M’dziko la Japan Kuzungulira M’madera Ozungulira: Mmene Mapwando Andale Amakhudzira Mtsogolo mwa Mtunduwo

Monga kutulutsa kwachisanu kwakukulu kwa dziko kwa carbon dioxide ndi chuma cha G7 zodalira kwambiri pa mafuta a pansi pa nthaka, Japan akuima pa kufalikira kwakukulu kwa nyengo yake. Magulu andale zadziko a dzikolo ndiwo omanga oyambirira a kuyankha kwawo ku mavuto a nyengo, masomphenya alionse osonyeza kulinganiza kukhazikika kwa chuma, chitetezo cha mphamvu, ndi kufunitsitsa malo okhala. Kupenda kumeneku kupenda mmene magulu aakulu andale a Japan akudziimira pa kusintha kwa nyengo [1] kuchokera ku gulu lakale la Liberal Democratic Party (LDP) kwa magulu aang'ono otsutsa ndi otukuka, ndi zimene zimatanthauza kukhoza kwawo kukwaniritsa kwa dziko 2050 kwa kusatenga mbali kwa chigawo cha carbon.

Dziko la Japan Lili ndi Zandale Ndiponso Malo Osungirako Nyengo

Chiyambire 1955, dongosolo la ndale zadziko la Japan lazikidwa ndi Liberal Democratic Party yosunga mwambo, imene yalamulira pafupifupi nyengo yonse ya pambuyo pa nkhondo, kaŵirikaŵiri mogwirizana ndi Pcentrist Komeito. Kulamulira kwa LDP kwapanga malamulo omwe amavomereza kusintha kwasintha, zikondwerero za makampani, ndi chiyembekezo cha luso la zopangapanga zinthu pa kusintha kwa mwamsanga. Magulu otsutsa (magulu a Democratic Party Democratic Party (CDP), Chipani cha Chikomyunizimu (JP), Nippon Isoli noi, Rei Shinsengumi, ndi Democratic Party Party ya anthu (DFP).

Ku Japan, malamulo okhudza za nyengo amayendera zinthu zosiyanasiyana: zotsatira za ngozi ya nyukiliya ya mu 2011 ya Fukushima Daichi, imene inatseka zombo zambiri za nyukiliya za m’dzikolo; kudalira kwambiri mpweya wachilengedwe (LNG), malasha, ndi mafuta; anthu okalamba amene amapondereza zachuma; ndi malo olimbikitsa kwambiri a maindasitale amene amalimbana ndi kusokonezeka kwa mphamvu ya mphamvu ya dziko. Magulu andale amayendetsanso zinthu zimenezi pamene amatsatira mfundo za mayiko ena, maganizo a anthu a m’banja, ndi kuwonjezeka kwa zochitika zoopsa za nyengo monga mphepo ndi magetsi.

Kufufuza kwa Pagulu Lalikulu

Liberal Democratic Party (LDP) – Technological Pragmatism yokhala ndi gear yochedwa

LDP yatsimikiza kukwaniritsa uchete ndi 2050 , chonulirapo cholengezedwa ndi nthaŵi imeneyo ndi Nduna Yoshihide Suga mu October 2020. Komabe, njira ya chipanicho imadziŵika ndi kusankhidwa kwa “kusintha kwatsopano" (GX) mwa kuchepetsa kapena kukakamiza malamulo a boma. LDP imachirikiza kutsalira ndalama zopitirizabe mu carbon, kutumiza, ndi kusungira (CUS) [1] , hydrogen ndi ammonia cofifiefish m’manda, ndi kuyendetsanso ma nyukiliya, kuphatikizapo ma morderectives (M.).

Mwanjira imeneyi, LDP yatsutsa masiku a kutsalira kwa malasha. Japan akulinganizabe kumanga malo atsopano opangira magetsi a malasha [1] Makampani atsopano osachepera 17 ali m'paipi(ndipo) adatsutsidwa ndi International Energy Agency ndi negotiators zothandizira kugulitsa mafakitale kumaiko akunja kudzera ku mabungwe ake a ngongole. Kuphatikiza mphamvu za gululo zosungira mphamvu za mphamvu kwa 2030 zolinga za 36-38% zobwezeretsedwa, 2022%, ndi kutsala kwa mafuta a pansi pa nthaka, kulinganiza kumene akatswiri ambiri amatsutsa kuti kufikire ku mlingo wa pa Fal Paris.

