Chikalata cha 14 Demendment ku United States ndi lamulo lofunika kwambiri limene limalongosola mbali zingapo za unzika ndi ufulu wa nzika. Pakati pa makonzedwe ake ofunika kwambiri ndi akuti, Kuteteza Claus, malo alamulo amene amalamula boma lililonse kulamulira popanda tsankho. Mawuwa akhala maziko a nkhondo za ufulu wachibadwidwe kwambiri m’dziko, kukonza malo alamulo kwa zaka zoposa 150. Kwa aphunzitsi, ophunzira, ndi akatswiri a zamalamulo, kumvetsetsa Komiti Yotetezera Classione nkofunika pomvetsa kuyesayesa kwa kulingana kwa ufulu wa anthu pansi pa lamulo la ku America.

Nkhani Zake: Kukonzanso ndi Kubadwa kwa Lamulo la 14 la Kukonzanso

Demetriyo ya 14 inavomerezedwa mu 1868, mkati mwa Kukonzanso kwa Mbadwo wa Zochitika komwe kunatsatira Nkhondo Yachiŵeniŵeni. Kusinthako kunali chivomerezo chachindunji ku Malamulo Akuda [1] malamulo operekedwa Kum’mwera kwa boma kuti analetsa mowopsa ufulu ndi zoyenera za Aafirika omasulidwa chatsopano. Okonza malamulo a ku Aamereka. Okonza malamulo a kukonzanso, kuphatikizapo Congsman Bingham ndi Woweruza Jacob Howard, anafuna kuloŵerera m'malamulo omwe angaletseretu anthu ena kuti asamasocherezedwe ndi gulu la nzika.

Chigamulo cha Kutetezera Claus, limodzi ndi Act Classias ndi Malo Oyenera kapena Immunites Claus, chinakonzedwa kuti chigwetse lamulo loipitsitsa Dered Scott v. Sandford [1] chigamulo, chimene chinakana kukhala nzika ya African America. Chinalinso ndi cholinga chopereka maziko alamulo a lamulo la Civil Rights Act ya 1866. Mawu a [1] “Bomalo silidzakana... munthu aliyense m’manja mwake mwa kutetezeredwa ndi malamulo amodzi. [2] Ili yotakata, yofuna kufikira khalidwe la boma ndi maboma amene ankachitirapo zinthu mopanda chilungamo.

Komabe, lonjezo la Aumelt Protection Claus silinakwaniritsidwe kwambiri kwa zaka pafupifupi zana limodzi. M'ma 1870 ndi 1880, Khoti Lalikulu linangomasulira mawuwo mopepuka, kuchepetsa kukhoza kwake kukhazikitsa kachitidwe kamene kanasankha poyera. Khotilo linagamulapo [pa Plassv. Ferguson (1896) linachirikiza tsankho la fuko pansi pa “chiphunzitso chofanana ndi , kuchotsa mphamvu ya chigamulocho. Likanatenganso kuyenera kwa anthu kwa pakati pa zaka za zana la 20 kuti libwezeretsenso bungwe la Claus Claus monga chida chochotsera tsankho.

Kumvetsa Chitetezo Chofanana ndi cha Claus: Chiphunzitso ndi Miyezo ya Kupenda

Mawu a bungwe la Uniment Protection Claus ndi osavuta kumva: “Palibe boma... limene lidzakana munthu aliyense wokhala m’manja mwake kutetezeredwa kofanana kwa malamulo. [1] Koma Khoti Lalikulu lakhazikitsa njira yosavuta yogwiritsira ntchito mawuwo. Mfundo yaikulu ndi yakuti anthu okhala pamalo ofanana ndi lamulo, ngati pali chifukwa chokwanira chowachitira zinthu mosiyana. Pa zaka makumi ambiri, khoti lakhazikitsa mizere itatu yofufuza kuti lionetse bwino malamulo a boma.

