Chiyambi: Tanthauzo Losatha la Alden v. Maine

Mlandu wa Supreme Court Alden v. Maine uli chimodzi cha zigamulo zamphamvu pa chitetezero cha boma m'chigwirizano chamakono cha American. Pachigamulo chake, chigamulo chinakhudza ngati anthu achinsinsi angaike boma la boma la boma chifukwa cha kuswa lamulo la boma la ntchito. [FLSA] Pansi pa lamulo la Fair Standard Act (FLSA)] popanda chilo cha boma. M'kagamu ya chigamulo chogaŵidwa kwambiri 5-4, khoti linayankha kuti ayi, likutsimikizira chitetezero cha lamulo chimene antchito akugwira ntchito m’boma, lamulo laudindo, ndi kulinganiza kwa ulamuliro. Kudziŵa zimenezi nkofunika kwa aliyense ndi kutsutsana ndi boma la boma ndi kugawandana kwa ulamuliro pa malamulo a boma kapena kugawa kwa boma.

Nkhani ino imapereka kusanthula kokwanira kwa Alden v. Maine , kupenda kuwona kwake, kukambitsirana kwa Khoti Lalikulu, malingaliro otsutsa, ndi zotulukapo zenizeni za kutsutsa ntchito. Tikufufuzanso mmene zigamulo zotsatira zakhalira ndi chosankha chimenechi kapena kuchepetsa, ndi maphunziro othandiza amene abwana ndi antchito angatenge kuchokera kwa icho lerolino.

Chithunzi: FLSA Imati Idana ndi Maine

Mlanduwo unayamba pamene gulu la akazembe olembedwa ndi boma la Maine linapereka mlandu wakuti boma laswa makonzedwe a nthaŵi yochuluka a Fair Labor Standard Act (FLSA). FLSA, yokhazikitsidwa ndi Congress mu 1938, imakhazikitsa malipiro ochepera, malipiro a owonjezereka, kusungitsa mayeso, ndi miyezo ya ntchito ya antchito a pambali ndi a m'chigawo cha anthu. Pansi pa “makonzedwe a ntchito a FLSA", mabungwe a boma kaŵirikaŵiri amagonjera ku zifuno za lamulolo.

Maofesalawo ananena kuti Maine walephera kuwabwezera maora a ntchito, kuswa lamulo la boma. Anabweretsa suti yawo m'khoti la boma, akumafuna malipiro a kumbuyo ndi zowawononga. Maine anayankha mwa kukhazikitsa chitetezo pansi pa Demendment ya Khumi ndi Lachisanu ku U.S. Constitution, imene imapereka kuti “mphamvu ya ulamuliro wa United States siidzalingaliridwa kukhala yopereka ku mchitidwe uliwonse wa lamulo kapena ku kukhazikika, kuyambitsidwa kapena kutsutsidwa ndi nzika za United States ndi nzika ina, kapena nzika za dziko lina la . Ngakhale kuti lembalo likuwoneka kukhala lasuti kwa nzika za dziko lina lokha. Khoti Lapamwamba silidzamasulira kwa nthaŵi yaitali chikalata cha Demetersting of the 11 kuti litsutsenso lamulo lotsutsana ndi boma lake, chivotimezo la boma losakhala la boma.

M’khoti lozenga milandu, kutetezera kwa Maine kunalakidwa. Khoti la chigawo linakana mlanduwo, likumati boma silinatetezedwe ndi madandaulo a FLSA aumwini m’khoti la boma. Maofesala anachonderera, ndipo Court of Appeals Court (Apasaur of Apparts) yomwe inatsogolera panthaŵiyo kuchotsedwa kwa kuchotsedwa. Khoti Lapamwamba linalola certitoorari kukhazikitsa chigamulo cha dera ndi kubwerezanso ukulu wa boma wotetezera ufulu wa boma m'mabungwe a malamulo a boma.

