe la mzinda) limene kenaka linaika meya ndi ofesi ya bwanamkubwa, koma chiyambire 1993, meyayo wasankhidwa mwachindunji pansi pa ulamuliro wa anthu ambiri. Kusintha kumeneku kunapereka mwaŵi kwa ofufuza kupenda ziyambukiro za malamulo osiyanasiyana a ndale zadziko pa zotulukapo za m’dziko limodzimodzilo.

Ofufuza andale amavomereza kuti kachitidwe ka zipani kamene kanachokera ku mavuto a "First Republic" kumayambiriro kwa zaka za 1990 kanapangidwa motsutsana kwambiri, ndipo Italy akuonetsa zidutswa ziŵiri zazikulu, chimodzi chapakati pa kumanzere ndi chimodzi cha pakati pa kumanja (onse aŵiri ndi avareji yogawana pakati pa 30 mpaka 35 peresenti m'masankho a dzikolo), kuphatikizapo chipani chowopsya cha kumanzere (Rifonizone Comunista, kuyambira 4 mpaka 8 peresenti) ndi chimodzi cha kumanja (Lega Nord, kuyambira 4 mpaka 10 peresenti). Italy akusonyeza mavuto aŵiri a kuyang'anira chigawo cha dziko ndi kuthekera kwa dongosolo la osankhidwa kusonkhezera za ndale zadziko.

Kulimbana kwa Mabanja: Kuganizirana Modetsa Nkhaŵa

Kugwirizana pakati pa kapangidwe ka masankho osankhidwa ndi kusemphana kwa mafuko kapena kwa magulu ampatuko ndi chimodzi mwa mbali zazikulu za kufufuza pa kapangidwe ka zinthu, zimene zimayambukira kwambiri zigawo zogaŵanika.

Njira Zothetsera Vutoli ndi Kuchepetsa Mavuto

Kufufuza maiko 138 kuyambira 1960 mpaka 1995, kuphatikizapo ziŵerengero zolingana za maiko okhala ndi dongosolo la malamulo a nyumba ya malamulo, madongosolo a malamulo olinganiza ndi dongosolo la prezidenti, ndi kupenda zochitika 68 za nkhondo yachiŵeniŵeni mkati mwa nyengo imeneyi, kunapeza kuti nkhondo zonsezi zinachitika m’madongosolo a nduna zazikulu kapena a pulezidenti, popanda dziko lokhala ndi dongosolo la malamulo lolinganiza lakhala ndi nkhondo yachiweniweni.

Kufufuza kodabwitsa kumeneku kukusonyeza kuti madongosolo a kulinganiza angakhale ofunika kwambiri poyang'anira magaŵano a mafuko ndi magulu. Madongosolo onse a winner akuwoneka kukhala osapambana poyang'anira nkhondo za atsamunda, makamaka mu "midzi yogaŵana kwambiri" monga U.S., ndipo kufufuza kunapeza kuti madongosolo ambiri osankha aunyinji amagwirizana ndi milingo yaing'ono ya chiwawa chandale za mafuko m'nkhani zapamwamba kwambiri.

Pamene mafuko kapena timagulu tating’ono ta anthu tichita zinthu mogwirizana ndi anthu, iwo safuna kugwiritsa ntchito njira zina zopititsira patsogolo zolinga zawo.

Demokrase Yachigwirizano ndi Kuchirikiza Mphamvu

M’zitaganya zogaŵikana kwambiri, kuimirana kwa maulamuliro kaŵirikaŵiri kumaphatikizidwa ndi njira zina zothandizira mphamvu m'zimene asayansi andale zadziko amatcha demokrase ya demokrase. Makonzedwe ameneŵa angaphatikizepo kutsimikizirika kwa magulu osiyanasiyana, ufulu wa kuyenderana pa nkhani zamphamvu, ndi maboma aakulu amene amaphatikizapo oimira anthu a m’madera onse aakulu.