Kupenda Kolimba

Kusanthula kwenikweni ndiko muyezo wokhwima kwambiri. Kumagwira ntchito pamene lamulo liika anthu m'magulu ogwirizana ndi gulu la , monga fuko, mtundu, kapena kusamukira. Pansi pa kusanthula kosamalitsa, boma liyenera kutsimikizira kuti kugaŵikanako kumatumikira chikondwerero cha boma [[[FLT:] ndipo kuli [FLT:] kowonetsera mowoloŵa manja [[FLT:] [[FLT]] [malamulo oletsedwa] kuti apeze chochititsa chidwi chimenecho. M’kutsatira, malamulo ambiri amakhudzidwa kwambiri amakhudzidwa pansi. Chitsanzo chotchuka ndi [FL:6]. Chitsanzo chotchuka n’chi. Virginia v [FLT:] [FLT] [197] [malamulo oletsedwa]

Kupenda Kogwirizanitsa

Kufufuza kokhudzana ndi mfundo zimenezi kumagwira ntchito pa magawo a boma ozikidwa pa . [FLT :1] ndi [FLT]] digigitacy [. Pansi pa muyezo umenewu, kugawiridwa kuyenera kugwiritsa ntchito cholinga cha boma cha [[[FLT]] ndipo kuyenera [kukhala] [kusinthana] [kusinthana "kusintha] [kusinthana kugwirizana ndi cholinga chimenecho. Muyezo umenewu unafotokozedwa bwino mu [[FLT:]. v[FLT]. [FLT] [FLT] [9:] [6], zimene zinabwereza lamulololeza [malola kuti akazi agule moŵana ndi zaka 18 koma kuti akhale amuna 21.

Kupendanso Maziko a Kudziikira Pangano

Kupenda ndiko kulephera, muyezo waulemu kwambiri. Imagwira ntchito ku malamulo ambiri a zachuma ndi a kakhalidwe ka anthu. Pansi pa muyezo umenewu, kuikidwa kwa malamulo kumalingaliridwa kukhala kovomerezeka malinga ngati kuli kogwirizana ndi ku [[FLT:] ku chiwonjezeko cha boma [[FLT:]] [2] chogwirizana ndi chiwonjezeko] [[FLT]] [[FLT:]] [96], chimene chinawononga malamulo oletsa chitetezo chalamulo pa mfundo zogwirizana ndi anthu a mtundu umodzi.

Milandu ya Khoti Lalikulu Yochepetsa Chitetezo

Nkhani iliyonse imasonyeza mmene mfundoyi yasinthira kuti ithetsere mitundu yatsopano ya tsankho ndiponso kuti ikwaniritse lonjezo lake lakuti anthu onse adzakhala ofanana.

Brown v. Board of Education (1954)

Mwinamwake mlandu wotchuka kwambiri wotetezera, Brown v. Board of Education [FLT :1] inagonjetsa tsankho la mafuko m'sukulu za anthu. Khoti Lapamwamba linagwirizana kuti “kusiyana ndi kulingana” malo ophunzitsira ndi [ osalingana [[FLT:]] mosasintha, chifukwa chakuti limanyozetsa ana ochepa ndi kuvulaza mwaŵi wawo wa maphunziro. Chigamulo chimenechi chinagwetsa [[[FLT: 4.] Pyv. Ferguson[FL:] [FLT:] ndi kuzindikiritsa mfundo yosintha mbiri ya ku America. Icho chinatsegula khomo la mavuto otsati kumbali zonse za moyo wa anthu onse.

Lovang v. Virginia (1967)

Mu yosakwatira azungu v. Virginia Virginia , khoti linachotsa malamulo a boma oletsa kusiyanitsa mafuko. Virginia adatsutsa kuti lamulo lake limagwira ntchito mofanana kwa mafuko onse aŵiri .Imaletsa oyera kukwatira osakhala oyera ndi osakhala azungu kukwatira ndi kuletsa kukwatirana ndi azungu. Khoti linakana malingaliro amenewo, kupeza kuti chifuno cha lamulo chinali kusunga ukulu wa anthu ndi kuti linasenza kuyenera kwapadera. [[FLT:] Living [1] Living linatsimikiziranso kuti Chitetezero cha Claus chimaletsa malamulo osonkhezeredwa ndi tsankho, ngakhale ngati iwo akuwonekera kukhala opatuka.

