Chiyambi: N’chifukwa Chiyani Kusankha Zinthu Zoyenera Kuli Kofunika?

Njira imene mavoti amatembenuzidwira ku mipando kapena maofesi si tsatanetsatane chabe waluso . Kudziŵa mmene makampani amayendetsera, mmene ovota amachitira, ndi mmene amachitiradi demokrase. Madongosolo a demokrase amasiyana kwambiri padziko lonse, limodzi ndi makampani ake pakati pa kufewetsa, chilungamo, kukhazikika, ndi kusabisa. Kumvetsa malondawa kumachititsa nzika kupenda molakwika ndi kuloŵerera kwambiri ndi kugwiritsa ntchito demokrase. Kufufuzaku kumapenda mapulogalamu ofala kwambiri . Copper- Past- Post, Proportigation, Rhanded Voice , Voice , ndi kutulutsa mapuloteshoni, kukonza maluso awo ndi kukongola kwawo.

Kuyamba-Past-the Post (FPTP)

Mmene Umagwirira Ntchito

M'dongosolo la Kuyamba ndi Kufa, wosankha amene amalandira mavoti ochuluka m'chigawo chimodzi amapambana. Voter akuponya chiloti chimodzi kwa wosankhidwa amene akufuna, ndipo palibe mundo kapena redis wirest yomwe ikuchitika. Makonzedwe ameneŵa amagwiritsiridwa ntchito m'maiko onga United Kingdom, Canada, India, ndi United States (akulu a masankho ambiri a msonkhano).

Mapindu a FPTP

  • Kulimba ndi liŵiro: Ofufuza amamvetsetsa mosavuta lingaliro la “amene angapambane mavoti ambiri.] Ma Ballot ngosavuta, ndipo zotsatira zake zingaŵerengedwe mofulumira pausiku wa chisankho.
  • Maboma aakulu a FTP: FP imakulitsa malo a gulu lalikulu koposa, kuchepetsa kuthekera kwa kugwirizana ndi kutheketsa kachitidwe kokhazikika ndi kotsimikizirika ka malamulo.
  • Kusanthula Umboni: chigawo chirichonse chiri ndi woimira mmodzi, woŵerengera mwachindunji, amene angakulitse kugwirizana kwathithithi pakati pa ovota ndi nduna yawo yosankhidwa.
  • Kutseguka kwa Fringe Paritis: Chopinga chapamwamba cha kupata mipando kaŵirikaŵiri chimaletsa zipani zazing'ono, zowopsa kupeza mphamvu ya malamulo.

Zopinga za FPTP

  • Kumwa ma Vote ndi Kusokosera : [[FLT :1] Mavoti oikidwa kaamba ka otayika kapena opambana pa mzera waukulu samakhudza zotsatirapo. Zimenezi zingatsogolere ku kupata mipando yambiri yokhala ndi 50% ya voti yotchuka.
  • Kusintha kwa mchitidwe: Nthaŵi zambiri ofufuza amakakamizika kuvotera munthu wosakondedwa kwambiri mmalo mwa chosankha chawo chenicheni choyamba, kupotoza kaganizidwe ka maganizo a anthu.
  • Pansi pa kuperekedwa kwa Maufumu Ang'onoang'ono ndi Achigawo Aang'ono: Magulu ang'onoang'ono angathandizire, koma magulu omwazikana a dziko (m., Greens, Liberals) amalandira mipando yocheperapo kuposa zilolezo zawo zovotedwa.
  • Chigawo chotetezereka: malire a chigawo angagwiritsidwe ntchito kukondera chipani chimodzi, kululuza sankho.

Zitsanzo Zenizeni Zapadziko

Mu 2019 UK General Evolution, Conservative Party inawina 43.6% ya voti koma 56.2% ya mipando, pamene kuli kwakuti Liberal Democrates anapeza 11.6% ya voti koma 1.7% yokha ya mipando. Zimenezi zikugogomezera chikhoterero cha FPTP ku kuchotsapo kuposerako. Mosiyana ndi zimenezo, dongosolo la ku Canada la FPTPPPPP latulutsa maboma ambiri pa zochitika zingapo ngakhale pamene gulu lopambanalo linalandiridwa pansi pa 40% ya voti yotchuka.

