Maziko a Boma Loyenera

Kuchokera ku mizinda yakale ya Greece mpaka ku mayiko a malamulo a m’nyengo yathu ino, mfundo yakuti palibe munthu kapena gulu limene liyenera kukhala ndi ulamuliro wosaletsedwa limene laumba dongosolo landale m’mayiko ambiri. Kumvetsa mbiri ya kusandulika kwa chiphunzitso chimenechi sikumangosonyeza mavuto a nzeru amene chinayambitsa komanso kumathandiza nzika kuzindikira pamene mphamvu zake zamphamvu zili pangozi.

Pamaziko ake, kugaŵidwa kwa maulamuliro kumagaŵira ntchito za boma pakati pa nthambi zosiyana . Mophiphiritsira, bungwe la malamulo, lolamulira, ndi loweruza .

Chiyambi cha Kupatukana kwa Mphamvu

Girisi Wakale ndi Mbewu za Kugaŵanikana

Kufufuza koyambirira kolembedwa kwa ulamuliro wogaŵanika kunawonekera m'Chigiriki. Pamene kuli kwakuti demokrase ya Atene ya zaka za zana lachisanu BCE imachitidwa kaŵirikaŵiri chifukwa cha kutengamo mbali kwake kwachindunji kwa nzika, iyo imagwiranso ntchito ndi mabungwe osiyanasiyana amene anachitira chithunzi ziphunzitso zapambuyo pake. Asswenyuksition (Eklesia) [1] yokonzeka ndi yoyendetsa zinthu za tsiku ndi tsiku. Magistrate, monga ngati ma a apirpo ndi ankhondo, malamulo ophedwa, ndi [FLT.[FF:] Khoti [PT]

Aristotle, mu yake, anawona kuti malamulo onse olinganizidwa bwino amaphatikizapo mbali zitatu: kuchotsa ufulu, mkulu wa ntchito, ndi chiweruzo. Iye sanapereke kulekana kwakukulu monga momwe tikudziŵira lerolino, koma kugaŵidwa kwake kwa ntchito za boma kunapereka maziko a mawu amene akatswiri a pambuyo pake akanawongolere. Agiriki anasonyeza kuti kugaŵira ntchito pakati pa matupi osiyanasiyana kungachepetse upandu wa kugonjetsa, ngakhale ngati dongosolo lawo silinafufuze mapangano amakono.

Rome Republic ndi Kulinganiza Malamulo

Roma anapitirizabe kukhazikitsa njira ya mayeso ndi kulinganiza pakati pa malamulo ake andale ndi magistracies. [[FLT :] Roman Republic (c. 509-27 BCE) inali ndi malo a mphamvu ambiri amene angatsekerezena. [[FLT:] Sante yolangiza oweruza ndi boma; misonkhano yosankhidwa ndi yochitidwa ndi akuluakulu a boma. ndi majects [[FLT:] olembetsa [ma] (kuphatikizapo mapangano, practers, ma processs, ndi ma tribus).

Polybius, wolemba mbiri wachigiriki yemwe analemba zambiri ponena za Roma, anatsutsa kuti mphamvu ya Ripabulikiyo inali m'malamulo ake osanganiza, amene anagwirizanitsa mbali za ufumu (maconsul), a democracy (State), ndi demokrase (misonkhano). Kanthu kalikonse, iye anafotokoza, kangayang'anizane ndi enawo, kuletsa kuti pakhale kulamulira. Chitsanzo cha Roma chinasonyeza kuti mphamvu zopatulirana zingayambitse bata, phunziro limene pambuyo pake likakhudza onse aŵiriwo Montesquieu ndi oyambitsa Amereka. Komabe, chigawo cha Republic chinagwiranso ntchito monga chochenjeza ponena za kuchuluka kwa malamulo oterowo pamene malamulo anyonyotsoka.