Roe v. Wade [[FLT] [1] (1973) ndi Kuyenera kwa Kukhala Wekha

Pamene kuli kwakuti [[NTL:0] M'pake kuti [[FLT :1] Amakhala ogwirizana kwambiri ndi Accounting Claus ndi kuyenera kwa kukhala yekha, Kutetezera Klaus Kofanana Kunachita mbali yochirikiza malingaliro a Khoti. Woweruza Ruth Bader Ginsburg pambuyo pake ananena kuti mlanduwo ungakhale utagamulidwa pa malo otetezera olingana, chifukwa malamulo oletsa kuchotsa mimba amaika mtolo wapadera kwa akazi, iwo amapanga mtundu wa kukondera kwa kugonana. Ngakhale kuti malingaliro a Khoti mu [FLT]] [FLT:] RT] [3] kwenikweni [3] [3] [mat], zochitika zonga pambuyo pake [FLT:] .C.C.C.C.C.C. [5]

United States v. Mphepo (2013)

Mu United States v. Mphepo ya , Bwalo Lapamwamba linagamula Chigawo 3 cha Kutetezera Malamulo a Ukwati (DOMA), chimene chinalongosola ukwati kukhala pakati pa mwamuna mmodzi ndi mkazi mmodzi kaamba ka zifuno za boma. Khoti linanena kuti DOMA inaswa zitsimikizo zotetezera zofanana za kukhazikitsa Komphonya Koyamba (zimene zimagwira ntchito ku boma kudzera m'Gulu la Reast Procession Claus’ssion of the tractive Active state of the system). Chigamucho chinazindikira kuti kunyansidwa kosayenera kwa mwamuna ndi mkazi mmodzi ndi mkazi mmodzi pa kuchitiridwa mopanda pake. Inachititsa maziko a chigamulo cha Bwalo lotsatira mu [[FLD:]

Obergefell v. Hodges (2015]

[[FLT : 0] Khoti linavomereza kuti kukwatira kwa mwamuna ndi mkazi mmodzi kumaswa ufulu wawo wofunika ndi kuyambitsa kutchuka kwawo. Chigamulocho ndi chitsanzo champhamvu cha mmene Mtetezi wa Claus angaphatikizepo magulu atsopano pakati pa chitetezo chake, kuzindikira kuti “kuyenera kwa kukwatira ndi kukwatira ndi kuyenera kwachibadwa m’maufulu a munthu.

Zotsatira za Fair Admacts . Harvard ndi UNC (2023])

M'chigamulo chaposachedwapa chosintha zinthu, Bwalo Lapamwamba linathetsa mosadziŵa kuvomereza kwa mafuko m'makoleji. Khotilo linatsutsa kuti maprogramu ololedwa ku Harvard ndi Yunivesite ya North Carolina anaswa kutetezera kwa Uniment Claus chifukwa chakuti analibe zolinga zokwanira ndi zokhoza kuiwala, ndipo chifukwa chakuti anagwiritsira ntchito mafuko m’njira yotsutsa ofunsira ena. Pamene kuli kwakuti Bwalo la Bwalo silinachotse lamulo lakuti kusiyana kwa maphunziro kungakhale chikondwerero chokakamiza, linaika kukhwima kopanda malire a mafuko. Chigamulo chabutsa mkangano wamphamvu ponena za mtsogolo mwa chitetezo chofanana m’maphunziro apamwamba ndi kupyola.

Zipangizo Zotetezera Claus Wofanana m’Chilamulo cha Pambuyo Pake

Kudziwa mfundo za m’Baibulo zokhudza mtundu wa anthu, kugonana kapena kugonana, kumafika pa mbali zosiyanasiyana za malamulo a boma, monga ufulu wovota, ndalama zothandizira pa ntchito yopanga masankho, kuweruza milandu, ndi malamulo a zachuma.