Maiko onga Belgium, Switzerland, ndi Lebanon agwiritsira ntchito njira zosiyanasiyana za kugaŵikana kwa mafuko, zinenero, kapena chipembedzo. Pamene kuli kwakuti madongosolo ameneŵa amayang’anizana ndi mavuto awoawo — kuphatikizapo kuumirira ndi kulimba kwa gulu, ndi kulimba kwa kagulu, mwachidziŵikire iwo akhala achipambano kwambiri kuletsa nkhondo zachiwawa kuposa njira zina zoloŵa m’malo ankhondo m’nkhani zofanana.

Kuposa Kuloza Kumwamba: Zotuluka Zina Zademokrase

Ngakhale kuti nkhani ino ikunena makamaka za anthu otengeka maganizo ndiponso odzisunga, njira yosankhira zinthu imakhudza zinthu zina zofunika kwambiri zimene zimabwera chifukwa cha demokalase.

Kuloŵa M’gulu la Anthu Ofuna Kuwasamalira ndi Kugwirizana ndi Ndale

Kufufuza kosiyanasiyana kwa nkhani zosiyanasiyana kumasonyeza kuti malo amene anasintha kukhala madongosolo olinganiza zinthu amakumana ndi ovota ambiri, chifukwa cha zinthu zosiyanasiyana: ovotawo amakhoza kuvotera munthu amene akufuna popanda kuwononga malo awo ovota, kusankha pa ovota, ndipo mapwando okhala ndi zisonkhezero zolimba zosonkhezera kusonkhanitsa ovota kuti apeze mavoti owonjezereka amene amawathandiza kupambana mipando yowonjezereka.

Madongosolo a proportation amasonyeza mphamvu yapamwamba ya ndale zadziko, chidaliro cha nzika m'kukhoza kwawo kusonkhezera ndi kumvetsetsa boma, poyerekezera ndi kuchuluka ndi madongosolo aakulu. Kukhomereza kwa mphamvu kungachititse kuyenerera kwa demokalase ndi nzika kugwirizana ndi zochita za ndale zadziko.

Kuimira Kovuta Kumvetsa ndi Kosiyanasiyana

Zigawo zazing’ono_ang’ono, zandale, kapena zina, zili ndi nthaŵi yosavuta kupambana zigamulo za malamulo m’njira yogwirizana kusiyana ndi m’madongosolo a malamulo, monga momwe si magulu aang’ono chabe amene amayendera m’dongosolo lolinganiza zinthu, koma chifukwa chakuti mavoti owonjezereka amathandiza chipani kupata mipando yowonjezereka, zipani zazikulu zirinso ndi zisonkhezero za kuphatikizapo zing’onozing’ono m’ndandanda zawo za ofunsira ku gulu la ovota ochulukirapo.

Izi zimagwira ntchito ku mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya kusiyanasiyana monga kugonana, fuko, mtundu, chipembedzo, ndi mikhalidwe ina. Madongosolo a proportation okhala ndi zigawo zambiri amapanga mipata ya mamembala a mathirakiti oyenera amene amasonyeza kusiyana kwa owachirikiza, pamene kuli kwakuti zigawo za mbali imodzi zingatsogolere ku kuimira kwa ofanana kwambiri.

Kuvomereza Lamulo ndi Makonzedwe a Makonzedwe a Anthu Onse

Opanga malamulo olinganiza malamulo amalabadira kwambiri ovota ndi kupereka malamulo ogwirizana kwambiri ndi lingaliro la anthu, ndipo maiko okhala ndi dongosolo lolinganiza alinso ndi ndalama zambiri zowonongera ubwino wa anthu ndi kupereka katundu wapoyera kuposa aja okhala ndi dongosolo la malamulo (limeneli makamaka nchifukwa chakuti mwaŵi wa opanga malamulo m’dongosolo lolinganiza umadalira pa maziko a ovota ochuluka).