Choloŵa Chapakati

Mkati mwa Nyengo Zapakati, lingaliro la maulamuliro opatukana monga chidani ndi ulamuliro waufumu linaikidwa m’manja mwa olamulira. Komabe, makonzedwe ena a boma anasungidwa monga mawu achidule a lamulo. Magna Carta [1] (1215) (1215) adatsimikizira kuti mfumu sinali yoposa malamulo ndi kuti ufulu unali wa anthu . Kuchepetsa mphamvu za ulamuliro zimene pambuyo pake ofufuza za boma akawona kukhala zotsogola. Parliation ya England pang'onopang'ono inatsimikizira mbali yake m'makhoma ndi malamulo, kuyambitsa chisokosokoso cha anthu. Podzafika zaka za zana la 17, nkhondo ya Chikomyunizimu ndi Chinyole zinapanga kugawa kwa ufulu wa kugaŵana kwa ulamuliro walamulo pakati pa malamulo a gulu la malamulo, kulinganizansonga kwa malamulo.

Montesquieu ndi Ntchito Yamakono

Mzimu wa Malamulo

Wafilosofi Wachifalansa [[FLT: 0] mu 1748, akumapereka kusiyanitsa kwakukulu kwa maulamuliro. Kugwiritsira ntchito maphunziro ake a mbiri ya Roma ndi Chingelezi, Montesquieu, anafalitsa Mzimu wa Malamulo [ mu 1748], kupereka kusiyanitsa kwakukulu kwa maulamuliro. Kupenda kwake mbiri ya Roma ndi malamulo a Chingelezi, Montesquie anatsutsa kuti ufulu wandale zadziko umafuna kugawiridwa kwa manthambi atatu: [[FLT:] Filture [kupanga] malamulo [ake], [FLT:] [FT] [5] [i] kapena kumasulira kuwonjezereka kwa], pamene kudalira [malamulo] [FT] [FT] [5] [5] kapena kuwonjezera kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwake] kugwiritsidwa ntchito ndi kuwonjezera kusweka kwa mlingo wofanana.

Montesquieu analemba kuti: “Pamene maulamuliro alamulo ndi akuluakulu a boma agwirizana mu munthu mmodzi, kapena m'bungwe limodzi la oweruza, sipangakhale ufulu... kachiŵirinso, palibe ufulu ngati mphamvu ya ajuli singalekanitsidwe ndi alamulo ndi aulamuliro." Chigamulo chimenechi chinapereka chowonekera bwino, chokhoza kuchitidwa kuposa magulu a Aristotle. Montesquieu anagogomezera kuti nthambi iliyonse iyenera kukhala yodziimira payokha / cholinga cha antchito, mphamvu, ndi chuma chake sichiyenera kugonjetsa chikhumbo cha ulamuliro.

Kusintha kwa Maganizo a Anthu

Montesquieu anafalikira mofulumira mu Ulaya ndi maiko a America. Ntchito yake inatchulidwa kwambiri ndi oyambitsa a America [1], omwe anaona kulekana kwa maulamuliro njira yotetezera mtundu wa nkhalwe imene anakumana nayo mu ulamuliro wa Britain. John Adams, Thomas Jefferson, ndi James Madison onse adagwirizana kwambiri ndi mikangano ya Montesquieu, kuwagwirizanitsa ndi mikhalidwe yapadera ya dziko. Pofika nthaŵi imene Constitution Constitution Commis Conftion inayamba kusonkhana mu 1787, lamulolo linakhala maziko a lingaliro la ndale zadziko ya Amereka.

Chisonkhezero pa Malamulo a United States

Kupangidwa kwa Malamulo a M’chaka cha 1787

Mafream a Constitution ya United States yosungidwa kugaŵidwa kwa maulamuliro kuloŵa m'makonzedwe enieni a boma latsopano. Mfundo Ikupanga Biabmaral Khonsati [[FLT:] (nthambi ya malamulo]) (nthambi yokhayo) (imene ili ndi ulamuliro wopanga malamulo; Mfundo II ikulumika mu ulamuliro umodzi Presidenti ; ndi Dissss III ikhazikitsa Bwalo lodzi [[FLT:] [FLT] ndi makhoti otsika kumasulira malamulowo. Malamulo atatuwa anali kuchotsa kwa dala dongosolo la boma la Britain, ndi bungwe lapamwamba la malamulo (Geneaustmakulu).

James Madison, mu Mndandanda wa anthu Ayi. 51 , analongosola kuti kupatukana kwa maulamuliro kunali kofunika kuti alamulire “malamulo ” kuti mwachibadwa amabuka m’boma lililonse. Iye analemba kuti:“ Kusankha kuyenera kuchitidwa kuti munthu athetse chikhumbo. Chidwi cha munthu chiyenera kugwirizana ndi ufulu wa pulinsipulo. [1] Madison anazindikira kuti kungojambula mizere papepala sikungakwane; nthambizo zinafunikira njira ndi cholinga chotsutsana.

Mapeketi ndi Kulinganizika m’Chitsanzo

Malamulo a U.S. samapanga kulekana kosalekeza. Mmalomwake, amapereka nthambi iriyonse ndi zida zochepetsera zina . Dongosolo lodziŵika monga machecks ndi mayeso a kulinganiza . Pulezidenti angapereke lamulo loperekedwa ndi Congress; Nyumba ya Malamulo ikhoza kuilamulira ndi makampani aŵiri [1]; Nyumba ya Malamulo ikhazikitsa mapangano a kayendetsedwe ndi mapangano; Khoti Lapamwamba lingalengeze malamulo kapena machitidwe apamwamba oletsa kapena kupenda kwachiweruzo (mphamvu yotsimikizidwa mu . Malamulo a . Makampaniwakedzana ameneŵa mu 180:3).

Chifaniziro cha ku America chinakhala chitsanzo cha malamulo ambiri otsatizana, makamaka ku Latin America ndi Ulaya. Kulimba kwake pazaka zoposa mazana aŵiri . Mosasamala kanthu za nkhondo yachiŵeniŵeni, mavuto a zachuma, ndi nyengo za kugaŵana kwakukulu kwa ndale zadziko, zimatsimikizira mphamvu ya kapangidwe kake. Komabe dongosololi layang'anizananso ndi mavuto osatha, makamaka pamene nthambi yaikulu yakula ndi kukula kwa ukulu kuchokera ku New Deance ndi chiwiya cha chitetezo cha dziko lonse chakula pochitapo ndi ziwopsezo za dziko lonse.

Kulera Ana Omwe Ali Osiyana Padziko Lonse

France: Kuchokera pa Kusintha Zinthu Kufika ku Republic Yachisanu

Falansa analola kugaŵidwa kwa maulamuliro kunali kovuta. Komabe lamulo lamakhalidwe abwino linaoneka lofooka: mphamvu yaikulu ya chipanduko mu Komiti ya Zachiteko za Public, ndipo pambuyo pake, Napoleon Bonaparte anasonkhanitsa ulamuliro ku nthambi zonse. M’zaka za zana la 19, France adagaŵana pakati pa ufumu wa mfumu, ndi dziko la Royalge, boma lililonse loyesa kugaŵira mphamvu zosiyanasiyana.

. . . . . . . . . . . . . imakhala ndi bwana wamphamvu . Pulezidenti .. . amene ali ndi mphamvu zazikulu za malamulo ndi zangozi, pamene Nyumba ya Malamulo ikukhala ndi ulamuliro wa malamulo ndi Council Council imachita ntchito yachiweruzo yochepa. Otsutsa amanena kuti dongosololi limamira kwambiri kwa mkulu wa ntchito, koma ochirikiza amatsutsa kuti limapereka chikhazikitso chofunika pamene likusunga ntchito za demokrase.

Germany: Lamulo Lofunika ndi Kukhazikika

. [[FLT: 0] Lamulo lapamwamba (Grundesetz) [FLT :1] mu 1949, lolembedwa pambuyo pa zowopsa za ulamuliro wankhanza wa Nazi, limafalitsa mwadala mphamvu zoletsa ulamuliro wa authoritarianism. Bundestag [[FLT] [[FLT]] [pansi] [nyumba] ndi [FLT:] [4] [Boundstrat ['nyumba yoimira maboma]; [[FLT:] Factal Changerlate] ndi malamulo a Brust [FLT]

Dongosolo la Germany limasonyeza mmene kulekanitsa maulamuliro kungathere kugwira ntchito m’malamulo a nyumba ya malamulo. Mosiyana ndi chitsanzo cha U.S., kumene mkulu wa ntchito ndi nyumba ya malamulo amasankhidwa mwaufulu, mkulu wa boma wa Germany ali chiŵalo cha nyumba yaikulu. Komabe, kupenda kulipo: bwalo lamilandu lingapangitse malamulo, Bundestrat likhoza kutseka lamulo la boma lokhudza zikondwerero za boma, ndi kuvota kogwirizana kwa chidaliro kuti woyang'anira wa mtsogoleriyo angachotsedwe kokha ngati woloŵa mmalo wasankhidwa panthaŵi imodzi. Makonzedwe ameneŵa amasonyeza kuti kulekana kwa maulamuliro sikuli njira imodzi koma njira yoikidwa ya ziŵiro zogwirizana ndi miyambo yandale yosiyanasiyana.