Magawo aakulu a mkati mwa LDP alipo pakati pa LDP. “matenda aakulu, ogwirizana ndi maindasitale aakulu ngati zitsulo, simenti, ndi mapetrorochemical, ochirikiza kusintha kochitidwa bwino komwe kumatetezera zinthu ndi ntchito zomwe zilipo. Kukula kwa“ procenti” yoyambitsidwa ndi mamembala a Ochepetsa aang'ono ndi kutsenderezedwa ndi makampani a Keidan (kumene tsopano kumachirikiza kukonzanso kwamphamvu, kukonzanso ndi kukonzanso kwamphamvu kwa carbon. LDP’P’S 2023 GX Siclegic imayambitsa [[FL:]] kulinganiza ndi kachitidwe kopanga zinthu ] [kaungwe kake] kofanana ndi kachipangizo kopanga zinthu (mayambika chaka cha 2033) ndi “kusintha kofanana ndi ku KGOP) kongonyanyanyanyanyanya (ma 1 biliyoni) kwa ochepera pa K44444 .

Chipanichi chimakhalanso ndi chitsutso champhamvu cha nyukiliya, chikumachirikiza kuyambikanso kwa makina opangira magetsi osagwira ntchito pambuyo pa kukonzedwa kwa madoko. Pafupifupi 10 mwa maheator 33 a ku Japan ayambanso kukonzedwa, koma kuwonjezerekanso kuyang'anizana ndi chitsutso chalamulo ndi cha kumaloko. LDP imawona nyukiliya kukhala chiwonjezero chachikulu cha maulalo kuti apeze zonse ziŵiri zowononga mphamvu ndi kutetezera mphamvu [1] Makamakamaka pambuyo pa kuukira kwa Russia kwa Ukraine kusokoneza mabizinesi a LNG.

Konsichushoni ya Chipani cha Democratic Party (CDP) – Majokezo Ofuna Kudzilamulira ndi Chiweruzo

Chipani chachikulu koposa cha Japan chotsutsa, CDP, chawononga malo otchuka kwambiri a nyengo. Malamulo ake afuna kuti karbon asakhale ndi uchete pofika 2050 ndi kuchepetsa 60% ya kutsika kwa mabomba kuchokera ku 2013 pofika 2035 . NHAMBI zokwera kwambiri kuposa zotsika 46% pofika 2030. CDP imachirikiza kutsendereza kwa chigawo chonse cha malasha podzafika 2030, kuletsedwa kwa zomera zatsopano, ndi kukwera mofulumira kwa mabomba kwa 2035 [50%] kubwereranso kwa mphamvu ya mphamvu pofika chaka chomwecho.

CDP imagogomezera [[FLT: 0] kulinganiza chilungamo ndi kusintha kwa kamodzi, ndi maprogramu ophunzitsa antchito m'mafakitale a zinthu zakale, kuchirikiza nyumba za opalensi, ndi kutsimikizira kuti kuchotsa mphamvu sikumatopetsa nzika zolandira. Gululo limachirikiza msonkho wa carbon wophatikiza ndi njira yowongolera carbon, malongosole olimba kwambiri a malo opangira maindasitale, ndi mbali ya zinthu zakale za mafuta [1] imene Japan akuperekabe kulira kwa mphamvu ya nyukiliya pafupifupi $20 biliyoni chaka chilichonse. CDP imatsutsanso kuwonjezeka kwa mphamvu ya nyukliya, ikuyanja kukonzedwanso kwa malo okonzedwa kukhala okonzedwanso.

Ngakhale kuti pali malo amphamvu ameneŵa, CDP yakhala ikulimbana ndi kuletsa mphamvu ya LDP. Pa masankho a nyumba otsika a 2021, chipanichi chinapata mipando 96 ku LDP’s 261. Malamulo ake a zanyengo, pamene kuli kwakuti amatchuka ndi achinyamata ovota a m’tauni, amaonedwa mokayikira ndi makampani akumidzi ndi maindasitale omwe amaopa kusokonezeka kwa zachuma. Gululi lafuna kupanga kugwirizana kwakukulu kwapasadakhale ndi magulu ena otsutsa, koma kusiyana kwa mkati pa nkhani zonga mphamvu ya nyukliya ndi kuyendetsa ndalama za carbon peniorsurgery kumakhala ndi kulankhulitsana kodabwitsa.