Malo aakulu osankhidwiratu a makampani opanga masankho amapangitsa zigamulo kulondola malamulo okhala ndi mapindu ofala mmalo mwa kulondola malamulo ochepera. Zimenezi zingatsogolere ku malamulo a chitaganya a chitaganya ndi kusungitsa chuma cha anthu onse chimene chimapindulitsa anthu onse.

Zitokoso ndi Kusuliza kwa Kuimira Kwake

Ngakhale kuti kuimira zinthu motsatira malire kuli ndi ubwino waukulu wochita zinthu monyanyira ndiponso wolimbikitsa kusamala, n’kofunika kuvomereza kuti pali zifukwa zomveka zodetsa nkhaŵa ndiponso zokhumudwitsa za madongosolo ameneŵa.

Kukhazikika kwa Boma ndi Kuchuluka kwa Zinthu

Anthu otsutsa kuimira zinthu motsatizana nthaŵi zambiri amanena kuti maboma ambiri osinthasintha amalephera ngati anthu akugwirizana.

Mayiko amene amagwirizana bwino apanga ndi kulimbikitsa maboma amene amathetsa mavuto aakulu. Kufunika kwa kumanga mgwirizano kungathandize kuti mgwirizano ukhale wolimba mwa kupempha kuti pakhale kugwirizana kwakukulu ndiponso kuletsa kuti malamulo okhwima amene angasinthe asinthe ngati mphamvu ya mphamvu yasintha pakati pa magulu aŵiri a anthu.

Chithunzi cha Chipani cha Ozembe

Otsutsa PR amanena kuti kuphatikizidwa kungapangitse mapwando opambanitsa kukhala otchuka m’nyumba ya malamulo, nthaŵi zina onenedwa kukhala ochititsa kugwa kwa boma la Weimar pamapeto pa Nkhondo Yadziko I Germany, ndipo pokhala ndi zitseko zochepera kwambiri, zipani zazing'ono kwambiri zingagwire ntchito monga "opanga," kuchititsa magulu aakulu kuwombolera mkati mwa makambitsirano ogwirizana.

Komabe, kusuliza kumeneku kuyenera kutsutsidwa ndi njira ina. Monga momwe tafotokozera poyamba, madongosolo a zigawo ziŵiri a akulu angaletse zigaŵenga zazing’ono kutenga mipando, koma amapanga mipata yakuti magulu otsutsa agwire zigawo zazikulu mkati, kukhoza kuwapatsa mphamvu zambiri kuposa zimene zikanakhala nazo monga kagulu kakang’ono m’dongosolo. Funso silili lakuti kaya otsutsawo amaloŵa m’malo alionse, koma ngati dongosololo limagaŵira zida zothandizira ndi kuchepetsa chisonkhezero chawo.

Kuŵerengera ndi Kugwirizanitsa Kochititsa Chidwi

Madongosolo a osamalira okhala ndi zigawo chimodzi amapanga mizera yowonekera ya kuŵerengera pakati pa oimira ndi oimira. Ophunzitsa amadziŵa bwino lomwe amene amawaimira ndipo angavomereze kuti munthu aliyense adzayankha pa chisankho chotsatira. Madongosolo a zochitika, makamaka awo amene amagwiritsa ntchito mpambo wa zipani, angafooketse kugwirizana kwachindunji kumeneku.

Komabe, nkhaŵa imeneyi ingachitidwe kudzera m'makonzedwe a dongosolo. Madongosolo a chigawo chophatikizapo asunga oimira ogwirizana pamene akuwonjezera mipando yogaŵidwa. Madongosolo otseguka a mndandanda amalola ovota kuti asankhidwe. Madongosolo osankhika ogwirizana amaphatikiza kulinganiza ndi kuvota kwa munthu mmodzi mmalo mwa zipani. Vuto la kusunga mlandu m'madongosolo olinganiza ndilo lenileni koma si losagonjetseka.

Njira Zosinthira: Kuwaganizira Kothandiza

Mayiko amene amaona kuti kusintha kwa mavoti kumathandiza kuti anthu asinthe n’kuyamba kuchita zinthu mopitirira malire, amaganizira zinthu zingapo zimene zingawathandize kuti asinthe.

