Kukonza Zopenda Chiweruzo

Kupenda kwachiweruzo ndiko judiary ̱ mphamvu ya kusanthula malamulo ndi zochita za boma. Ulamuliro umenewu ukutsimikizira kuti lamulo lililonse ndi ntchito za boma zikugwirizana ndi lamulo lapamwamba la dzikolo. Popanda kupenda zembe, Malamulo akakhala chikalata chongofuna, chosoŵa njira yochitira kuti malamulo ake ayendetsedwe. Khoti Lapamwamba la U.S. choyamba linanena kuti mphamvu imeneyi mu Marbury v. Madison (1183] , pamene Woweruza Wamkulu John Marshall analemba kuti ̴ ndilo chigawo cha bungwe lachiweruzo kunena kuti lamulolo n’chiyani. &8221; Chivomereza chimodzicho chimasintha lingaliro la jini pa nthambi yosathanga pa nthambi ya bungwe la malamulo.

Kupenda koweruza sikumapereka lamulo loyendayenda ku lamulo lililonse limene silimafuna. Mmalomwake, kumagwira ntchito kokha pamene mlandu wotsimikizirika kapena mkangano waperekedwa ku khoti. Woweruza ayenera kukhala ataima pa̬a, mtengo waumwini m'chipambano cha— ndipo nkhaniyo iyenera kukhala yokhwima (osati yongopeka) ndipo iyenera kukhala yosamveka (ikukhala kwa nthaŵi yaitali). Makhoti ameneŵa amasunga makhoti kuletsa kutulutsa malingaliro a gulu la milandu ndi kutsendereza kutsutsana kwa chiweruzo pamene mafunso alamulo amafuna chigamulo.

Chiphunzitsochi chimagwira ntchito ziwiri zikuluzikulu. Choyamba, chimateteza ufulu wa munthu aliyense payekha mwa kuphwanya malamulo amene amakhazikitsa ufulu wolankhula, zochita, kapena chitetezo chofanana. Chachiwiri, chimapatula maulamuliro mwa kuyang'ana malamulo ndi mabwana a boma. Mwa njira imeneyi, kupenda kwa chiweruzo kumatsimikizira kuti opanga mafilimu a boma akhalabe m’malamulo oikidwa ndi chikalata chokhazikitsidwa.

Mizu ya Mbiri Yakale ndi Mafulemu ’ Sitent

Lingaliro la kupenda kwachiweruzo silinatuluke mu mlingo wochepa. Afilosofi a Chidziŵitso onga John Locke ndi Montesquieu anatsutsa kuti nthambi za boma zosiyana ziyenera kuyang'anana kuletsa upo. Atsamunda a ku America, ozoloŵerana ndi lamulo la Chingelezi, anadziŵanso kuti nthaŵi zina makhoti a atsamunda anabwerezanso ntchito za Palamente pansi pa malamulo a boma. Makhoti angapo a boma asanafike chaka cha 1789 adagonjetsa kale malamulo otsutsana ndi malamulo a boma.

Pa Convention ya Konsichura ya 1787, nthumwi zinatsutsana kuti kaya oweruza ayenera kukhala ndi mbali m'kupenda malamulo. Alexander Hamilton, mu Federalist No. 78 , adachirikiza mphamvuyo motchuka, akumatcha jadiary ̴ chilombo chaupandu ” nthambi ndi kunena kuti iyenera kukhala ndi ulamuliro wa kulengeza kuchita zinthu zopanda pake ngati aswa Lamulolo. Komabe chikalatacho chilibe ndi chikalata chosapereka chifunsiro cha chiweruzo. Olembawo anasiya funsolo poyera, akudalira kuti dongosolo la boma lidzakhala ndi mphamvu.

Woweruza Wamkulu Marshall analanda lingaliro limenelo mu Marbury . Madison . William Marbury, womalizira woikidwa ndi afupi a Pulezidenti John Adams, Mlembi wa Boma James Madison kutumiza ntchito yake. Marshall analamulira kuti pamene kuli kwakuti Marbury anali ndi kuyenera kwa ntchito, Khoti Lapamwamba linalibe ulamuliro pansi pa Chigawo 13 cha Chigawo cha Jeudiary Act ya 1789 chifukwa chakuti lamulolo linawo lotsutsana ndi Mfundo III ya Malamulo. Popereka lamulo la boma kaamba ka nthaŵi yoyamba, Marshall anakhazikitsa kuti malamulo ndilo lamulo lalikulu ndi kuti judiary ayenera kuchirikiza ukulu wake.