India: Democracy ya Nyumba Yalamulo yokhala ndi Woweruza

Bukhu la Malamulo la India limaperekanso [[FLT: 0] Khoti la Malamulo (50) kutanthauza dongosolo la malamulo limene mkulu wa bungwe (Ngunakulu ndi Bungwe la Atumiki) amatulukira ku Nyumba ya Malamulo. Komabe, Konsichushoni imapatsanso Bwalo lamilandu la Salme [[FLT:]] maulamuliro aakulu ofufuza ndi kusungitsa kupatutsa ntchito. Khoti lawononga mobwerezabwereza malamulo ndi zochita zapamwamba zimene zinawopsya maziko a Lamulo la malamulo a [FLT:] chiphunzitso chodziŵika [FLT] [FLD]], chokhazikitsidwa mu Kansati ndi Boma. [brati]

Ngakhale m’dongosolo limene mkulu wa bungwe la boma amalamulira nyumba yogawira malamulo, likhoza kukhala loletsa kwambiri.

Mavuto Olepheretsa Kupatukana kwa Maulamuliro M’nthaŵi Yamakono

Kulamulira Kolamulira ndi Kukhazikitsidwa kwa Boma Lolamulira

Pafupifupi demokrase iriyonse ya lamulo lachibadwidwe, nthambi yoyang'anira yakula modabwitsa m'zaka za zana lapita. Kucholoŵana kwa ulamuliro wamakono . malamulo a zachuma, chisungiko cha dziko, thanzi la anthu . kwachititsa makhoma alamulo kutumiza ulamuliro waukulu kwa mabungwe a maulamuliro ndi makampani odziimira okha. Pamene kuli kwakuti kaŵirikaŵiri kuli kofunika, boma ili lauyang'aniro lingatseke mizera pakati pa kupanga malamulo ndi kutsatsa lamulo, kudzutsa mafunso ponena za amene nthambi imapangadi mphamvu.

Ku United States, mapresidenti agwiritsira ntchito kwambiri malamulo ophera boma , masinthidwe , ndi mapangano, ndi memoranda kuti aleke kutseka malamulo. Otsutsa amatsutsa kuti kachitidwe kameneka kamasokoneza ulamuliro wa Congresstion. Ochirikiza amayankha moyenerera ku ntchito yochitira zinthu ndi kuti judiary idakalipo kuyesa machitidwe oletsedwa mosemphana ndi lamulo a ulamuliro. Kulimbanako kumasonyeza chitokosokosokoso: kulekanitsa mphamvu zimene zimafuna kugoma, koma zisonkhezeretsa zandale zambiri.

Kuweruza ndi Malamulo a Kumasulira

Ofufuza akukhala aukali kwambiri padziko lonse, akumakulitsa mbali yawo kuchokera ku chigamulo cha mkangano kupenda lamulo. Ku United States, zigamulo za Khoti Lalikulu pa zaumoyo, kuchotsa mimba, ndi ukwati zakhazikitsa bwino lamulo la dziko, kuchititsa ena kuimba mlandu Khoti la kulanda malamulo. Mofananamo, makhoti aakulu m’maiko onga Colombia, South Africa, ndi Israel apereka malamulo amene amasonkhezera maboma kupatsa chuma kaamba ka maprogramu a za mayanjano kapena kuvomereza masinthidwe a malamulo.