Ziletso za Malamulo ndi Malamulo

Madongosolo a Electoral kaŵirikaŵiri amaikidwa m'malamulo amene angakhale ovuta kusintha. Mwachitsanzo, ku United States, malamulo amalamula zigawo chimodzi za Nyumba ya Oimira, ngakhale kuti satchula njira yovotera imene imagwiritsidwa ntchito m’maderawo. Zimenezi zimapanga mipata ya kusintha monga kusanthula kosankhidwa ndi anthu apamwamba pamene akusintha kwambiri kuti aone ngati pali umboni wofanana.

Masinthidwe ena angachitidwe pamlingo wa boma kapena wa kumalo popanda kusintha kwa malamulo. Maboma ambiri a United States ali ndi ulamuliro pa njira zawo zosankhira, kuyambitsa mipata ya kuyesa madongosolo ena otsatizana. Masankho a Office amapereka malo ena oyesera masinthidwe asanalingalire za kugwiritsidwa ntchito kokulirapo.

Kukana Zandale ndi Zovuta

Kusintha dongosolo la Electoral kuli ndi vuto lachibadwa: awo amene ali ndi mphamvu ya kusintha dongosolo ndi awo amene anapambana pansi pa malamulo omwe alipo. Anthu ovutika angatsutse kusintha kumene kungasokoneze malo awo kapena kuchepetsa ubwino wa anthu awo, ngakhale ngati kusinthako kungapindulitse demokrase yonse.

Kusintha zinthu kothandiza kwambiri kumafuna kuti anthu ambiri asinthe, kapena kuti pakhale nthawi yamavuto imene imapangitsa kuti zinthu zisinthe. Kusintha kwa New Zealand kuti alowe m'magazi kunachititsa kuti anthu ambiri ayambe kugwiritsa ntchito mavoti osiyanasiyana.

Kusintha Zinthu ndi Kuzichirikiza

Kusintha njira zopangira masankho kumathandiza kwambiri ngati tiphatikizapo kusintha kwina kumene kumachitika pa nkhani ya zamalonda.

Ngakhale Nyumbayo itafutukulidwira ku mamembala 593 (kusintha kwina kofunika kolingana ndi kuimira kwa chigawo), chiŵerengero chachikulu cha mipando m’chigawo sichikafunikira kupitirira pa zisanu ndi chimodzi ndipo maiko ambiri akakhala ndi zigawo zazing’ono, ndipo limodzi ndi mbali zina zolinganizidwa, monga mavoti ogwirizana kwa zipani, zigawo za anthu a m’madera otsika a U.S. zingathandize zigawo zokongola, zoimira zipani zokhoza kuyendetsedwa.

Kuyang'ana mosamala kwambiri pa madongosolo a zinthu tsatanetsatane (ukulu wa masitepe, mapulogalamu osankhika, mapulogalamu olowera, ndi kugawira malo amodzi , kungathandizitse kukwaniritsa zotsatira zofunikira popeŵa ngozi. Palibe njira iliyonse yothetsera vutolo; kusintha kothandiza kumafuna kusintha malamulo amakhalidwe abwino ndi mfundo za dziko.

Mtsogolo mwa Kupangidwa kwa Njira Yoyendera

Pamene maboma a demokalase padziko lonse akulimbana ndi kuwonjezereka kwa kutengeka maganizo, kugawanika, ndi kuwopseza malamulo a demokalase, dongosolo losankha lakhala lovuta kwambiri kuti zinthu zisinthe.

Kufufuza ndi Umboni Wochuluka

Kufufuza malamulo ena ovota kukuoneka kuti n’kokonzeka kupambana zitsanzo za munthu payekha, popeza kuti njira yochitira chibadwa yophatikizamo wovota ndi wofuna kuvota ingagwiritsiridwe ntchito pa zolembedwa za ovota, kufufuza malingaliro, sayansi ya zamaganizo, ndi masamu a nyama, ndi programu imeneyi yofufuza njira zochepetsera ziyambukiro zosafunidwa ndi kufikira pamlingo wa kutulukira mofulumira kwambiri kuti zitsogolere kupanga masinthidwe atsopano ndi abwinopo.