Komeito – Mlatho Wochititsa Chidwi wa Centrist

Monga momwe mnzake wa LDP wachiŵiri wa LDP kuyambira 1999, Komeito akulamulira mwa kusamala ndi chikumbumtima cha anthu. Woyambitsidwa m'gulu la Chibuda Soka Gakkai, gululo limagogomezera mtendere, ubwino wa anthu, ndi kugwirizana kwa malo okhala. Kuzungulira kwake, ngakhale kuti kulibe kufunitsitsa kwambiri kuposa CDP, kumasonkhezera LDP kuti ichitepo kanthu mwamphamvu kuposa mmene ingachiteli kokha.

Komeito akuchirikiza cholinga cha [[FLT: 0] 2050 cha kusaloŵerera m’zochitika za carbon . Kometo akuyang'anira chipambano cha mphamvu ya mphamvu yamagetsi, kufutukuka ndi mphamvu ya dzuŵa ndi ya magetsi, ndi kupititsa patsogolo “midzi ya anthu” ndi nyumba zobiriŵira. Gululo lakhala lochirikiza mabomba a 2025 Osaka World Exp kuti atumikire monga maseti a zipangizo zochirikiza magetsi. Komeito waitanidwanso kaamba ka ma ndandanda owonjezereka a magetsi ndi kulera nyumba zamagetsi, ndi kaamba ka kutsika kwa malasha [1] Imaletsa kuletsa chiletso choletsa chokakamiza. Chisonkhetso cha gulucho chinawoneka m'ma 20PX, chimene chinaphatikizapo njira yotetezera anthu, Kmeto, yowonetsera ntchito yowunikira.

Komeito kaŵirikaŵiri amachirikiza mphamvu ya nyukiliya monga njira yaing'ono ya karbon, koma amachenjera pa kuyambikanso kwa madera okhala anthu. Komiti ya malo okhala yafuna malamulo otsimikizirika a chisungiko ndi kulankhulana kowonekera ndi anthu a kumaloko. Pamene kuli kwakuti Komeito samasonkhezera malamulo a mkhalidwe wakunja mwamphamvu monga magulu ena otsutsa, mbali yake yogwirizana imaipangitsa kukhala mphamvu yaikulu ya kupita patsogolo m'chigawo cholamulira cha Japan.

Chipani cha Chikomyunizimu cha ku Japan (JCP) – Chipani cha Radical Decarbon and the Social transformation and the Social

A JCP achilikiza ndandanda ya kuchotsa kwakukulu ndi kofulumira kwa kuchotsapo kwa zipani zazikulu. Pulogalamu yake imafuna kuti pakhale mbali yokwanira yochotsa mafuta a pansi pa nthaka pofika 2030 . . Kuphatikizapo malasha, mafuta, ndi gasi wachilengedwe, ndi kutsekedwa kwa zomera zonse za nyukiliya pa 2025. JCP imayerekezera mphamvu ya mphamvu yomapanganso mphamvu yopanganso mu 2035, yochirikizidwa ndi kusungidwa kwa anthu onse, mapulogalamu a mphamvu zowonjezera mphamvu, ndi madongosolo a mphamvu a magetsi oyenerera a chitaganya.

Makina a kusintha kwa nyengo monga vuto la chikapitolizimu, akumati makampani aakulu ndi mphamvu za dziko la Japan zimatsekereza kusintha kwa zinthu. Makampani a JCP amaphatikizapo kukonza mphamvu za dziko, kukonzanso mgwirizano wa nyukiliya wa Japan ndi U.S., ndi kutumiza ndalama zankhondo ku malo osungira zinthu zobiriŵira. JCP imaletsa ndalama zonse zogulitsira mafuta ndi kulipira ndalama zachuma zopambanitsa kuti zipeze ndalama zoyendera ku nyengo yabwino.