Kulandira Ufulu ndi Maulamuliro a Chisankho

Chitetezo cha Kulingana ndi Claus chakhala chipangizo chachikulu m'malamulo ovuta a voti, kuyendetsa, ndi ziletso pa kupezeka kwa gulu. Mwachitsanzo, mu Shelby County v. Haker . Harker . . . Khoti linakantha Gawo 4 la Malamulo Oletsa Kusankha, limene linafuna maufumu ena ndi mbiri ya kusankhana kuti apeze chilolezo cha boma asanasinthe malamulo a kuvota. Chigamulocho sichinaphatikize mwachindunji Chitetezo cha Ageo, koma chinakweza nkhaŵa zofanana chifukwa chakuti njira yoperekera inali yozikidwa pa chidziŵitso chakale. Posachedwapa, Khoti lanena za gergerryman, kutchula [FL:] Commoctive. [2] Commoctic protetion: [19]

Chilungamo Chaupandu ndi Kuweruza

Chitetezo cha Act Claus chimagwiranso ntchito ku dongosolo la milandu. Makhoti apendanso mawu a tsankho la fuko posankha ajuli, kuweruza zosankha, ndi kuweruza. Mwachitsanzo, mu Batson v. Kentucky (1986), khotilo linanena kuti loya wa boma amagwiritsira ntchito zopinga zopinga zothekera kuchotsa oweruza ogwirizana ndi fuko otsutsana ndi Sucture Protection Claine . Mosasamala kanthu za zigamu zoterozo zoterozo, kusiyanitsa mafuko kumapitirizabe m'miyezo, ndi zitoko zopimirabe. Chikalatacho chimapereka njira yalamulo kaamba ka malamulo otsutsa amene amakhudza anthu ochepa, ngakhale kuti tsankhulo limakhalabe lapamwamba.

Kupereka Ndalama za Maphunziro ndi Ndalama za Sukulu

Pamene kuli kwakuti Khoti Lapamwamba silinavomereze kuyenera kwa boma kwa kuchirikiza ndalama zasukulu zosakondera (onani] San Antonio Independent School District v. Rodriguez [1], 1973), makhoti a boma agwiritsira ntchito zikalata zofanana zotetezera kuti apereke ndalama zoyendetsera. Malamulo a boma otetezera Claus akugwirabe ntchito pa madongosolo a ndalama. Malamulo amene amasankha ophunzira mwachindunji pa maziko a fuko kapena zigamu zina zokayikiridwa. Mwachitsanzo, malamulo akuti madera a sukulu a sukulu a Regegration kapena kuti ophunzira a mtundu angatsutsere chiŵere.

Kukonzanso Zachuma ndi Chitukuko cha Mayanjano

Malamulo ambiri azachuma . monga ngati kukonza malo, kukhazikitsa malamulo a malonda, kapena malamulo a msonkho, amapendedwa pansi pa maziko oyenera, zimene zikutanthauza kuti iwo amachirikizidwa nthaŵi zonse. Komabe, ngati lamulo liyang'anira gulu lokayikiridwa kapena katundu kuyenera kwapadera, kuyang'anitsitsa kosamalitsa. Mwachitsanzo, malamulo amene amachepetsa mapindu a moyo kwa nzika zatsopano, kapena amene amapanga kuchitiridwa kosayenera kwa anthu osamukira kudziko, angayang'anizane ndi kuyang'aniridwa mopambanitsa.

Mavuto ndi Kutsutsana Kopitirizabe

Ngakhale kuti pali bungwe loteteza dziko la United States lotchedwa Auncial Protection Claus, pali mavuto ambiri.

Kachitidwe Kotsimikiza ndi Atsogoleri Aufuko

Zosankha za Fair Adgissings [1] Zigamulo zakhala ndi mikangano yokayikitsa yakuti kaya Kutetezera Kofanana ndi Klaus kumalola kulingaliridwa kulikonse kwa fuko m'dongosolo la anthu. Ena amatsutsa kuti mawuwo ayenera kukhala ndi maonekedwe osaoneka bwino , kutanthauza kuti boma siliyenera konse kugwiritsira ntchito fuko monga chochititsa, ngakhale kuthetsa tsankho lapapitapo. Ena amatsutsa kuti mawuwo anali olinganizidwira kutetezera magulu a anthu ochepa ndi kuti njira zopanga zinthu zoyenerera kukwaniritsa kufanana kwa anthu. Kulimbana kumeneku kudzakhala pa likulu la milandu yolingana ndi mayeso, kuphatikizapo kutsutsana ndi maprogramuziro osiyanasiyana pantchito, kupangana, ndi maphunziro.