Malo Ovomerezeka Asanaloŵe M’chibaliro

Pasadakhale Alden v. Maine, Bwalo Lapamwamba linasonyeza kale kutsimikiza kwatsopano kwa boma kwa kudziimira. Seminole Fribe ya Florida v. Florida (196] [FLT ] , khoti linagamula kuti Courts siingapereke chigwirizano cha boma cha ufulu walamulo pansi pa Indian Commercial Clause. Chigamucho chinatsutsa ngati Nyumba za Malamulo zinakhudza malamulo aumwini pansi pa malamulo ena, monga Commercial Claus, amene ali maziko a lamulo a FLS. Chigawocho chinaikidwa kaamba ka kuukirana kwachi kwachitete kwa boma pakati pa kutetezeredwa ndi boma.

Chigamulo cha Khoti Lalikulu: Kukanidwa Kolimba kwa Khoti Lalikululo

M'chigamulo 5-4 cholembedwa ndi Woweruza Anthony Kennedy, Bwalo Lapamwamba linatsimikizira kuchotsedwa kwa mlandu wa akuluakulu ozenga mlandu. Ambiri anatsutsa kuti Mpando wa Khumi ndi Lachisanu ndi Chimodzi unkasunga masuti aumwini ku boma m’khoti la boma, ngakhale pamene suti isonyeza kuswa lamulo la boma loikidwa pursuant ku Chigawo cha Maulamuliro Aakulu. Khotilo linakhazikitsa zigamulo zoyambirira zimene zinalola masuti amenewo pansi pa FLSA ndi malamulo ena ofanana nawo, makamaka Pelden v. Farm Rayray ya State Diviers ya Alabamage Dis Department [1964], zimene zinalola kuti zitsutso zotsutsana ndi boma la sitima ya sitima ya sitima.

Woweruza Kennedy anachirikiza chosankhachi m'malamulo aŵiri ogwirizana: mawu a Demeterment ya khumi ndi limodzi ndi limodzi ndi mbali yaikulu ya kutetezera ulamuliro wa boma m'dongosolo la boma. Khotilo linalingalira kuti chinenero cha Khumi ndi Lachisanu ndi chimodzi, ngakhale kuti silikulongosoka, chimasonyeza chidziŵitso cha maziko chimene chimati chitetezedwa ndi sutive. Kutetezedwa kumeneku, ambiri anatsutsa, kukhazikitsa Malamulo enieniwo ndipo n’kumene kuli maziko a boma lolamulira. Chotero, kuyesayesa kulikonse kwa kutetezerako ku malamulo kuyenera kukhala “osatsutsika bwino kwambiri. ”

Khotilo linapeza kuti Congress, pokhazikitsa FLSA, sanapange cholinga chake cha kutetezera boma kwaupandu momvekera bwino. Ndiponso, ngakhale ngati Congress adayesa kutero, ambiri anatsutsa kuti Commerce Claus sanapatse Nyumba ya Malamulo mphamvu ya kuchotsa ulamuliro wa boma wotetezera boma m’khoti la boma. Chigamulo chimenechi chikugwirizana ndi lingaliro la Sminole Tributh [[FLM:1] ndipo chinaimira ulamuliro wa boma wochepa pa oimbidwa mlandu.

Chochititsa Chikulu cha Mgwirizano wa Anthu

  • Kutetezeredwa kwa ulamuliro kuli lamulo lalamulo, osati chiphunzitso chalamulo. Khoti linagogomezera kuti kusatetezeredwa kwa maboma ndi suti zaumwini kuli mbali ya “makonzedwe alamulo oyambirira” ndipo sikungaikidwe ndi lamulo wamba losakhala ndi chitsogozo chomvekera bwino ndi chovomerezeka.
  • Maulamuliro I ali ndi malire. Ngakhale kuti Nyumba za Ufumu zili ndi mphamvu zambiri pa Communist Claus ndi Maulamuliro ena I, maulamuliro amenewo saphatikizapo kugonjera maulamuliro a boma. Malamulo a boma a ulamuliro wa maboma ayenera kulemekezedwa.
  • Ulemu ndi kudziimira kwa maboma ziyenera kutetezeredwa. Kulola atsogoleri a boma kukoka maboma kuloŵa m'khoti la boma “kukaikira umphumphu wa kampani wa United States" ndi kupeputsa ntchito yawo monga olamulira a boma limodzi m'dongosolo la boma.

Malingaliro Osemphana: Kutetezera Kwamphamvu kwa Kuwononga

Oweruza anayi anatsutsa, kutsogozedwa ndi Woweruza David Souter. M’lingaliro lalitali, otsutsawo anatsutsa kuti kuŵerenga kwa ambiri a Demendment ya khumi ndi chimodzi kunali kosalondola ndi kovulaza kwenikweni. Woweruza Souter anatsutsa kuti kukonzanso kunali kolinganizidwa kokha kubwezeretsa kumvetsetsa koyambirira kwa boma pambuyo pa chigamulo cholakwika mu Chjolm v. Georgia Georgia . (1793), kusapanga chitetezero chokulira, chosasinthika. Iye analoza ku zitsanzo zambiri zoyambirira zimene zinaperekedwa popanda chivomerezo chawo m’khoti.

Otsutsawo anatsutsanso kuti FLSA inali njira yovomerezeka ya mphamvu ya malonda ya Congress ndi kuti, mwa kukhazikitsa lamulolo, Msonkhano unali ndi cholinga chomveka chophimba antchito a boma. Kulola maboma kukana malipiro a boma ndi ofunikira kwa maola, otsutsawo anachenjeza kuti, “adzayambitsa gulu la nzika . Ogwira ntchito a boma omwe sayenera kutetezeredwa kotheratu ndi lamulo la boma.

Zokhudza Lamulo la Ntchito: Zimene Alden Anasintha (ndipo Zimene Sizinasinthe

Chiyambukiro cha mwamsanga cha Alden v. Maine [FLT :1] inali kutseka khomo la khomo la boma kwa antchito ofuna kulembetsa olemba ntchito awo a boma pansi pa FLASA. Koma mlanduwo unafikira patali kuposa malipiro a owonjezera. Ikasintha kwenikweni malo kaamba ka kuswa malamulo onse achinsinsi a boma osonyeza kuphwanya malamulo a ntchito, kuphatikizapo Age Discrimination in Observation Act (AA), ADA), Aamereka ya ku Mitengo ya Zamoyo ndi Malet a Zamankhwala (FAMLA), pakati pa ena.

Pambuyo pa Alden, antchito a boma sakadadaliranso pa bwalo lamilandu la boma monga bwalo loperekera malamulo ameneŵa motsutsana ndi boma lawo la boma, pokhapo ngati boma linavomereza kapena Congress linalola kutetezedwa mwapadera mwa kugwiritsira ntchito mphamvu yake pansi pa Gawo 5 la 144th Amendment. Msewu womalizirawo unakhalabe wotseguka chifukwa chakuti poyamba khoti lalikululo linanena kuti Nyumba ya Malamulo ikhoza kukhazikitsa lamulo la Kusintha kwa Mpatuko kwa 144 / imene imaletsa kunyada ndi kutetezera njira yoyenerera yolimbana ndi maboma. Komabe, Bwalo linatseketsanso zimenezo.

Kusintha Kuloŵa m’Chigawo 5

M’zaka khumi zotsatira Alden, Khoti Lapamwamba linagamulapo mpambo wa milandu imene inaletsanso kulephera kwa bungwe la Congress kuletsa kuletsa boma pansi pa 144th Amendment. Mwachitsanzo, mu Kimel v. Florida Board of Regents (2000) [1], Khoti linagamula kuti ADEA silingagwiritsidwe ntchito ndi maulamuliro chifukwa chakuti Nyumba sinapeze chitsanzo cholembedwa cha kunyada kwa zaka mwa malamulo a kulungamitsa kulakwa kwake. Mofananamo, mu Bard of Trust of Trusts of University of Alabamav. Garree (2001. FLP], khoti la AD kuyang'ka chigalamu ya AD kulongosolanso za kulongosola kwa matanthauzo a ntchito ya ntchito ya pa kampani (Genecretigotime).

Zigamulo zimenezi, zomwe zimadziŵika pamodzi monga “milandu ya New Federal”, inagogomezera lamulo la Alden: malamulo kaŵirikaŵiri ngotetezeka ku suti zaumwini kaamba ka ziwombolo za ndalama m'khoti la boma. Komabe, khotilo linapanga kuchotsa kopapatiza kochepa kaamba ka kunena kuti imasonyeza mwachindunji zoyenera zazikulu, monga kuyenera kwa kutetezera kofanana. Mwachitsanzo, mu , Lennessee v. Lane (2004) , Bwalo linalola sutusi yaumwini pansi pa Dipo II ya ADA (access ku mautumiki a anthu onse) panthaneti imene imaletsa chiletso chosayenera kulowa m’makhoti, njira yaikulu yoyenerera.

Zotsatira Zamphamvu kwa Olembedwa Ntchito ndi Olembedwa Ntchito a Boma

Zotsatirapo zothandiza za [[FLT: 0] Alden v. Maine ali ndi mbali zambiri. Pansipa, tipenda zotsatirapo zazikulu kwambiri pa ntchito, kulephera kwa boma, ndi kulinganiza malamulo.

Njira Zothetsera Vutoli

Ogwira ntchito a boma ofuna chithandizo cha FLSA opatuka, kukondera, kapena malamulo ena a boma afunikira kuyang'ana kwina tsopano. Chofunika chachikulu ndicho kukonza mlandu m'khoti la boma, malinga ngati boma lawononga chitetezo chake kapena kuti lamulo la boma likupanga chochititsa chofanana cha kachitidwe. Komabe, maboma ambiri amakhala ndi chitetezo chaufulu pansi pa malamulo awo kapena malamulo, kusiya antchito opanda mankhwala alionse achiweruzo. Kuwonjezerapo, ngakhale ngati khoti lilipo, mankhwala angasiyane: makhoti sangapereke mlandu wa a ajuli, angapereke ziwopsezo, kapena angapereke lamulo losiyana la kulephera kuweruza milandu.

Makonzedwe a Oyang’anira ndi Agency

Olembedwa ntchito angaperekenso mayeso kudzera mwa mabungwe a boma. Mwachitsanzo, Dipatimenti ya Ntchito ya ku United States ingafufuze FLSA Olpany potsutsana ndi mabungwe a boma ndi kufunsira chigwirizano ndi malamulo kapena kubwezera. Mofananamo, Aumetic Accounting Opportounty Commission (EOC) angafufuze zinenezo za tsankho ndi kuyesa kukhazikitsa. Koma njira zimenezi kaŵirikaŵiri zimapatsa njira yothandiza, yosadziŵika bwino, ndipo salonjeza kuti alandira mphotho ya ndalama kwa wolembedwa ntchito aliyense payekha.

3. Kupita Patsogolo kwa Maphunziro a Boma la Waiver

Mayiko ena asankha kuchotsapo chitetezo cha ufulu wa kudziimira paokha pa mitundu ina ya zonena, kaŵirikaŵiri monga mkhalidwe wa kulandira ndalama za boma kapena kupeŵa kukayikira. Mwachitsanzo, pamene boma lilandira chithandizo cha boma cha ndalama pansi pa Atract kapena ADA, chingawonedwe kukhala chopinga chifukwa cha zimene zinenezo zokhalapo pansi pa malamulo amenewo. Komabe, Khoti Lapamwamba lanena kuti opha anthu oterowo ayenera kukhala “osafunikira kuloŵetsedwamo.