Kuimira kwa Malamulo (PR)

Mmene Umagwirira Ntchito

Madongosolo a Proportigational directoration cholinga cha kugawira mipando m'nyumba ya malamulo mogwirizana ndi mavoti onse amene gulu lililonse limalandira. Kusiyana kofala kwambiri ndi kayendetsedwe ka chipani, kumene ovota chipani (osati osankha aliyense) ndipo magawo amalandira mipando yogwirizana ndi mavoti awo. Mafomu ena akuphatikizapo ma Vote (STV) a m'zigawo zambiri. PR imagwiritsidwa ntchito m'mademocracy ambiri a ku Ulaya, kuphatikizapo Germany, Sweden, ndi Netherlands.

Mapindu a PR

  • Fainer directory: Nkhani iliyonse ya voti . Ngakhale ya zigaŵenga zazing'ono ingapereke ku mipando. Nyumba yokhazikitsa imasonyeza bwino kwambiri kusiyana kwa zosankha.
  • Kuthandiza Madongosolo Amitundu Yochuluka: Malo otchuka ali ndi mipata yambiri ya zosankha, ndipo malingaliro ochepa angamveke bwino, kutsogolera ku mkangano wa ndale zadziko wotchuka.
  • Triver Voter Turnout: [[FL:1] chifukwa chakuti mavoti ochepa “amafunidwa,” nzika zingaone kukhala ndi chisonkhezero chachikulu, chonga chitomerezo.
  • Zithunzi za Zing'onozing'ono zabwinopo: Ngati timagulu tating'ono tipanga zipani zathu kapena tiphatikizidwa pa mindandanda ya zipani zosiyanasiyana, tingafikire kuimira malamulo mosavuta kuposa pansi pa FPTP.

Zopinga za PR

  • Maboma Ogwirizana ndi Kusatha: kaŵirikaŵiri gulu limodzi limapambana unyinji, kukakamiza zigwirizano zimene zingakhale zofooka kapena zochedwetsa kupanga zosankha (m’chitsanzo, kusintha kwa boma kwa nthaŵi zambiri).
  • Kutsatira kaamba ka Voters: Madongosolo a gulu kaŵirikaŵiri amagwiritsira ntchito mpambo wotsekedwa kumene osankha sangasankhe ofunsira, kuchepetsa kuŵerengera. Madongosolo a mndandanda wa otsegulira ali ovuta kwambiri kuŵerengera ndi kumvetsetsa.
  • [[FLT: 0] Ili ndi ndandanda ya Extremist Parities to Gaup Seats: Mageti a pansi (m., 1% ku Netherlands) angalole timagulu totsalira kuloŵa m'nyumba ya malamulo, imene ingasokoneze ulamuliro.
  • Malo a kuimira kwa malo amodzi: M'chidziŵitso choyera PR, palibe zigawo za chiŵalo chimodzi, kufooketsa kugwirizana pakati pa ovota ndi woimira wina.

Njira Zosiyanasiyana Zogwiritsa Ntchito Maluŵa: Njira Yothandiza

Maiko ambiri amaphatikiza FPTP ndi PR kuti achepetse matsinde a magawo amodzi. Mwachitsanzo, Germany amagwiritsira ntchito njira ya Mixed-Member Proportonal (MMP) kumene ovota amapanga mavoti aŵiri . Ndi imodzi ya ofunsira a kumaloko (FPTPP) ndi imodzi ya mpambo wa chipani (PR). Vhoti ya PR imasankha kulinganiza malo onse okhala, kukweza mipando kuti apeze kulingana ndi kusungitsa kuimira kwa dzikolo. Chitsanzo chimenechi chimapereka kulolera koyenera koma chimafunikira maluso osamala kuti apeŵetse mikangano monga “mipando ya a Ofukani.

Kutulutsa Malo Okongola

Mmene Umagwirira Ntchito

Ndiponso odziŵika monga ovota amwamsanga, RCV imalola ovota kugamula ofunsira m'malo oyenerera. Ngati palibe wosankha amene apeza mavoti ambiri oyamba, wosankhidwa wokhala ndi zokonda zoŵerengeka zoyamba amachotsedwa, ndipo mavoti awo amaperekedwa ku zokonda zina pa oweruza amenewo. Njira imeneyi imabwereza kufikira wosankha mmodzi ali ndi oposa theka la ovota ovomerezedwa. RCV imagwiritsiridwa ntchito ku Australia (Nyumba ya Oimira), Ireland (masankhoti apadera), ndi mizinda ingapo yonga San Francisco ndi Minneapolis.

Mapindu a RCV

  • Repuces Spoller Prese Pressure: Ofuna kulowa pagawo lachitatu angathamange popanda kugawa voti, chifukwa chakuti ochirikiza oyembekezera kuchotsedwa aŵerengedwa zosankha zawo zachiŵiri.
  • Kutsimikizira Kuwona Mtima: Matola angandandal'ike choyamba chokondeka chawo chowona popanda kudera nkhaŵa za “kusanthula [1] mavoti awo, kuchotsa kufunika kwa kuvota mwamachenjera.
  • Promotes Broad Appeal: Otsatsa malonda ayenera kukopa osati chabe chichirikizo choyamba komanso chachiŵiri ndi chachitatu, kusonkhezera kutsutsa ndi kumanganso kogwirizana.
  • Majority Manday: Wopambanayo potsirizira pake amalandira chichirikizo chochuluka kuchokera kwa awo amene anatengamo mbali, kuwapatsa lamulo lamphamvu la kusanthula.

Zopinga za RCV

  • Coptx Ballot ndi Kuŵerenga: [[FL:1] Mavoter ayenera kumvetsetsa malo apamwamba, ndipo kulinganiza kumafuna mizere yambiri ya kuŵerenga kapena pulogalamu ya pakompyuta, imene ingachedwetse zotulukapo ndi kukweza maupandu m'mafuko akufupi.
  • Mpata wapamwamba wa Voter Mpamvu: Ballots ndi magawo otsalidwa, makope apamwamba, kapena zizindikiro zosadziŵika bwino ziyenera kuchotsedwa, mwangozi kuchotsa ovota ena.
  • Strategic Voting Ikali yothekera: M’mikhalidwe ina, ovota anga “bull” mdani wamphamvu mwa kuwaika pansi kuti awononge ngozi zawo, kutsogolera ku zotulukapo zopotoka m’zochitika zosawoneka.
  • Siliri Projectation yokwanira: RCV imagwiritsiridwa ntchito kwambiri m'zigawo za win imodzi, chotero silimatsimikizira kuimira kwa onse m'chigwirizano cha nyumba ya malamulo yogawa magawo ambiri.

Phunziro la Case: 2022 Euction Yapadera ya ku Alaska

Mu August 2022, Alaska anagwiritsira ntchito RCV kwa nthaŵi yoyamba m'chisankho chapadera cha Nyumba ya Oimira a United States. Democrat Mary Peltola anagonjetsa yemwe kale anali Bwanamkubwa Sarah Palin ndi Republican Nick Begich. Peltola anapambana ndi ochepera 40% a mavoti oyambirira koma anapindula ambiri pambuyo pa kubwezera zosankha za Begich Copetation, zambiri zimene zinapita ku Peltola ku Palin. Chotulukapo chinasonyeza mmene RCV ingakweze ma Centristris ndi kutulutsa zotulukapo zimene zimasonyeza bwino lomwe limaonetsa zikonda zapamwamba za Plotiope.

Malo Odulirapo Aŵiri (Guloff)

Mmene Umagwirira Ntchito

M'madongosolo aŵiri, masankho oyambirira amachitidwa kaŵirikaŵiri ndi anthu ambiri oyembekezera. Ngati palibe wobatizidwa amene apambana unyinji wonse (50%+1) m'mphindi woyamba, mpangidwe wachiŵiri umachitidwa pakati pa aŵiri otchuka (kapena nthaŵi zina owonjezereka). Izi nzofala pa masankho a pulezidenti mu France, Brazil, ndi maiko ambiri a mu Afirika, limodzinso ndi masankho a lamulo m'maiko onga Iran ndi Uzbekistan.