Nthaŵi yokhazikitsa imeneyi inakhazikitsa chitsanzo chimene chaumba ulamuliro wa Amereka chiyambire nthaŵiyo. Kupenda zachiweruzo kunakhazikitsidwa osati m’makhoti a boma okha komanso m’makhoti a boma, amene nthaŵi zonse amapenda malamulo a boma motsutsana ndi malamulo a boma ndi a boma.

Zochitika Zochititsa Chidwi Zimene Zinaumba Chilamulo

Pazaka zoposa mazana aŵiri, Bwalo Lamilandu Lalikulu lagwiritsira ntchito kupenda kwachiweruzo kuthetsa zina za dzikolo̱ nkhani za mkangano waukulu.

McCulloch v. Maryland (1819)

Pambuyo pa Marbury , Bwalo lamilandu linayang'anizana ndi chiyeso cha mphamvu ya boma posachedwapa. Congress inakhazikitsa Bank Yachiŵiri ya United States , ndipo Maryland inaika msonkho ku banki. Woweruza Wamkulu Marshall, kachiŵirinso kulemba pa Bwalo, anakhulupirira kuti Komyunivesiti imapatsa mphamvu zoposa zimene zinandandandalikidwa. Iye analamulanso kuti maboma sangakhoze kukhoma msonkho chifukwa & #8220; mphamvu ya kukhoma misonkhoma kuphatikizapo mphamvu ya kuwononga. ̵ mlanduwu unalimbitsa kupenda mlandu monga chiŵinda cha delineism ndi kutetezera ukulu wa boma.

Brown v. Board of Education (1954)

Mwinamwake kugwiritsiridwa ntchito kotchuka kwa kupenda kwachiweruzo m'zaka za zana la 20, BrowN v. Board of Education inalengeza tsankho la mafuko m'masukulu a boma popanda kugamula zalamulo. Khotilo linasintha pepala lapamanja la ̴ koma linasintha kulingana ndi kulinganiza kwa ̵ chiphunzitso cha Plubsy v. Ferguson (18696), kudalira chitetezo chofanana pansi pa Dementi ya 149. Chigamulo chinafuna kulimba mtima kwakukulu chifukwa chinasintha zaka makumi ambiri za kutsutsa ndi kutsutsa kowopsa. Komabe chinasonyeza ufulu wa [GOLDIT.561] kuteteza ufulu wa anthu ochepa andale pamene matabi alephera kuchitapo ntchito.

Kuyenda m’mahema

Mu Roe v. Wade, Bwalo lamilandu linavomereza mkazi̱, kuyenera kwa lamulo kusankha kutaya mimba pansi pa kuyenera kwa kubisika kosonyezedwa ndi Century Clause ya Demestry. Chigamulocho chinagwetsa lamulo la Texas limene linapha anthu ambiri kuchotsa mimba. Osuliza adaimbidwa mlandu wa khoti la kuchita ntchito yoweruza mwa kupanga ufulu wosatchulidwa bwino m'Malamulo. Ochirikiza khotilo anatsutsa kuti bwalo lamilandu linali kutetezera ufulu wapamwamba kulowa m'chilamulo. Zaka 50 pambuyo pake, [[FLT:]] Rose [[FLT] [FL:3] analamulidwa ndi [FLD:] Magazine].

United States v. Nixon (1974)

United States v. Nixon anayesedwa ngati pulezidenti anganene kuti ali ndi mwaŵi waudindo wa kukana umboni m'kufufuza kwa apandu. Khoti Lapamwamba linachita chivomerezo chimodzi kuti pamene kuli kwakuti mwaŵi wapamwamba wa kutetezera kulankhulana kwachinsinsi, sikuli kotheratu. Pulezidenti Nixon analamulidwa kutulutsa matepi amene potsirizira pake anatsogolera ku kuleka kwake. Mlandu unatsimikiziranso kuti palibe aliyense, osati ngakhale mkulu wamkulu, ali pamwamba pa lamulo. Kupenda kwa mlandu kuno kopendedwa mwachindunji ndi kuchirikiza lamulo.

Obergefell v. Hodges (2015)

.Hodges anafutukula kuyenera kwa kukwatira kwa amuna ndi akazi osiyana dziko lonse. Khoti linagamula kuti chigamulo cha 14neth Amendment ’ A Curtive Programme ndi Autection Claus Sics amaletsa kukana zilolezo za ukwati kwa okwatirana a sex amodzimodzi. [[FLT:] Roe [[FLT] , chigamulocho chinadzutsa milandu ya kulakwa chifukwa chakuti inathetsa nkhani ya mayanjano yakuti malingaliro ambiri ayenera kusiyidwa ku malamulo. Komabe Bwalo linadalira pa mzera wautali wa zigamu zaumwini, kusonyeza mmene kubwerera ndi chidziŵitso chachidziŵitso chaumwini.