Pamene kuli kwakuti JCP imakhala ndi mipando 10 yokha m'Nyumba 465 yokhala ndi minda ya Oimira, kutengeka kwake kwa nyengo kukukula pakati pa achichepere osankha ndi magulu a malo okhala. Komabe, kupempha kwake kaamba ka mbali yapafupi ya mafuta a pansi pa nthaka kukuwonedwa mofala kukhala kosatheka mwa zachuma ndi zandale, kuchepetsa chisonkhezero chake m'kapangidwe ka malamulo opindulitsa.

Nippon Ishin osati Kai – Fiscal Discipline and Technology Treasury

Chozikidwa kwakukulukulu m'chigawo cha Kansai, Ishin (Japan Innovation Party) imatenga kupendeka kwa mlingo, procretit pa project ku mkhalidwe wa madera. Gululo lichirikiza cholinga cha 2050 cha carbon ku Japan cha kusaloŵerera m'zandale koma limagogomezera kutulutsa, njira zamalonda, ndi kusaloŵerera m'zasayansi . Ishin imachirikiza njira ya carbon primeating yokhala ndi kubwereranso m'mabanja, kugwiritsa ntchito kwamphamvu ya nyukliya (kuphatikizapo SMRs ndi ma gener atsatira), ndi kuyambika kwa mabowa a hydrogen.

Ishin amatsutsa chithandizo cha maluso apadera monga kutentha kwa dzuŵa, akutsutsana mmalo mwa kusonkhezera ntchito ndi kuyambitsa kagulu kapadera. Gululo lafuna kuti lichepetse msika wa mphamvu kuti alole makampani atsopano ndi kuchepetsa ndalama zogulira zinthu. Pamene kuli kwakuti Ishin amavomereza kufunika kwa kuchepetsa, nzeru yake ya zachuma imaika patsogolo ndi kupikisana pa kuchepetsa kutulutsa kwamphamvu. Gululo limakhala ndi mipando 44, kuipangitsa kukhala yaikulu yachitatu m’nyumba yaing'ono ndi yonga ya LDP.

Reiwa Shinsengumi – Chilungamo cha Nyengo ndi Chiunda

Chopangidwa mu 2019 ndi yemwe kale anali CDP Taro Yamamoto, Reiwa Shinsengumi ndi gulu la ofufuza malo okhala lokhala ndi malo amphamvu. Chigawo chake cha nyengo chimaphatikizapo chiletso chokwanira pa kumangidwa kwa maluwa atsopano a malasha , mbali yochokera ku zomera zonse za malasha zimene zilipo pofika 2030, khaboni levy of 030,000 pa pertoni, ndi “katundu wa [1] umene ungapange ntchito mamiliyoni ambiri m’mphamvu yomayambitsiranso, thumwini, ndi kukonzanso kwachilengedwe.

Gululo limachirikiza kupangitsa umphaŵi kukhala chodetsa nkhaŵa chachikulu, kutulutsa magetsi ofunika kuchokera ku zobwezeretseredwa kwa mabanja olandira ndalama zochepera. Reiwa Shinsengumi amathandizanso kukhazikitsa ma nyukiliya oyambitsidwanso ndi kuchuluka kwa nyukliya m'zaka khumi zotsatira. Ndi mipando yaing'ono itatu yokha, gululo limatumikira monga mbali yapansi yomwe imasonkhezera kutsutsana kwa lamulo kuposa LDP-CDP CDP Regavition.

Chipani cha Democratic Party for People (DPFP) – Centrist N’zopangapanga za Nyukiliya

DPFP, yopangidwa ndi kale mamembala a Chipani cha Democratic chamakono, imachita njira yoyenerera, ya technocratic . Gululo limachirikiza [[FL:0] m'thukuta wa zokonzedwanso, nyukiliya, ndi mphamvu yoyera yotentha monga njira yeniyeni yofikira 2050 ya uchete. Malamulo a DPFP amaitanira kugwiritsiridwa ntchito kwa zomera za nyukliya kupyolera m'kutetezera ndi madera olandirirapo anthu onse, pamene kuli kwakuti akuthamanga kugombe ndi dzuŵa lotsatira.

