Chiyambi cha Kupatukana kwa Chiphunzitso cha Mphamvu

Kulekanitsidwa kwa maulamuliro sikunayambike posachedwapa; mizu yake ili m'nthanthi zandale. Aristotle anafotokoza boma logwirizana lophatikiza ufumu wa mfumu, ufumu wapamwamba, ndi demokrase, koma dongosolo lamakono lofotokozedwa pa Kutseguka. Baron de Montesquieu, m'ntchito yake ya 1748 [[FL:0]] Mzimu wa Malamulo , linatsutsa kuti “kuika ulamuliro wa boma, ndi mphamvu yachiweruzo m’manja amodzimodziwo kumatsogolera kunkhanza. Malingaliro ake anasonkhezera mwamphamvu A American Coustries, amene anasindikiza chiphunzitsocho mu U. S. Chilamulo cha malamulo a I, II, ndi III. James Master Master Master adalemba mwa Federalist, a bungwe la oyendetsa ntchito, ndi oweruza, ndi oweruza a bungwe la judia, m’manja omwe akufotokoza bwino kwambiri.

Chifuno chachikulu cha kugaŵidwa kwa nyumba imeneyi nchaŵiri: kuletsa nthambi iliyonse kulamulira ndi kukakamiza nthambizo kugwirizana, kutulutsa ulamuliro womasulira ndi wolinganizika. Pamene malire pakati pa nthambi asokonezeka, dongosolo la macheke ndi lakulinganiza lakulinganiza limayamba kusweka. Kumvetsetsa zotulukapo za olakwa oterowo kuli kofunika kuti asunge umphumphu walamulo.

Nthambi Zitatu: Zifuno Zofotokozedwa ndi Malamulo

M’dongosolo la boma la United States, monga m’mademokrase ambiri, boma limagaŵidwa kukhala nthambi zitatu zolingana. iriyonse iri ndi ntchito yaikulu, koma mphamvu zawo zimayenderana m’njira zimene zimapanga kuŵerengera.

  • Nthambi yovomerezeka: Yotsogozedwa ndi pulezidenti, nthambi imeneyi imakakamiza malamulo, imachita malamulo akunja, imalamulira asilikali, ndi kuyang'anira mabungwe a boma. Udindo wake wandandalikidwa m'Chigawo II cha Malamulo, chimene chimapatsa pulezidenti mphamvu ya kupereka malamulo mokhulupirika, kuika akuluakulu, ndi kukhazikitsa malamulo.
  • Komiti ya Nthambi yovomerezeka: Congress, yopangidwa ndi Nyumba ya Oimira ndi Nyumba ya Malamulo, ili ndi mphamvu ya kupanga malamulo (Aricle I). Imalamuliranso bajeti, imalengeza nkhondo, imatsimikizira kuikidwa kwa akuluakulu ndi achiweruzo, ndipo ili ndi mphamvu yokha ya kusalangiza.
  • [[FLT :0] Nthambi ya judicial : Makhoti a boma, otsogozedwa ndi Khoti Lalikulu, omasulira malamulo ndi Konsichushoni (Article III). Mwa kupenda kwachiweruzo, mphamvu yokhazikitsidwa mu Marbury v. Madison (1803), makhoti angathetse machitidwe a nthambi ena amene amaswa malamulo.

Malo ameneŵa si ovuta kwambiri; dongosolo limayambitsa kusagwirizana mwadala. Pulezidenti angapereke lamulo, koma Congress angaletse lamulolo. Makhoti angagamule malamulo, koma Congress angapereke masinthidwe a lamulo kuti asinthe mafotokozedwe a chiweruzo. Kudalirana kumeneku ndiko injini ya zoyendera ndi zolinganiza.

Kulamulira Kolamulira: Pamene Prezidenti Achotsa Ulamuliro

Olamulira achita mochenjera pamene pulezidenti kapena mabungwe a boma achita zinthu mosemphana ndi mphamvu zimene bungwe la Konsichushoni kapena lamulo la malamulo limapereka.