Milandu imeneyi ikusonyeza kuti khoti lililonse linkaletsa lamulo kapena boma ndipo linasinthanso malamulo a boma kuti akhale amphamvu kwambiri.

Kutsutsana Koletsa Kuchita Chilango

Palibe nkhani yokhudza kuweruza imene ingathetse mikangano pakati pa kuweruza milandu ndi kuletsa milandu.

Chiphunzitso chachiyubikiya chimafotokoza makhoti amene ali ofunitsitsa kuswa malamulo, kufutukula ufulu walamulo, kapena kuloŵerera m'nkhani za malamulo. Oweruza ochirikiza saopa kugwetsa chitsanzo kapena kusamalira mavuto a kakhalidwe amene nthambi zina zanyalanyaza. Otsutsa amanena kuti kuchita zinthu kumafooketsa demokrase mwa kuchotsa malingaliro a oweruza osasankhidwa kwa oimira. Ochirikiza a boma akuvomereza kuti nthaŵi zina akwatitsata kutetezera anthu ochepa ndi ufulu wawo waukulu pamene njira ya ndale zadziko yalephera.

Chiletso cha judicial chimalangiza makhoti kuti azimvera malamulo ndi mabungwe akuluakulu ngati nzotheka. Oweruza olamulira amagwiritsa ntchito malamulowo mosamalitsa, kutsatira chitsanzo, ndi kupeŵa kugamula mafunso a lamulo popanda kusoŵa. Amatsutsa kuti kuŵerengera kwa demokalase kumafuna manthambi a ndale zadziko kuthetsa mikangano yambiri ya malamulo. Chiweruzo chachidziŵikire ndi Oliver Wendell Holmes ̱ khotilo kuti makhoti sayenera kuchotsera lamulo chifukwa chakuti aganiza kuti n’kupanda nzeru. Pachiyang'chiyang'anitsiri, kupenda kwachukitsa kwachiweruzo ndiko njira yomalizira, osati chiŵiro cha ndandanda.

Oweruza ambiri amagwa m’mbali zosiyanasiyana zimenezi. Nkhaniyi si yophunzitsa: imasankha mmene makhoti amasamalirira nkhani zochokera ku ufulu wovota kuti apeze ndalama zothandizira kuyang'anira malo okhala. Mwachitsanzo, mu Citizens United v. FEC (2010]), Khoti linasiya ziletso pa zowonongedwa zandale zaumwini ndi mabungwe, kujambula zinenezo za kuchita ntchito. National Federation of Independent . Selius [20:2], Court inachirikiza Afford Carect Act Act &517; lamulo la kuletsa malonda koma likusonyeza msonkho, kuletsa malonda koma kuchita zinthu za m'mabungwe ena a &17; kugwiritsa ntchito kwa lamulo la malamulo.

Akatswiri a m’nthaŵi ino akayikira ngati kumasulira kwa kachitidwe kotsatira malamulo̵ kutsendereza kaŵiri kuli koipa kwambiri. Ena amanena kuti intaneti ya #82;ctivivism ̵ kaŵirikaŵiri ndi dzina logwiritsidwa ntchito pa zosankha zimene munthu amatsutsa. Ena amalingalira za kumasulira njira zoimira pa̬ kuyambirira ndi kutsutsana ndi malamulo a moyo a boma ̬ kutsutsana. Komabe kutsutsanako kumakhala kofunika kwambiri pa mmene anthu a ku Amereka amamvetsetsera kuweruza.

Malingaliro a Padziko Lonse pa Kupenda Chiweruzo

Kupenda chiweruzo sikuli kopeka kwa ku America kokha, koma chitsanzo cha makhoti alamulo a United States chasonkhezera dziko lonse. maiko osiyanasiyana atengera kusiyanasiyana kumene kumasonyeza miyambo yawo yalamulo ndi zigwirizano za ndale zadziko.