DPFP imavomereza njira ya kaboni yopitira kumbali, yokhala ndi kuwonjezereka kwapang'onopang'onopang'ono m’zaka khumi zikubwera, ndipo imagogomezera chisungiko choletsedwa ndi kukwera mtengo kwa . Gululo limakhala ndi mipando 10 ndipo lagwirizana ndi LDP pa ndalama zina zamagetsi. Pamene kuli kwakuti si woseŵera wamkulu, DPFP imaimira malo apakati oyenera amene kaŵirikaŵiri amapanga kulolera molakwa m'zakudya kwa Japan.

Kutsutsana kwa Mfundo Zazikulu ndi Nkhondo Zandale

Chinsalu Chopangidwa ndi Manda: Liti ndipo Motani?

Japan idakali imodzi ya maiko otukuka kwambiri odalira malasha, ndi kuŵerengera mabomba kwa pafupifupi 30% a magetsi. LDP yakhazikitsa “kukwera ndi kutsika kwa "2030" koma sinali yogwirizana ndi deti lokwanira. CDP ndi makampani opanga mabwinja amafuna kuti pakhale deti la 2030, kutchula IPCC pa mabailo a magetsi. Masukulu a zachuma: makampani a malasha otsalira ndalama monga Fukui ndi Niigata ayang'anizana ndi kutayikidwa kwa ntchito, pamene mafakitale ndi chitsulo amatsutsa kuti malasha okongola ndi ofunika kwambiri chifukwa cha mpikisano. [FLD:0] Kutsutsa kolimba kwa malasha kolimba kwa m'mabwinja ku MPP: Malo a , kumene kuli ntchito za migodi ndi mabomba.

Carbon Pricing: ETS v. Carbon Taxis

LDP ndi JCP imayanja kukakamiza, msonkho wa carbon ndi kutulutsa redis wirect. Ishin imachirikiza mtengo wa carbon ndi wosiyana ndi msonkho wa bungwe. Kusankha pakati pa msonkho ndi ETS kumagaŵanitsa mbali yaikulu ya boma ndi ya malonda. Otsutsa a Japan amatsutsa kuti mtengo wa carbon wamakono ndi wochepa kwambiri. Ishin imachirikiza mtengo wa carbon-neutil wochepetsedwa ndi misonkho ya bungwe.

Mphamvu ya nyukiliya: Iyambanso Kutulutsa Mapiko

Mphamvu ya nyukliya imagaŵanitsa magawo mwamphamvu. LDP, Komeito, Ishin, ndi DPP imawona nyukiliya kukhala magwero a pansi ofunikira a stobbon. CDP ndi JCP zimafunafuna chigawo chakumwa, kutchula maupandu a kutetezereka, kutayidwa kwa zinyalala zosakonzedwa, ndi mtengo wokwera. Malingaliro a nyukliya amakhala osanganizidwa ndi ogwirizana ndi , okhala ndi nzika zambiri zotsutsana ndi malo a tauni koma amavomereza kumadera akutali. Zandale zimaphatikizapo malonda pakati pa zigawero, mphamvu, ndi kupendedwa kwa oletsa zida za magetsi.

Kukula kwa zomera.

Mkhalidwe wa nyengo wa LDP monga mwaŵi wakukula . GX monga woyendetsa zinthu zatsopano, kutumiza kunja, ndi kulenga ntchito m'mabatire, hydrogen, ndi magalimoto amagetsi. Magulu otsala amalimbana ndi kujambula kumeneku, akutsutsa kuti njira zodalirika zimafuna kuchepetsa mphamvu ndi kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa zinthu. JCP ndi Reiwa Shinsengumi amachirikiza ntchito ya mlungu waufupi, katundu wapoyera pa zinthu zapamseri, ndi kudula kwambiri m'ndege ndi m'makampani a zotumiza katundu.

Mavuto a Kusintha kwa Nyengo ku Japan

Japan imayang'anizana ndi zopinga zimene zimadutsa mzera wa zipani. Malo ake amapiri ndi nyanja yamchere zochokera pansi pa nyanja zimatsekereza mphepo ya mkuntho ndi mphepo yokhazikika ya m’mphepete mwa nyanja. Chitsutso cha anthu ku mafamu aakulu a dzuŵa chakula pakati pa nkhondo za m'nthaka. Mlathowu umakhalabe wochedwetsa pakati pa kummaŵa kwa 50 Hz ndi chakumadzulo (60 Hz) madongosolo a , kulepheretsa kukonzanso. Ngozi ya 2011 inalepheretsa maindasitale a nyukiliya, ndi maselo a hydrogen ndi hydrogen.