Mitundu Yofala ya Kulamulira

  • Authority Orders ndi Proclacts: Mapresidenti akupereka malamulo a akuluakulu a boma kutsogolera ntchito. Pamene kuli kwakuti ambiri ali okhazikika m'lamulo kapena ulamuliro walamulo, ochenjera amachitidwa pamene lamulo lipanga lamulo latsopano kapena kutsekereza Nyumba ya Malamulo. Mwachitsanzo, Pulezidenti Truman wa 1952 anakhazikitsa malamulo achitsulo pankhondo ya Korea ndipo anakantha ndi Khoti Lapamwamba mu Achichepere Commentach / Tube Co. v. Sawater , chosonyeza kuti pulezidenti sakhoza kugwira ntchito popanda chivomerezo cha kukhazikitsa.
  • Empempency Powers: Mkati mwa mavuto (nkhondo, miliri, masoka achilengedwe), mapresidenti anganene kuti ali ndi mphamvu zazikulu zangozi. National Emerticestion Act ya 1976 adakhala ndi cholinga cholamulira zilengezo zoterozo, koma mapresidenti mobwerezabwereza agwiritsira ntchito ilo kutsegula maulamuliro aakulu. Kugwiritsira ntchito kungatsogolere ku mkhalidwe wanthaŵi zonse wa ngozi, kuchotsa ufulu wa anthu ndi uyang'anira malamulo. Chitsanzo chodziŵika ndicho Pulezidenti Trump’s 2019 kuti apereke ndalama zankhondo kaamba kamaliro, zimene Nyumba ya Malamulo inatsutsa m’khoti.
  • Mawu achizindikiro: Mapresidenti nthaŵi zina amafalitsa kusaina mawu amene amalengeza cholinga cha kusatsimikizira makonzedwe ena a lamulo. Pamene kuli kwakuti awa angakhale chiŵiya chovomerezeka chotetezera maulamuliro a akuluakulu, akhozanso kugwira ntchito monga mzera wa zinthu, umene Khoti Lapamwamba silinasunge upanikizi mu Clinton v. Mzinda wa New York [1]
  • [[FLT: 0] Kutsegulira Manda: Pamene pulezidenti akaniza kugwiritsira ntchito ndalama zoyenerera ndi Congress, kumafooketsa ulamuliro wa malamulo pa chikwamacho. Chikalata cha Impoundment Control cha 1974 chinaletsa kachitidweka, koma mikangano imapitirizabe, monga ngati ngati Prezidenti Nixon’s yemwe anatsogolera ku ku kuloŵera kwa lamulo.

Kufufuza Nkhani Zakale: Nixon Administration and Watergate

Chilakolako chamwadzidzidzi cha Watergate chiimira chitsanzo cha kuyang'anira akuluakulu ndi zotsatira zake. Pulezidenti Richard Nixon anatsogolera m'zochitika za nkhanza, kuphatikizapo kuswa kwa mu 1972 pa likulu la Democratic Committee ndi kubisa kotsatira. Pamene Nyumba ya Malamulo inafufuza, Nixon adapempha mwaŵi wa nduna kuti aletse matepi ndi mapepala. Khoti Lapamwamba mu [FL:] United States v. Nixon adakana onsewone kupatsidwa mwaŵi wathunthu, kukakamiza Nixon kugwirizana ndi ena. Kuyang'anizana ndi Nexon , ndi kuchotsapo zolembedwa zokha. Pulezidentiyo inasonyeza kuti ngakhale bungwe lapamwamba ndi loyang'anira mlandu ndi loweruza mlandu walamulo.

Zitsanzo Zamakono: Kugwiritsira Ntchito Mofulumira Kachitidwe Kolamulira

Manduna a maulamuliro onse aŵiri aletsa malamulo a ulamuliro wa akuluakulu. Mwachitsanzo, Pulezidenti Obama’s Defect for Childhood Agellals (DACA) anapangidwa ndi nduna yaikulu mu 2012, inapereka chitetezo cha kanthaŵi kuti isamukire ku dziko la United States kwa ana. Otsutsa anatsutsa kuti anali woweruza woweruza milandu amene anatsekedwa bwino ndi lamulo la kusamukira m'dziko. Khoti Lapamwamba mu 2020 linatsekereza kuyesa kwa Trump kubwereranso kwa DCA, koma kulimba kwalamulo kwa programu yoyamba ya polisiyo kudakali kotsutsana. Momwemo, Pulezidenti Biden analengeza za kukhululukira kwa ophunzira, mu 20222, anamenyedwa ndi Khoti Lapamwamba mu [FBBB]. [2]

Kulephera kwa Malamulo: Pamene Mabungwe Apitirira

Malamulo amachititsa kuti pakhale kuloŵerera m’zalamulo pamene Nyumba za Malamulo ziyesa kulanda mphamvu zimene zili za akuluakulu a boma kapena za apolisi, kapena pamene zigwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zake m’njira zimene zimalepheretsa nthambi zina kudziimira pazokha.

Kutsimikizira ndi Maulamuliro Oikidwa ndi Malamulo

Malamulo amafuna kuti Bungwe la Malamulo lipereke malangizo ndi kuvomereza mapangano a pulezidenti. Komabe, Nyumba ya Malamulo ingathe kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu imeneyi mwa kukana kuvomereza mayeso kapena kuchedwa kwa nyengo zotalikira. Zimenezi, nthaŵi zina zimatchedwa “actvice ndi otsekereza,” zingalepheretse nthambi ya akuluakulu a nthambi kugwiritsa ntchito mabungwe ndi judicary. Mu 2016, Khoti la Republican lolamulira lingakane kusunga malamulo a Pulezidenti Obama pa Khoti Lapamwamba, Merrick Garland, chifukwa chakuti pafupifupi chaka chimodzi, akatswiri ambiri a malamulo a boma aona ngati kutha kwa maulamuliro. Chitsimikizo cha Neil Gor Goversie ndi pulezidenti wa Republic Republic mu 2017 mmene maseŵera andale angakhudzire kuweruza chigawo cha chigawo cha za milandu.

Kudziyesa Chida cha Ndale

Kupeputsa kuli chipangizo chalamulo cha Nyumba ya Oimira kuti aike mlandu akuluakulu a boma kapena aweruze ndi “Upandu Waukulu ndi Misdeares . [1] Ngakhale kuti cholinga chake chinali kuyang'anira za kusamvera, kungagwiritsiridwe ntchito molakwika. Pulezidenti Andrew Johnson (amene anauzidwa 1868 chifukwa choswa lamulo la Ofesi, potsatira lamulo la kuphwanya lamulo la Boma, ndipo pulezidenti Bill Clinton (achitidwa ndi kuyendetsa ntchito zausilikali) ndipo Pulezidenti Bill Clinton (anayang'ana chifukwa cha 1998) anayang'anizana ndi ziyeso zimene ambiri amaziona kukhala zosonkhezera zandale. Zaka 2019 ndi 201 zotsutsa za Pristienti Trump (chifukwa cha kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu ndi kuukira boma) anawonjezeranso kuwonjezera dzikolo, kaya kusagwirizana ndi chida chandale zadziko m’malo chomalizira.

Mayeso a Malamulo Okhala ndi Magazi

Mu 1970, Congress inayamba kugwiritsira ntchito “pansipansi" kuletsa ntchito zaudindo popanda kukhazikitsa lamulo latsopano. Khoti Lapamwamba linalengeza kuti kachitidwe kameneka sikanayenera kugawiridwa mu INS v. Chadha (19983), kulamulira kuti kachitidwe kalikonse kokhudzana ndi mphamvu ya lamulo kayenera kudutsa m’nyumba zonse ziŵiri ndi kuperekedwa kwa pulezidenti. Mofananamo, Nyumba zinayesa kupatsa pulezidenti mu 1996, koma Bwalo Lapamwamba linakantha mu [FLT:] Clinton. J. Mzinda wa New York , kutsimikizira kuti prezidentiyo sangaperekedwe ndi mbali zina zalamulo popanda kuswa lamulo.

Kuweruza: Pamene Makhoti Alamula Mopambanitsa

Makhoti ayenera kusamala, ngakhale kuti atha kuweruza milandu molakwika ndipo angawononge mphamvu ya apolisiwo.

Zitsanzo za Kuloŵerera Kopambanitsa m’Chiŵeruzo

  • Kuchokera ku Bench: Mu [[FLT:] Roe v. Wade [773], Khoti Lalikulu linapanga kuyenera kwa lamulo kwa kuchotsa mimba kozikidwa pa “m'malamulo] ufulu wachinsinsi wosatchulidwa mwachindunji m'Malamulo. Otsutsa anatsutsa kuti Khoti linapitirira udindo wake mwa kukhazikitsa lamulo la dziko pa nkhani ya makhalidwe abwino, kuchotsa malamulo a boma. Chigamulo chinakhalabe chotsutsana kwa zaka makumi ambiri kufikira pamene linagwetsedwa mu Dobs v. Akazi a Jackson’s Health Organization [FF.FLT.2] [20] [20], zimene zinabwezera chigamu cha chigamu cha chigamu cha lamulo cha lamulo. Chigamu cha lamulo la lamulo la lamulo la lamulo la lamulo la kuweruza.
  • Kufutukula Ufulu wa Kukwatirana ndi Opaleshoni: Mu Obergefell v. Hodges (2015], Khoti linapeza ufulu walamulo wa ukwati wauchiŵalo ku ukwati wa zaka khumi ndi zinayi pa Kusintha kwa Malamulo. Pamene kuli kwakuti likukondwerera monga kupambana kwa ufulu wa anthu, chigamulo chachidule cha democracy m’mabungwe kumene kukali kutsutsanabe. Woweruza Antonin Scialia anatsutsa kuti Bwalo “lina kugamula kaamba ka mphamvu ya kugamula zimene anthu a ku Amereka.
  • [[FLT: 0] Kuposa Malamulo Otchuka: [[FT:1] Mu [[FT:] Kelo v. Mzinda wa New London (2005], Khoti linachirikiza kugwiritsira ntchito malo otchuka a kutukuka kwa zachuma, kumasulira mokulirapo “kuphatikizapo kuyambika kwa anthu omwe apanga ndalama za msonkho. Chigamulo chimenechi chinatsutsidwa kwambiri monga kunyalanyaza cholinga choyambirira cha kulanda Claus, kuchititsa maboma ambiri kukhazikitsa malamulo oletsa njirinjiri zotero.