Kupanga Mabuku Oti Azigwiritsa Ntchito Popanga Mabuku

Kwa antchito ogwirizana ndi pangano (CBA), kudandaula ndi njira yopitira ku boma zingapereke njira ina yosiyana ndi kugaŵanitsa. Mabungwe ambiri a gulu la anthu akambirana njira zimene zimalola antchito kutsutsa malamulo a malipiro ndi ntchito popanda kutembenukira ku khoti la boma. M’zochitika zina, malamulo a boma amapereka kuti CBA ikhale ngati wotetezera ufulu wa kudzitetezera pankhondo.

5. Kuthandiza Anthu Ovutika Pansi pa 42 America

Ngakhale kuti Alden masuti olunjika kwambiri pansi pa FLSA, antchito nthaŵi zina angagwiritsire ntchito Kubwezera kwa [1] kutsutsa ntchito za boma zimene zimaphwanya ufulu walamulo. Mwachitsanzo, ngati wolemba ntchito wa boma achotsa wantchito ku kuswa ufulu waulere wa kulankhula kwa Woyamba, wantchito angasunge nduna za boma m’malo awo a kuwonongeka. Sutu zoterozo siziletsedwa ndi ulamuliro chifukwa zimalimbana ndi ofisala, osati boma lenileni. Komabe, chigawo 1983 sichingagwiritsiridwe ntchito kukakamiza ufulu waufulu wongalipiriridwa monga malipiro a ufulu wa ufulu wodzitetezera kapena zopereka kwa a FLS.

Zochitika Zapambuyo Pake ndi Kupitiriza Kusintha

Kuyambira 1999, Khoti Lalikulu lakhala likubwerezanso kukambirana pakati pa ulamuliro wa boma ndi malamulo a ntchito za boma. Momwemo, Féderal Maritime Commission v. South Carolina State Ports Authority (2002,], khoti linawonjezera nzeru ya Alden ku nkhani za boma, likumasunganso zidandaulo za boma pamaso pa mabungwe a boma.

Posachedwapa, Khotilo lasonyeza kufunitsitsa kodzichepetsa kulola malamulo ena osungitsa lamulo ochititsidwa ndi boma lenilenilo. Mu Bluck v. Mzinda wa New York (2016 [1] , Khoti linatsimikizira kuti boma lingasunge boma kuti likhazikitse FLASA, chifukwa chakuti boma siliri lotetezeka ku zochita zoyambitsidwa ndi United States. Kusiyanitsa kumeneku .

Kumaliza

Chigamulo mu Alden v. Maine idakali maziko a chiphunzitso chamakono cha ufulu wa kudzitetezera kwa boma. Mwa kutsekera zitseko za khoti la boma kwa antchito awo ozembera mabwana awo a boma pansi pa FLSA ndi Malamulo ena, Bwalo Lapamwamba linatsimikiziranso ulamuliro wa lamulo wa boma wa kudzilamulira. Koma pamtengo wa kusiya antchito ambiri popanda mankhwala atanthauzo. Chigamulocho chinakhazikitsa ndandanda wa milandu yotsatira imene inatsendereza mphamvu ya bungwe la Congresstion pansi pa Kukonzanso Konsonso, kuyambitsa ulamuliro umene olembedwa ndi boma ayenera kuyendetsa ntchito ya boma, ntchito ya bungwe, ndi malamulo anena kuti alemekeze ufulu wawo.

Kwa olemba ntchito, phunziro nlakuti maboma akupitirizabe kukhala ndi mphamvu yowateteza ku jakisoni yaokha yowonongeka, ngakhale pamene aswa miyezo ya boma yovomerezeka. Kwa antchito ndi ochirikiza awo, Alden akugogomezera kufunika kwa kumvetsetsa ma enfonso a makhoti apamwamba, makhoti aulamuliro, kudandaula, ndi masuti pansi pa Chigawo 1983 , ndiponso kufunika kopitirizabe kwa malamulo a boma olemekeza malire a malamulo. Monga momwe mkangano wa malamulo a boma ndi ufulu wa munthu aliyense umapitirizira, Alden v. Maine mosakayika konse adzakhalabe mfundo yaikulu ya aliyense wofufuza kuphonya kwa lamulo ndi ulamuliro.