Liwu lakuti la lamulo la kuchita zinthu ” limapereka malingaliro oipa kwa awo amene amakhulupirira kuti makhoti ayenera kulola kusankhidwa. Komabe ena amatsutsa kuti kupenda kwamphamvu kwachiweruzo kuli kofunika kutetezera ufulu wa anthu ochepa ndi kuchirikiza malamulo alamulo. Kambirano imagogomezera kulinganiza kopanda nzeru kofunikira: judiciary imakhala sitesitanti ya balabha ya ulamuliro wa boma, pamene kuli kwakuti wina wopambanitsa angatsutse chigamulo cha demokrase. Kupeza kuyenera kwa dongosolo lalamulo lililonse limene limasunga malamulo onse ndi chitetezo cha anthu ochepa.

Kusintha ndale ndi Kusokonekera kwa Anthu a M’dziko

Kupatukana kwa maulamuliro kumadalira osati kokha pa malamulo alamulo komanso pa malamulo osalembedwa a kuletsa ndi kulemekezana pakati pa nthambi. M'zaka zaposachedwapa, mademokrase ambiri aona kuwonjezereka kwa kusagwirizana kwandale, kumene kumafooketsa kugwirizana kumene kumafuna. Pamene anthu aonana kukhala ziwopsezo zokhalako, zosonkhezera kufooka, kutsogolera ku kutsekereza, kutsekereza, kutsendereza kwa madera, ndi kuukira makhoti ndi mabungwe oyang’anira.

United States yaona kutsimikiziridwa kwa oweruza kukhala kochepa m'mbiri, kugwiritsira ntchito kwa mwana wa mu nyukiliya kutsekereza pafupifupi malamulo onse aakulu, ndi ziwopsezo kululuza kapena kuchotsa mabungwe a maulamuliro. Zofananazo zawonekera m'maiko onga Poland, Hungary, ndi Turkey, kumene maulamuliro aakulu ayesa kuchepetsa ufulu wa kuweruza, kuletsa oulutsa nkhani, ndi mphamvu zapamwamba mu bwanamkumene. Zochitika zimenezi zimagwira ntchito monga chikumbutso chakuti kupatutsa maulamuliro sikuli kwa munthu mwini; kufunikira kuti nzika zikhale ndi gulu landale la nzika zimadalira pa malamulo alamulo.

Vuto la Mphamvu za M’ngozi

Nthaŵi za mavuto .War, mliri, kuwonongeka kwa chuma . Nthaŵi zonse zakhala ndi ngozi yapadera kwa maulamuliro ogaŵanikana. Maboma mwachibadwa amafuna kuchitapo kanthu mofulumira ndi motsimikiza, kaŵirikaŵiri kunyalanyaza njira zachibadwa za malamulo. Mliri wa CVOVID . Unapereka chitsanzo chomveka: maiko ambiri oika malamulo otsekedwa, ziletso za maulendo, ndi katemera zolamulidwa mwa malamulo a akuluakulu, ndipo okhazikitsa malamulo akuchita mbali yocheperapo. Pamene kuli kwakuti njira zotero zingalungamizidwe ndi zofunika zaumoyo, iwonso amawonjezera ulamuliro wapamwamba ndi kukhazikitsa zitsanzo zimene zingapitirizebe pambuyo potha kwa tsokalo.

Oyang’anira malamulo amakono achenjeza kuti mphamvu zangozi zikhoza kukhala zosatha. Mabungwe a boma la Roma, omwe cholinga chake ndi kuimira boma lopondereza lakanthaŵi pa zinthu zamwadzidzidzi, potsirizira pake anagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi anthu monga Sulla ndi Julius Caesar kuti agwire ntchito yosatha. Malamulo amakono amaphatikizapo malamulo a zangozi koma amayesetsa kuchepetsa utali wake ndi kukula kwake. Vuto n’loti makampani a boma atha kuyankha pakachitika zinthu zoopsa popanda kuchotsa njira zenizeni zoletsa ulamuliro wankhanza.

Kusintha Mfundo ya M’zaka za zana la 206

Kulamulira kwa Padziko Lonse ndi Kuthandizana

Kusintha kwa chuma ndi luso la zopangapanga kwayambitsa malo atsopano a mphamvu zimene zimagwira ntchito kunja kwa maufumu a dziko. Mabungwe apadziko lonse, makampani a mitundu yonse, ndi mapulatifomu a ndandanda akhoza kukhala ndi ulamuliro pa anthu popanda kugonjera ku kusiyanitsa kwanthaŵi zonse kwa maulamuliro. Maboma angapereke ulamuliro wa kukhazikitsanso mabungwe a maiko osiyanasiyana. Chonga ngati European Union .