Chiphunzitso cha Kuletsa Kuweruza

Kuti atsutse mfundo zachiweruzo, oweruza ambiri amachirikiza lingaliro lakuti makhoti ayenera kugonjera malamulo a boma nthaŵi zonse pamene kuli kotheka, kutsatira chitsanzo, ndi kugamula milandu. Zitsanzo zapadera zimaphatikizapo nzeru ya Woweruza Felix Frankfurter ya kuchepetsa kwachiweruzo ndi Woweruza womalizira Ruth Bad Ginsburg lingaliro la makhoti ayenera kukhala “bungwe lapamwamba lomwe silinasinthe chikhalidwe cha anthu. Komabe, mzera pakati pa kumasulira kovomerezeka ndi kuukira kwachiwembu uli wodziŵika bwino, ndi mkangano wa pakati pa ntchito ndi kuletsa kwa kachitidwe ka Julissar Revidenti ndi kuletsa kupitirizabe kumasulira American.

Kugwiritsa Ntchito Machesi ndi Machesi

Kumvetsa njira zimenezi n’kofunika kuti timvetse mmene dongosololi liyenera kukhalira lodziwongolera tokha.

  • Presidential Veto: Pulezidenti angabweze lamulo ku Congress ndi zitsutso. Congress angachotse cholowa ndi unyinji wa matatu aŵiri m'zipinda zonse ziŵiri. Mphamvu imeneyi imatsimikizira kuti lamulo likusonyeza kugwirizana kwakukulu.
  • [[FLT: 0] Uyang'aniro Waukulu: Congress angafufuze machitidwe a akulu kupyolera m'mayeso, tipena, ndi malipoti. Boma la Authonse (GAO) ndi Oyang'anira a General akupereka uyang'aniro waumwini. Mabungwe amayang'aniranso bajeti, kumanidwa kwa ndalama kaamba ka maprogramu amene savomereza.
  • [[FLT: 0] Kutsimikizira: Khoti liyenera kuvomereza kugamula kwapamwamba kwa maulamuliro ndi kuweruza. Kupendaku kumaletsa pulezidenti kugwiritsa ntchito boma ndi makhoti ndi otsata maganizo mopambanitsa.
  • Kusintha ndi Kuchotsa: Nyumba ingapangitse akuluakulu a boma kaamba ka kusadziletsa, ndipo Nyumba ya Malamulo ingawachotse ndi mavoti aŵiri . Mphamvu imeneyi imagwira ntchito kwa pulezidenti, pulezidenti, woweruza, ndi maofesala ena a boma.
  • [[FLT: 0] Jodicial Review: Makhoti angalengeze ntchito za maulamuliro kapena malamulo kukhala zosagwirizana ndi malamulo. Mphamvu ya Khoti Lalikulu ya kupenda , yotsimikiziridwa mu Marbury v. Madison , mwinamwake iri kupenda kwamphamvu koposa pa nthambi zina.
  • Communication: Congress angapereke ziwonjezeko ku Malamulo ndi mavoti aŵiri m'nyumba zonse ziŵiri, kapena msonkhano ungatchedwe ndi makina aŵiri atatu a boma. Kusintha malamulo kungasinthe zosankha za Khoti Lapamwamba (m’jere, Genence 16 ikhoza kugwetsa Pollock v. Alimi’s Loan & Trust . pa msonkho wa ndalama).

Nthambi iliyonse ikavomereza kuti yachita zinthu mochenjera kapena mogwirizana ndi zimene yachita, mphamvu ya nthambiyo imafooka.