Kuchuluka kwa zofufuza m’boma zosiyanasiyana kukupangitsa ofufuza kufufuza zinthu zimene zikusinthasintha zinthu. Pamene mayiko ambiri atsatira njira zina zovotera ndi kuimira zinthu zosiyanasiyana, umboni wosonyeza kuti akudziwa bwino zimene zikuchita, ukupitirizabe kuchititsa kuti anthu athe kusintha zinthu mosiyanasiyana.

Luso la Umisiri ndi Kusintha kwa Electoral

Kupita patsogolo kwa luso lopanga mavoti ndi kufufuza za makompyuta kumachititsa kuti pakhale njira zatsopano zopangira mavoti. Njira zambiri zovuta zovotera zimene zingakhale zosathandiza pogwiritsira ntchito mapepala ndi kuŵerengera manja tsopano zingagwiritsiridwe ntchito bwino.

Komabe, luso la zopangapanga limayambitsanso mavuto ena, monga kudera nkhawa za chitetezo, kuonekera kwa zinthu, ndi kupezeka kwa zinthu.

Mikhalidwe ya Padziko Lonse ndi Kulekerera Zachidemokrase

Pamene maulamuliro a demokalase akuyang’anizana ndi zitokoso kuchokera ku magulu a authoritarianism, kusagwirizana kwa chidziŵitso, ndi chiwawa cha ndale zadziko, kulimba koperekedwa ndi dongosolo la kulinganiza kumakhala kofunika mowonjezereka.

Kupanga malo kaamba ka zipani zowonjezereka . Chinthu chokhumbiridwa ndi oposa 70 peresenti ya Aamereka . Ndicho kuŵerengera kwakukulu (ndi chonulirapo chotsimikizirika) cha kusintha kwa dongosolo losankhidwa, makamaka kupatsidwa ziyambukiro zosiyanasiyana zogwirizana ndi nkhani zonga kuthandaza ndi kutsendereza kumene kukuvutitsa demokrase ya Amereka. Chifuniro cha anthu kaamba ka njira zina zoloŵa mmalo mmalo mwa njira ziŵiri zoumirira malamulo aakulu chingapangitse mipata ya kusintha imene kale inali yosayenerera.

Mapeto ake: Kupangidwa kwa Democratic Infrature

Malamulo olamulira mmene mavoti amatembenuzira mipando ku mipando yokha amasonkhezera anthu pa mlingo uliwonse wa ndale, kukonza mapulatifomu awo ndi njira zawo zochitira zinthu, kusankha anthu osankha kuponya mavoti awo.

Umboni wa kufufuza koyerekezera ukuonekera bwino kwambiri: Madongosolo a Electoral , kapena malamulo amene mavoti amatembenuzidwa nawo ku mipando ya malamulo ndipo, chotero, mphamvu zandale . . Zingawonjezere kapena kusungunuka ndi kutengedwa ndi ndale zadziko. Madongosolo ankhondo opambana amapanga nkhondo ya ndale zadziko ziŵiri, kuyambukira kwa zigaŵenga, ndi mipata ya kulanda zipani zazikulu. Madongosolo a kuimira a Proportion amachititsa kusonkhezera mpikisano wa maantirticle, maulamuliro a gulu limodzi, ndi njira zokhalira ndi maluso ophatikizapo zigawo zopidirimira.

Ichi sichikutanthauza kuti kuimira kulinganiza ndiko mankhwala a zitokoso zonse za demokrase, kapena kuti madongosolo aakulu sangagwire ntchito bwino. Nkhani za chigawo chapafupi, ndi kulamulira kwa democracy kwachipambano kumadalira pa zinthu zambiri zosakhala malamulo osankhidwa. Komabe, kaamba ka mademokrase olimbana ndi mlingo waupandu wa kugaŵa ndi kutengeka maganizo, kusintha dongosolo losankhidwa kuyenera kulingaliridwa mosamalitsa monga mbali ya njira yaikulu ya kukonzanso demokrase.