Kudziwika ndi Anthu Ochita Zachiwerewere

Pambuyo pa Obergefell [FLT :1] ndi [FLT :2] Bostock v. Clayton County (2020). Imene inamasulira mutu wakuti VII kutetezera kuyang'ana kwa kugonana ndi ukazi) [1] Pali kuvomereza kopitirizabe kuti kaya tsankho la anthu opatsirana likutsutsana ndi Chitetezo cha Claus. Makhoti apamwamba afikira pa nkhani zonga kulowa m’chipinda chogona, kutengamo mbali m’maseŵera, ndi chisamaliro cha zamankhwala. Khoti Lapamwamba silinaperekebe chigamulo chotsimikizirika ngati kusintha kwa mkhalidwewo kuli kuganiridwa kapena kuyang'ana m'gulu la anthu.

Kusunga Malamulo Opangira Zinthu ndi Kupezeka kwa Malonda

Ochirikiza malamulo a ovota amatsutsa kuti amaletsa chinyengo ndi kutsimikizira umphumphu wa masankho; otsutsa amanena kuti amatsutsa mopambanitsa ovota ochepa, kuswa bungwe la Experimence Protection Claus. Makhoti a Federal agaŵana pa nkhani zimenezi, ndi kuchirikiza malamulo a ID okhwima kwambiri pa maziko oyenera kuwapenda ndi ena kuwamenya monga atsankho la fuko. Kutsutsanako kuli kutali ndi kuthetsedwa, makamaka pamene maboma akupitiriza kukhazikitsa malamulo a kusankha.

Kusalingana Zachuma ndi Ufulu Wofunika Kwambiri

Limodzi la mafunso otsutsana kwambiri ndi lakuti kaya Actal Protection Claus ikufuna kuti boma lipereke mlingo wochepera wa chisungiko cha zachuma . monga kupeza nyumba, chisamaliro cha zaumoyo, kapena maphunziro. Khoti Lapamwamba nthaŵi zonse lakhala likutsutsa kuti malamulo a m'Chilamulo satsimikizira kuti ali ndi ufulu wabwino, koma akatswiri ena ndi ochirikiza amanena kuti kusalingana kwakukulu kwa zachuma kumasemphana ndi lonjezo la mawu a chitetezo chofanana. Ziganizo zimenezi zapeza pepala m'makhoti koma sizingapambane pamlingo wa boma.

Kumaliza

Chikalata cha Figate Protection Claus cha 14th Amendment chikukhalabe maziko a lamulo la ku America lokhudza ufulu wachibadwidwe. Kuchokera pa nkhondo yothetsa ufulu wa anthu wodziimira paokha, mawuwo akhala akuchititsa kusintha kwa chikhalidwe. Komabe ntchito yake idakali yokha. Pamene mitundu yatsopano ya tsankho iyamba ndipo monga kumvetsetsa kwa anthu onse kuti kulingana kumangochitika, makhoti adzapitirizabe kumasulira zimene chimatanthauza kuti boma likhale lopanda “chitetezero chokwanira cha malamulo.” Kwa aphunzitsi ndi ophunzira, omwe akutsatira mfundo imeneyi, akupereka mwayi waukulu wofufuza zolinga za chilungamo, malire a lamulo, ndi kulimbana kopitirizabe kwa mbiri yangwiro. Kumvetsa mbiri ya mbiri, chiphunzitso, ndi kufunsira kwamakono nkofunika kwa aliyense amene akufuna kukhala ndi kulingana kwabwino m’ku Amereka.

Kuti muwerengenso, ganizirani zinthu zotsatirazi: