Table of Contents
Chikalata cha Opaleshoni chachinayi cha United States chimateteza nzika ku kufufuza kosayenera ndi kugwidwa ndi njirinjiri, ndipo chofunika chakuti lamulo lipeze chilolezo chozikidwa pa chifukwa chothekera ndicho maziko a chitetezo chimenecho. M’nkhani ya kufufuza kwa mankhwala, njira yokhazikitsa chothekera iri yovuta kwambiri chifukwa chakuti ziwongolero zosayenera nzapamwamba: kufufuza kosayenera kungatsogolere kutsekereza umboni ndi kulephera kumangidwa kwa mlandu, pamene kuli kwakuti munthu woyenerera angathetseretu malonda a mankhwala ogodomalitsa. Kumvetsetsa mmene chochititsa chimangidwira, kupendedwa, ndi kutsutsidwa kuli kosulitsa kwa oimba mlandu, ndi aliyense wofuna kutsutsa njira yaupandu.
Kodi Chochititsa Chabwino N’chiyani?
Chochititsa chotsimikizirika ndicho muyezo walamulo umene umalozera ku kukhalapo kwa zenizeni ndi mikhalidwe imene ingatsogolere munthu wolingalira ku kukhulupirira kuti upandu wakhala, ukuchitidwa, kapena kuti uli pafupi kuchitidwa, ndi kuti umboni wakuti upandu kapena kuphwanya kwa lamulo kwapezeka pamalo ena. Ndi maziko apakati pakati pa kukayikira chabe . Ndiwo umboni wosakwanira wolungamitsira, umene uli muyezo wofunikira kaamba ka chitsimikizo. Khoti Lapamwamba la U.S. lagogomezera kuti chochititsa chake chiri chogwira ntchito, chosagwirizana ndi kukwanira kwa mikhalidwe, osati njira yolimba.
M'mbiri yakale, lingalirolo linayamba ndi lamulo la Chingelezi ndipo linaikidwa mu Lamulo Lachinayi kuletsa zilolezo ndi chithandizo zimene zinalola akuluakulu a Britain kuchititsa maulendo ausodzi. M’kachitidwe kamakono, mwina limakhala kupenda malamulo: kufunikira woweruza kuti apende umboniwo asanafufuze, motero kutetezera zoyenera zachinsinsi. Muyezowo uli wosinthika, kulola malongosoledwe ndi mfundo wamba, koma uyenera kuzikidwa pa mfundo zenizeni, osati pa nyusi kapena kuyerekezera.
Magwero a Chochititsa Chabwino
Apolisi osungitsa malamulo angapange chochititsa chothekera kupyolera m'zipangizo zosiyanasiyana. Kaŵirikaŵiri, magwero amodzi angakhale okwanira, koma m’zochitika, magwero ambiri amaphatikizidwa kupanga maziko olimba owonekera. Mabwinja ofala kwambiri amaphatikizapo kupenda kwaumwini, mfundo za odziŵitsa, umboni wopezedwa pakufufuza kwapapitapo kwalamulo, kuyang’anira, ndipo ngakhale kununkhiza kwa nzinini.
Oyang’anira Oonerera
Apolisi angaone zinthu zamphamvu kwambiri monga umboni wa zinthu zothekera. Mwachitsanzo, mkulu wa asilikali amene amaona munthu akugula mankhwala osokoneza bongo ndi manja m’dera lodziwika, ndipo amene angafotokoze zizindikiro za mankhwala osokoneza bongo (m’chitsanzo, kusinthana zinthu zazing'ono za ndalama, majesipo, ndi kuchoka mwamsanga), ali ndi maziko olimba okhulupirira kuti mankhwalawo alipo. Mofananamo, fungo la chamba, kutentha kapena kutentha, kutuluka m'galimoto kapena kunyumba kungapereke chifukwa chomveka bwino monga mmene mawu a zamankhwala kapena zosangalatsa angalonjere. Mfungulo ndi yakuti apolisi ayenera kutha kufotokoza malingaliro enieniwo, kuphatikizapo nthaŵi, ndi khalidwe, kuti woweruzayo angaone ngati angapereke mfundo zomveka bwino.
Informant Tiauti ndi Aguilar-Spinelli
Machenjezo ochokera ku zilengezo zachinsinsi alinso ofala a zochititsa zothekera, koma amabwera ndi nkhaŵa zapadera. M'mbiri, makhoti anagwiritsira ntchito mayeso aŵiri olembedwa kuchokera ku Aulilar v. Texas (1964]) ndi [FL:] Spinellib v. United States [FLT] [199] [1999] [1999]], zimene zinafuna kuti chilo cha affidavit chisonyeze zonse ziŵirizo za chidziŵitso ndi kutsimikizirika (kukhulupirika) kwa chikalata. [FGOK], mu [FLT: 4, NW], kuwonjezera chidziŵitso chodziŵika ndi chodziŵika cha mankhwala, chingakhale chodziŵikizidwa ndi chokwanira cha kuchirikiza, chofalitsa chakufufuza chakufufuza. Mageti angachititse mapepala odziŵikawonekedwe odziŵika bwino ndi kuwonjezera chikalata chofalitsidwa ndi chofalitsidwa ndi chofalitsidwa ndi mankhwala.
Kufufuza ndi Kufufuza Malamulo Kochuluka Koyambirira
Umboni wopezedwa pa kufufuza kovomerezeka, monga kuima kwa galimoto kapena kufufuza kwa magalimoto, ungachititse kufunafuna kowonjezereka kochititsa kuchuluka. Mwachitsanzo, ngati woyendetsa galimoto aimika dalaivalayo kuti aswedwe ndi kuona mpira wa chamba moonekera bwino, kuti kupenda kungalungamitse kufunafuna kanyumba ka galimoto. Mofananamo, umboni wopezeka pofufuza ungagwiritsidwe ntchito kupangira chifukwa choyenera chophikira malo ena. Surveillance face kusonyeza maulendo achidule kunyumba panthaŵi yodabwitsa, kuphatikizapo kukoka ndi dala zimene zimavumbula zotsala za mankhwala osokoneza bongo, zingatsimikizirenso chochititsa.
Maluwa a Mtengo wa Mtengo wa Canine
Kununkhiza kwa ng’ombe kuli chiŵiya chapadera pofufuza mankhwala. Khoti Lapamwamba losungidwa mu United States v. Malo (19983) kuti kununkha kwa katundu pamalo a anthu sikumapanga “kufufuza” pansi pa Kusintha kwa Zakunja, chotero palibe chilolezo chofunikira. Komabe, ngati galu watcheru, amene angapereke chilo choyenera kufunafuna chiŵiya kapena galimoto. Chofunika kwambiri, kudalirika kwa galuyo sikuyenera kukhazikitsidwa: Ofisala ayenera kupereka umboni wa maphunziro a galu ndi kulembedwa kwake kwa machenje, mofanana ndi zolembedwa zake zolondola. Mlonda wa galu, ngati achenje angachenje, ngati angalephere kutsutsa chochititsa.
Kumanga Chochititsa Choyenera cha Ogwiritsira Ntchito Mankhwala Osokoneza Bongo
Pamene lamulo ligwiritsira ntchito chilolezo cha kufunafuna mankhwala mwachindunji [1] kaya kaamba ka nyumba, galimoto, kapena munthu . Wapolisiyo ayenera kulembedwa mosamalitsa. Ayenera kulongosola malowo kuti akafufuzidwe mwapadera (m., “nyumba yachiyera yaiŵiri pa 123 Main Street, kuphatikizapo garaji ndi nyumba zina zilizonse zomangidwa ) ndipo zinthu zinafunidwa (m’m’njira,“cocaine, zotengera za mankhwala osokoneza bongo, zolembera za malonda a mankhwala osokoneza bongo, ndi ndalama ). Mazindikiro a zenizeni ayenera kulongosola chifukwa chake oyang'anirawo amakhulupirira kuti zinthuzo ziripo.
M'nkhani za mankhwala, njira zitatu za zenizeni kaŵirikaŵiri zimachirikiza chochititsa chothekera: kukhalapo kwa fungo la mankhwala ogodomalitsa, umboni wa malonda a mankhwala ogodomalitsa oonedwa ndi akuluakulu kapena ogulitsa obisika, ndi umboni weniweni wonga ngati zinthu zosungiramo mankhwala. Makhoti alandiranso umboni kuchokera ku “trash yokopa". . Kufufuza kwalamulo kwa zinyalala zotayidwa pakhonde. Chifukwa chakuti anthu alibe chiyembekezo chotsimikizirika chachinsinsi m'zinyalala zotsala, apolisi angafufuze izo popanda chilo. Zinthu zopezedwa m'zinyansi zimene zimasonyeza kugwiritsira ntchito mankhwala kapena kugulitsa (m. g., zikwama za , zotsala ndi zotsalira, miyeso, kapena majeti) zingaphatikize pamodzi ndi umboni wina kuti atsimikizire chochititsa choyenera.
Chochitika china chofala chimaphatikizapo “kutumiza mankhwala osokoneza bongo,” kumene apolisi amafunafuna mikhalidwe ina monga ngati mantha, mawonekedwe achilendo, ndalama zambiri, kapena nkhani zosagwirizana ndi zinthu, ndiyeno kuwonjezera kukayikira koyenera, kuwonjezera kuthekera kwa zimenezo. Komabe, makhoti amakhala osamala: modalira pa mkhalidwe wopanda umboni wotsimikizirika angakhale osakwanira.
Njira Yogwiritsira Ntchito Zolembedwa Mogwira Mtima
Kuti apeze chilolezo chofufuza, wapolisi ayenera kutumiza chilolezo kwa woweruza kapena majistant . Woweruzayo ayenera kufotokoza mfundo zotsimikizira chochititsa chothekera, ndipo wapolisiyo sayenera kuchotsa mwadala kapena monyalanyaza mfundo zachidziŵitso (]] N’kudumpha [1] muyezo ). Woweruzayo akapeza kuti watsatayo akukana, ndipo lamulolo liyenera kusonkhanitsa umboni wowonjezereka kapena kusiya kufunafunako.
Nthaŵi ilinso chifukwa: zikwangwani kaŵirikaŵiri zimakhala zovomerezeka kwa nyengo yochepa . Nthaŵi zambiri masiku 10 (aliyense) ndipo ayenera kuphedwa masana pokhapo ngati ali ololedwa mwachindunji. Ofesala wopereka chikalatayo ayenera kugogoda ndi kulengeza kukhalapo kwawo asanaloŵe, pokhapo ngati mikhalidwe ikufuna kuti asaloŵe mogogoda. Kulephera kumamatira ku zofunika zimenezi kungatsogolere ku kutsendereza umboni uliwonse wogwidwa.
Anasiya Kutsatira Lamulo Losafunika
Pamene kuli kwakuti chochititsa chiri muyezo wopezera chilolezo, lamulo limazindikira kupatulapo kuŵiri kumene kumalola kusanthula kosatsimikizirika pamene chochititsa chiripo. Kusintha kumeneku kumalinganiza kufunika kwa lamulo logwira ntchito motsutsana ndi zoyenera zaumwini. M’nkhani za anamgoneka, kusiyana kwakukulu kuli mikhalidwe yosadziŵika, chivomerezo, kawonedwe kowonekera bwino, ndi kusiyana kwa galimoto.
Mikhalidwe Yosadziŵika
Apolisi akamva chimbudzi m’nyumba atagogoda ndi kulengeza, angakakamize kuloŵa kuti wokayikirayo asalowe mankhwala osokoneza bongo. Mofananamo, kufunafuna mwamsanga munthu amene akukayikira kuti akuthawa kungalungamitse kuloŵa kwake popanda chifukwa chomveka.