Kufufuza Nkhani za M’dziko Lonse

Maulamuliro ogaŵanika sali kokha mu United States, mademokrase ambiri amayang’anizana ndi mavuto ofananawo, akumapereka maphunziro oyerekezera.

Hungary: Kuwonjezereka kwa Kudziimira Pachachiweruziro

Pansi pa Nduna Yaikulu Viktor Orbán, Hungary yakumana ndi kuchotsedwa kwa macheke ndi malingana kwa dongosolo. Chiyambire 2010, chipani chake Fidesz chagwiritsira ntchito kupambana kwake m'nyumba ya malamulo kulembanso malamulo, kuika khoti lalamulo ndi okhulupirika, ndi kuchotsa zigamulo za ufulu. European Union yatsutsa kaŵiri kaŵiri machitidwewa, koma njira zosungitsa zapakati zakhala zofooka. Chikalata cha Hungary chimasonyeza mmene malamulo apamwamba amagwirira ntchito yake yoyang'anira [1] pamene nyumba ya malamulo mwaufulu imatsogolera ntchito yake ya democracy . Khoti la European Union la Chilungamo ndi bungwe la European Commis likupanga milandu yalamulo, koma kuwonongeka kwa lamulo la lamulo ku Hungary nlakuya.

India: Kupereka Chifuno ndi Kubwezera Mlandu

Dongosolo la palamente la India limasumika mphamvu mu bwanamkubwa (Nkulu ya Chigamulo ndi bungwe lolamulira) malinga ngati chipani cholamuliracho chikhala ndi unyinji wa anthu. M’zaka zaposachedwapa, nkhaŵa zabuka pa Nduna Yaikulu Narendra Modi boma logwiritsira ntchito malamulo kutsekereza Palamente, kuletsa ufulu wosindikiza, ndi kuchepetsa ufulu wa bungwe la Ecomtion Commission . Khoti Lapamwamba la India la Supreme of India latsendereza mchitidwe wosankhana wochititsa chigwirizano umene unalola zopereka zandale zosadziŵika. Komabe, judiary ilo ilo imayang'anizana ndi mavuto a kumbuyo ndi kuloŵerera kwa nthaŵi zina. Chitsanzo cha India chisonyezero chakuti ngakhale makhoti alamulo ogwirizana a lamulo la lamulo la lamulo la lamulo la lamulo la lamulo la lamulo la dziko la dziko la dziko la dziko la United States States ndi la United States.

Kudziwitsa Anthu ndi Kuthandizana

Pomalizira pake, thanzi la kulekana kwa maulamuliro limadalira pa kukhala ndi nzika zodziŵa ndi zokangalika. Pamene anthu amvetsetsa malamulo alamulo, angadziŵe kusamala ndi kulamula mlandu mwa masankho, kugwiritsa ntchito umbale, ndi chitsutso chamtendere. Mabungwe a anthu, mapepala aulere, ndi mayunivesite onse akugwira ntchito zofunika kwambiri poyang'anira khalidwe la boma. [[FLT:] Malamulo a National Center [[[FLT:]] [FLT]] amapatsa chuma cha maphunziro ofufuza ndi kulinganiza. [[FLT:] [FT:]] [FT:] [FLT]] Mabuku alamulo a mbiri yakale [zifukwa]

Kumaliza: Kusunga Lamulo la m’Bungwe la Malamulo

Kulekanitsidwa kwa maulamuliro sikuli njira yodzichotsera okha; imafunikira kusungidwa kosalekeza ndi chifuniro chandale. Pamene mkulu wa ntchito, malamulo, kapena nthambi yachiweruzo apitirira malire ake, kuwononga kungawonjezeredwe. Malamulo auyang'anira amene amapatula Congress, kuletsa kwa malamulo amene amatsekereza mayeru a chiweruzo, ndi malamulo a chiweruzo amene amachotsa njira za demokrase zimene zimawononga zonse za demokrase. Mbiri imasonyeza kuti chitetezo chogwira mtima kwambiri ndicho kulinganiza ndi kukhala nzika yamphamvu. Oyambitsa a ku America anamvetsetsa zimenezi, chimene chimachititsa kuti apange dongosolo la kunyansidwa ndi kukhumba malo apamwamba. Monga nzika, aphunzitsi, ndi ophunzira, akudziŵa mphamvu zimenezi kutilimbikitsa kutetezera lamulo. Nthaŵi yotsatira, funso liyenera kukhala: Kuyang’ana ndi kulinganiza ndi kuyendetsa ntchito kwawo, iwo anafooka ndi kuyankha kwa democra la democrase?