Akatswiri a zamalamulo akufufuza mmene lamulo la kusiyanitsa maulamuliro lingagwirizanirane ndi zenizeni zatsopano zimenezi. Ena amalingalira kuti uyang'aniro wa democracy uyenera kutsagana ndi nthumwi zonse za ulamuliro, kaya ku bungwe la mitundu yonse kapena ku dongosolo lopanga luntha. Ena amatsutsa kaamba ka mitundu yatsopano ya madongosolo, monga ngati makomiti a malamulo a kudziimira kapena maoda a maodaleshoni, kudzaza mipata yosiyidwa ndi nthambi zamwambo. Nzeru yaikulu imakhalabe: Kulikonse kumene mphamvu imagwiritsiridwa ntchito, iyenera kupendedwa ndi mabungwe otsutsa ufulu.

Maphunziro a Mitengo ndi Kudalirana kwa Mabungwe

Palibe malamulo oyendetsera zinthu amene angagwire ntchito popanda kuthandizidwa ndi nzika yogwirizana ndi ntchito za nzika. Pamene nzika sizimvetsetsa mbali za nthambi zosiyanasiyana, zimakhala zosavuta kuukira ufulu wa boma.

Maphunziro a bungwe la Cobic amene amaphatikizapo mbiri ndi lingaliro la kulekana kwa maulamuliro nlofunika kwambiri kuti akhazikike ndi demokrase. Nzika ziyenera kuphunzira osati kokha malamulo olinganizidwa komanso zifukwa zimene makhoti a kudziimira, makhoti okhazikitsa malamulo odziimira, ndi akuluakulu otsenderezedwa mwalamulo. Ayeneranso kuzindikira kuti kupatukana kwa maulamuliro sikuli chopinga ku demokrase koma mmalo mwake chimodzi cha zitsimikizo zake zofunika kwambiri.

Tsogolo la Mphamvu Zopatulidwa

Kusintha kwa maulamuliro n’kovuta kwambiri moti mbadwo uliwonse uyenera kumasulira ndi kuteteza mfundo yake mogwirizana ndi kusintha kwa zinthu.

Chimene sichisintha ndicho chidziŵitso chachikulu chakuti mphamvu . "palibe amene amaigwiritsira ntchito" ayenera kukhala ndi malire ndi olinganizika. Agiriki akale anamvetsetsa kuti ulamuliro wosumika maganizo mwa munthu mmodzi kapena thupi limodzi umaitanira kuchitiridwa nkhanza; Montesquieu anapereka chidziŵitso chimenecho mpangidwe wolinganizika; ndipo zaka mazana aŵiri za kuyesa kwa lamulo zasonyeza ponse paŵiri kufunika kwake ndi kusoŵa kwake. Pamene tikuyang'anizana ndi zitokoso za ndale zadziko za m’zaka za zana la makumi aŵiri ndi limodzi, lingaliro la m’mbiri la kupatulidwa kwa maulamuliro silimapereka yankho lotsimikizirika koma maziko a mafunso oyenera.

Nzika, opanga malamulo, ndi oweruza ayenera kukhalabe maso molimbana ndi kuikidwa kwa ulamuliro kwa phee kwa nthambi iliyonse. Ayeneranso kuzindikira kuti kupatukana kwa maulamuliro sikuli kokha chiphunzitso chalamulo koma mchitidwe wandale umene umadalira pa miyezo, kudziletsa, ndi kudzipereka kogawiridwa limodzi ku boma lolinganizidwa. Mtsogolo mwa demokrase kungadalire pa kaya tingachirikize kuchita zimenezo poyang’anizana ndi zitsenderezo zatsopano ndi ziyeso zakale.

Kuŵerenga kowonjezereka pa milingo ya mbiri ndi yoyerekezera ya nkhaniyi, fufuzani Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy kulowa kwa maulamuliro [, [[FLT:] Enclopediadia Britannica [[[FLT:]] nkhani za [FLT:] Masteuthoup ndi mabungwe [FLT:] ndi zikalata zoperekerapo za boma. [FLT:]