Kufufuza Kovomerezeka
Kufufuza kozikidwa pa chivomerezo chaufulu kuli kosiyana ndi zonse ziŵiri chiyeneretso cha lamulo ndi chothekera chofunikira. Ngati munthu modziŵa ndi modzifunira apolisi alola kufunafuna nyumba yawo, galimoto, kapena katundu, umboni uliwonse wopezeka ukhoza kugwiritsiridwa ntchito m'khoti. Komabe, boma liyenera kutsimikizira kuti chivomerezocho sichinakakamizidwe ndi kuti munthuyo ali ndi ulamuliro wa kuvomereza. Apolisi kaŵirikaŵiri amadalira pa chivomerezo pamene kuli kosafunikira, koma ayenera kutsimikizira kuti nkhaniyo imve zoyenera zawo.
Lingaliro Lomveka
Pansi pa chiphunzitso chowonekera bwino, osungitsa lamulo angapeze umboni popanda chilolezo ngati mkulu wa ofisalayo alipo mwalamulo (m’chitsanzo, mkati mwa kuima kwa galimoto kapena pamene akupereka chilolezo cha mlandu wina) ndi kuona kumenyedwa kapena umboni wosatsutsika. Kwa mlandu wa anamgoneka, zimenezi kaŵirikaŵiri zimachitika pamene wapolisi aimitsa galimoto ndi kuona thumba la ufa woyera pampando, kapena mkati mwa kuyenda m’nyumba yokhala ndi chilo chotsimikizirika cha kuba katundu wa mankhwala osokoneza bongo. Ofisalayo ayenera kukhala ndi chifukwa chokhulupirira kuti chinthucho chakuba popanda kufunafuna.
Kuchoka pagalimoto
Kupatula kwa galimoto kumalola apolisi kufunafuna galimoto popanda chilolezo chakuitenga ngati ali ndi chifukwa chothekera kuikhulupirira kukhala yosaloledwa kapena umboni wa upandu. Chochititsa nchakuti galimoto nzamagalimoto ndipo zingasunthe asanapeze chikalata. Pansi pa Carroll v. United States [1925] [[FLT] [62] ndi [B] United States v. Ross [1992], apolisi angafufuze galimoto yonse, kuphatikizapo zotengera zotsekera, ngati ali ndi chifukwa cholingalira kuti mankhwala ali mkati mwa. Kulekanitsa kumeneku kumagwiritsiridwa ntchito kaŵirikaŵiri m’kupeputsa kwa mankhwala: ngati galu: ngati galu apereka magetsi pa galimoto, chimene chimapereka chochititsa choyenerera, ndi kusafufuza chokwanira.
Zotsatirapo za Zochititsa Zosathandiza
Ngati bwalo lamilandu pambuyo pake liona kuti chikalata chinaperekedwa popanda chifukwa chomveka, kapena kuti kufunafuna kosayenera sikunaperekedwe, umboni wopezekawo umakhala wotsatira lamulo lopatuka. Pansi pa lamulo limeneli, umboni sungathe kugwiritsidwa ntchito pozenga mlandu, ndipo mlandu ungagwe. Woimbidwa mlanduyo angayambe kuimitsa, kuyambitsa kumvetsera kumene woweruzayo angapatutsenso mlanduwo kapena mikhalidwe ya kufufuzako. Ngati mkulu wa asilikaliyo aphatikizapo mawu onama kapena mwadala, ziletso zowopsa zingagwire ntchito. Mosemphana ndi mawuwo, ngati mkuluyo anachita bwino pa chikhulupiriro chimene pambuyo pake chapezedwa cholakwika, “chikhulupiriro chabwinocho chikhoza kulola umboniwo kugwiritsiridwa ntchito ngati wopatulapo.
Kwa maloya otetezera, kuukira maziko othekera ndiko njira yaikulu. Zitokoso zofala zimaphatikizapo kuukira kudalirika kwa olengeza, kunena kuti zimene wapolisiyo anawona zinali zosatsimikizirika, kapena kusonyeza kuti kununkhiza galu kunali kosadalirika. Kugwedezeka kwachipambano kungakhale kusiyana pakati pa chitsimikizo ndi kuchotsedwa ntchito.