Germany

Khoti la Malamulo la Jeremani [1] (Bundesfonsengsericht) lili ndi mphamvu zoyendera juji. Linakhazikitsidwa pambuyo pa Nkhondo ya Dziko II kuletsa kubwerezanso nkhanza za Nazi, khoti lingapende malamulo ogwirizana ndi Lamulo Lalikulu (Grundedesetz). Mosiyana ndi Khoti Lalikulu la U.S. Khoti Lalikulu, limene limamvetsera milandu yokha, khoti la Germany limapendanso nkhani zopeka pa pempho la boma la boma la boma kapena kagulu ka malamulo. Lili ndi lamulo lopatulira kuti nzika iliyonse igwiritse ntchito ntchito ntchito ntchito ntchito ntchito zotsutsa za boma. Khotili linali logwira ntchito kuteteza ufulu waukulu, kuphatikizapo ulemu wa anthu, ndi kulingana kwa anthu.

Canada

Canada̱ madongosolo a kugwirizanitsa kupenda kwa chiweruzo ndi lamulo loikidwa. Pansi pa Charter of Rights and Freedoms (1982), makhoti angagamule malamulo amene amatsutsa ufulu wa Tchata. Komabe, gawo 33 limalola Nyumba ya Malamulo ya boma kapena malamulo a boma kulengeza ntchito ya zaka zisanu mosasamala kanthu za ulamuliro wa chiweruzo. Ifeyayi ̴ ndi kuimirira pa Region ” imapatsa malamulo omalizira m'zigawo zina, mbali yosakhalapo mu U. . Khoti Lapamwamba la Canada lapanga malamulo pa LBTQ+, I - I - Democlation, ndi ufulu wa kukhazikitsa malamulo a democracy, komanocracy.

India

Khoti la ku India lachita ndandanda yachiweruzo mokulira, kuyambitsa ziphunzitso zonga ngati #8220; malembedwe a ̵ chiphunzitso, chimene chimati ngakhale zosintha za malamulo alamulo sizingawononge maziko a malamulo. [[FLT:] Kavanabav bratav v. Boma la Keralah, khoti linatsimikizira mphamvu yake yopenda malamulo a dziko lapansi, sitepe linaposa pa U. Zitsanzo za Aindiya za kugwiritsanso ntchito chidwi chapo anthu pokambirana nkhani ngati za chitetezo, chiphuphu, ndi kukonzanso ndende. M’dziko la India limadziwika kaŵirikaŵiri chifukwa cha mphamvu zambiri za dziko lapansi.

United Kingdom

United Kingdom ilibe malamulo olembedwa ndipo motero silikhala ndi kupenda kwachiweruzo m’lingaliro la America. Komabe, popeza kuti Chikalata cha U.I., makhoti a UK angapende lamulo logwirizana ndi European Convention on Human Rights. Ngati khoti lipeza lamulo losemphana, limatsutsa lamulo la kusagwirizana, & #8220; kuvomereza kusagwirizana, ” limene silimachotsa lamulo koma limaika chitsenderezo pa Nyumba Yachifumu kuti lithetse. Dongo la UK limasonyeza mtundu wochepa wa kupenda ulamuliro wa malamulo pamene likutetezerabe ufulu wa boma.

Zitsanzo za kuyerekezera zimenezi zikusonyeza kuti kupenda kwachiweruzo kungagwirizane ndi mtundu wa̱ kugwirizanitsa mwambo wapadera wa malamulo a boma.

Malamulo a M’nthaŵi Yathu Ino

Nkhani zingapo zawonjezera kufufuza makhoti pa mlanduwo.

Kusankha Okwatirana Moyenera

Kutsutsa kwa Supreme Court kwakhala malo ankhondo ochirikiza nkhondo. Zitsimikizo zotsutsana za Jasitisi Brett Kavaugh ndi Amy Coney Barrett, limodzi ndi kukana kwa Republica kuweruza Merrick Garland mu 2016, zathetsa chidaliro cha anthu m'Khoti monga bungwe la ndale zadziko. Mantha akusonyeza kukana chivomerezo, ndipo anthu ambiri ku America tsopano amawona Khoti monga wojambula wandale. Lingaliro limeneli likuwopseza kuyenera kwa kupenda mlandu chifukwa chakuti makhoti amadalira pa kudalira pa kudalira kwa anthu onse kusungitsa zigamulo zawo popanda lamulo.