Vuto lina ndilo [[FLT: 0] makampani a interentia m'bungwe la zamagetsi [1]. Makampani monga METAI (Malamulo a Economy, Tractic and Industry) ndi MOE (Kusinthana kwa malo okhala) kaŵirikaŵiri kumakhala ndi zinthu zofunika kwambiri . METI amayanja makampani ndi chitetezo cha mphamvu, MEE amathamangira kukhazikitsa malamulo amphamvu kwambiri a malo okhala. Magulu andale ayenera kuyendetsa njira za mabizinete ameneŵa kuti agwiritse ntchito njira zosonyezera mfundo zachikhalidwe.

Mwayi Wotsogolera

Mosasamala kanthu za zopinga zimenezi, Japan ali ndi mphamvu zazikulu. Imatsogolera pa luso la maselo a mafuta , ndi makampani onga Kawasaki Industries ndi Toyota kupanga H2 ndi galimoto za mafuta. Japan ndi mtsogoleri wa dziko lonse mu malo osungira mafuta [makampani a Panasonic ndi Murata] ndipo ali ndi mphepo yaikulu yokhoza kuulutsa, makamaka tirbines zimene zimayenerera kumira kwa madzi ake akuya a m’mphepete mwa nyanja. Boma la GX, ngati likanaphedwa bwino, lingasinthe maindasitale.

Kukwera kwa mapangano a ukonde zero kumapanganso malo a ndale zadziko kaamba ka malamulo aukali kwambiri. Keidan, yemwe adatsutsa malamulo a nyengo, tsopano amathandiza carbon prigrags ndi cholinga cha 2050. Oikizitsa a bungwe monga GPIF ayamba kugwirizanitsa ngozi ya nyengo ndi malo awo ozungulira. Zimenezi zimasintha magulu onse kuti alimbitse mapulatifomu awo, makamaka monga kachitidwe ka mphepo yopanga kachiŵiri pa boloti.

Njira Yamtsogolo: Malonjezo a Malamulo ndi Opereka Malo

Chisankho chapansi chotsatira chimakhala podzafika 2025, ngakhale kuti kutha kwa nyengo kwayamba mwamsanga. Malongosoledwe akusonyeza kuti kusintha mkhalidwe wa dziko ndiko nkhaŵa yaikulu kwa osankha pa zaka 40 zakubadwa, koma kaŵirikaŵiri kumaphimbidwa ndi kukwera mtengo kwa zinthu, chisungiko cha dziko, ndi chiŵerengero cha anthu m'zosankha zonse. Chikhoterero cha LDP pa midzi ndi osankha aakulu chimakhalabe champhamvu, koma otsutsa CDP ndi mamembala ochoka angapange kuwonjezereka m’madera a m’tauni kumene nkhaŵa ya nyengo njokulira.

Makina a chiwongola dzanja ndi madzi. Ngati LDP yataya unyinji wake, ingakakamizidwe kukhala mgwirizano waukulu ndi Komeito ndipo mwinamwake Ishin kapena DPFP, imene ingasunge mapangano olamulira ku malamulo a nyengo yambiri. CDP yolembedwa, ngakhale kuti siingafulumize kwambiri decarbontion ya Japan, kuphatikizapo stem-optic ndi carbon prifige.

Mtsogolo mwa dziko la Japan mudzagamulidwa kuti ndi liti pamene masomphenya a chipani apeza malo oyenera kulamulira. Mitengoyo njokwera: monga imodzi ya chuma chachikulu koposa ndi kutulutsa kwa mbiri yakale ya dziko lonse, zosankha za Japan zidzayambukira ndalama za carbon wapadziko lonse, misika ya zaumisiri, ndi kudalirika kwa Chipangano cha Paris. Zipani zandale ndi zikondwerero zakeza zachuma, masamu osankhidwa, ndi mapangano a maphunziro apamwamba.