Njofunika kwambiri. Kugaŵanitsa anthu kukhala misasa yankhondo kumawonjezera kukayikira ndipo kumakupangitsa kukhala kovuta kukhala ndi makambitsirano ozikidwa pa nkhani zazikulu, kuphatikizapo nkhani za moyo ndi imfa monga kuyang'anira miliri. Madongosolo a Electoral amene amagaŵanitsa magaŵanowo mmalo mwa kuchepetsa kuchepa kwa kuthekera kwa demokrase kwa kuyang'anizana ndi mavuto.

Kuzindikira mmene masankho a masankho amayambukirira kupambanitsa kwa ndale zadziko ndi kulinganizika nkofunika kupititsa patsogolo mademokrase abwino. Opanga malamulo, okonzanso zinthu, ndi nzika angasankhe njira zochirikiza kukhazikika, kuphatikiza, ndi nkhani zolimbikitsa zandale. Ngakhale kuti palibe dongosolo la kachitidwe ka zinthu lokhala ndi dongosolo lakusinthasinthasintha, umboni umasonyeza kuti madongosolo ambiri olingana ndi mipikisano yambiri amapereka mapindu aakulu kwa kulamulira kopambanitsa ndi kuchirikiza mtundu wa kulinganizika kwa demokrase.

Pamene mademokrase akuyang'anizana ndi mavuto osaposedwapo padziko lonse, funso silikutsimikizira ngati madongosolo a voti ali ofunika kaamba ka kutengeka maganizo ndi kulinganizika kwa zinthu, koma ngati zili zotheka kuti zipani za democracy zikhale ndi nzeru ndi ndale zadziko zosintha madongosolo awo osankhidwa m’njira zimene zimalimbitsa osati kufooketsa mphamvu ya demokrase. Makonzedwe a madongosolo apamwamba a osankhidwa amaimira dongosolo la demokrase limene limapanga dziko landale zadziko kwa mibadwo. Kupangitsa kuti likhale lolondola kwambiri m’tsogolo la ulamuliro wa democracycy.

Mabuku Owonjezereka

Kwa anthu amene akufuna kufufuza nkhani zimenezi, mabungwe osiyanasiyana ndiponso zinthu zina zothandiza kwambiri zimapereka malangizo othandiza pa kapangidwe ka masankho a mavoti:

  • .Electoral Reform Society (] http://www.eletal-reform.org.uk /) imagaŵira kufufuza ndi kugamula motsatira ndi kusintha kwa masinthidwe mu UK ndi m'mitundu yonse.
  • Fairvote . . . . . . . . . . kugamula pepala losankhidwa ndi kuimira ku United States, kupereka kufufuza ndi chuma pa madongosolo ena osankhira.
  • [[MLT:0] MPENERANE CHENETS ROWN ([FULT:2]https/acproject.org /) imapereka chidziŵitso chokwanira pa madongosolo osanthula ndi madongosolo a dziko lapansi.
  • Democracy ([FLT :2]https:/democracy.org /) imachititsa kufufuza mmene mapangidwe a dongosolo losankhira amakhudzira kulimba kwa demokrase ndi kuuma kwa demokalase ku United States.
  • International International Institute for Democracy and Electoral A help (https // www.idea.int /) imapereka chidziŵitso ndi kusanthula za madongosolo osanthula dziko lonse.

Mabungwe ameneŵa amapereka ponse paŵiri kufufuza kwaukatswiri ndi chitsogozo chogwira ntchito kwa awo ofuna kumvetsetsa kapena kuchirikiza kusintha kwa dongosolo losankhidwa monga njira yochirikizira thanzi landale ndi la demokrase.