Kunyamula Malo Amilandu

Opita patsogolo ena, ogwiritsidwa mwala ndi Bwalo’ kusintha kosasintha, alingalira kufutukula ziweruzo kuyambira 9 mpaka 11 kapena kuposa. Izi & #8220; Courtpact ̵ lingaliro likutsutsana. Ochirikiza amanena kuti ingathe kubwezeretsa kulinganizika kwa malingaliro. Otsutsa amanena kuti idzawononga Court’ kudziimira ndi kupempha kuwonjezereka kwa mphamvu pamene mphamvu ya mphamvu ikusintha. Prezidenti Franklin Rooselt ̱ 1937 alephera kulinganiza za khoti-packing imakhalabebe machenje. Kutsutsanako kumadzutsa mafunso aakulu ponena za ngati masinthidwe a nyumba ya judia n’ngo yogwirizana ndi kupenda komiti yachiweruzo.

Kukhulupirira Ulumbiro N’kosiyana ndi Kutsatira Lamulo Lokhudza Moyo

Njira zomasulira zoyendera kuŵerengera kwachiweruzo zimatsutsidwanso. Oliginalist amatsutsa kuti malamulo alamulo ayenera kupatsidwa tanthauzo lake pamene anatengedwa. Odziŵa za malamulo a malamulo a boma [ amatsutsa kuti malamulo a malamulo a boma ayenera kusintha mikhalidwe. Nkhondo pakati pa njira zimenezi zimachita zinthu pa nkhani iliyonse yaikulu. Woweruza Antonin Scalia anachirikiza chiphunzitso cha kuyambirira; Woweruza Stephen Breyer anachirikiza malamulo a kayendetsedwe ka zinthu. Ziweruzo zamakono, Thomas ndi Neil Gor Gowf tsatira njira zoyambirira za kuyambika, pamene Jasiti Kleans Kagan kaŵirikaŵiri amatengera njira yosinthasintha. Kusankha njira yachiyambukiro pa zochitika zapale, ufulu wa kuchotsa mimba, ndi ufulu wa oyendetsa.

Chidaliro ndi Kuumirira kwa Anthu

Kupenda kwachiweruzo kumadalira pa kugonjera kwaufulu. Pamene akanema andale zadziko atsutsa kapena kunyalanyaza malamulo a khoti, judiary ’ ulamuliro wa boma ukufooketsa. Zitsanzo zaposachedwapa zimaphatikizapo akuluakulu a boma okana kugwiritsa ntchito zigamulo zofanana za ukwati kapena kukana malamulo a khoti la boma pa kuyeretsa. Pulezidenti Andrew Jackson akuti, #820; John Marshall wapanga chosankha chake; tsopano amulole kuti akhazikitse. 𔄣 Ngakhale kuti bungwe lamakono la judicatary lili ndi njira zosungitsira malamulo, kuletsa lamulo kochirikizidwa ndi lamulo. Kusunga chidaliro kwapo kwa anthu onse kwanenedwa kukhala kofunika ngati kupenda kwachikidwa kwachiweruzo kupitirizabe kukhala kothandiza.

Tsogolo la Kupenda Chiweruzo

Makhoti adzafunika kusankha kuti chitetezo chachinsinsi chifike pati pa nyengo yamakono, kaya boma lichite zinthu zosinthasinthasintha nyengo, ndiponso kuti lizionetsetsa kuti dziko liyenera kukhala lotetezeka kapena lopanda ufulu.

Panthaŵi imodzimodziyo, zikufunikira kusintha. Akatswiri ena amachirikiza malamulo a malamulo a malamulo a oweruza a Supreme Court, malire a mawu, kapena kuikidwa kwapadera kowonekera. Ena amalingalira kuti achotse khoti lolamulira nkhani zina. Kusintha kulikonse kwakukulu kungasinthe kachitidwe ka kupenda chiweruzo.

Ngakhale kuti pali mikangano, kupenda kwachiweruzo kudakali kofunika. Kumatetezera anthu ku ochenjereredwa ndi boma, kumatsimikizira kuti malamulo amatsatira mfundo zalamulo, ndi kupereka njira zamtendere zothetsera mikangano yaikulu ponena za tanthauzo la chikalata chathu chokhazikitsidwa. Mphamvu yonena zimene lamulo lili ndi thayo lalikulu. Makhoti ayenera kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu imeneyo modzichepetsa, molimbika, ndi mokhulupirika ku Malamulo. Malinga ngati dzikolo likhalabe, kupenda kwachiweruzo kudzaumba dongosolo la malamulo ndi kuteteza lamulo.

Kuti muŵerenge zambiri, onani pawebusaiti ya Bwalo Lapamwamba , [[FLT ,2] yolembedwa pa Marbury v. Madison ku Cornell Legal Information Institute , ndi [FLT :] Oyez.org kaamba ka mikangano ndi mlandu wa pakamwa.