Mapindu a Njira Ziŵiri

  • Majerity Wner: Wopambanayo ayenera kupambana ambiri m'mbali yomalizira, kuwapatsa lamulo lomveka bwino.
  • Kuwunikira kwa [1] Pakati pa milongoti, ovota ali ndi nthaŵi ya kupendanso, kusonkhanitsa chidziŵitso chowonjezereka, ndi kulinganiza kwabwino ndi zigwirizano zatsopano.
  • Mapwando ogwirizana ndi mapangano: kaŵirikaŵiri amakambirana zivomerezo pakati pa mizere, kukakamiza kumveka kwa malingaliro ndi kukambirana zimene zingatsogolere ku ulamuliro waukulu.
  • Wamkulu wachiŵiri ndi Mzinda wachiŵiri: Wopambanayo atenga mtundu wonse wa kuthamanga angasonkhezere kutengamo mbali chifukwa chakuti nkhani iliyonse ya voti.

Zopinga za Njira Yaiŵiri

  • Cost ndi Logists: kugwiritsa ntchito masankho aŵiri kumaŵirikiza ndalama zoyendetsera ntchito, zoyesayesa za wovota, ndi zofunika za chisungiko. Kukhozanso kuchedwetsa zotulukapo kwa milungu.
  • Kutopa kwa khosi: [[FLT :1] Kawirikawiri kubwerera kumbuyo kwachiŵiri, makamaka ngati osankha alingalira kuti osankhidwawo achotsedwa kapena ngati zosankha zotsalazo sizikukondweretsa.
  • Kupanga kwamphamvu mu Round One: Opanga angavote mobisa m'malo oyamba kukonza kuthamanga kwa mpikisano(chitsanzo, kuvotera kuti mdani wofooka athetse chiwopsezo champhamvu.
  • Kutseguka kwa Mapwando Aang'ono: Mapwando aang'ono samapanga kuthamanga, kuchepetsa mphamvu yawo ya kusonkhezera malamulo ngakhale ngati ali ndi chichirikizo chachikulu choyamba.

Kuyerekezera Mfundo: Chisankho cha Prezidenti wa France

Falansa ya mbali ziŵiri za chisankho chake cha pulezidenti kaŵirikaŵiri yatulutsa chiwonjezeko m'mphindi wachiŵiri (m'chingapo, Macron vs. Le Pen mu 2017, 64.8% mpaka 35.2%; mu 2022, 58.5% mpaka 41,5% . Otsutsa amanena kuti gulu lino la anthu losankha “choipa chopanda upo" mu mpikisano, chimene chingamve kukhala chochotsedwa, pamene kuli kwakuti ochirikiza ake amapereka momvekera bwino, zotulukapo zazikulu.

Kupanga Mafomu Osiyanasiyana

Kulandira Chilolezo

Kuvota kovomerezedwa kumalola ovota kuvota (kutsimikizira) ambiri omwe akufuna kupambana. Wosankha amene walandira chivoti chovomerezeka kwambiri. Wogwiritsiridwa ntchito m'masankho ena a boma ndi m'makonzedwe a gulu, kuvomereza kuvota nkwapafupi ndipo kumachepetsa vuto la wowononga. Komabe, sikumapanga lamulo la kusankha ndipo kungatsogolere ku “kuvota kwa munthu mmodzi" (kungovomereza woloŵa) kukhala chinthu changozi, kuchepetsa mapindu ake.

Kutulutsa Mawu (Chirange Chotulutsa Mafuta)

Voters apeza kuti wosankhidwa aliyense pamlingo (m. 0-5 kapena 0-10). Wosankha wokhala ndi avareji yapamwamba kwambiri kapena wopambana. Ochirikiza amatsutsa kuti ilo limalola ovota kusonyeza ukulu wa chosankha, pamene kuli kwakuti otsutsa amatsutsa kubwezera mphotho ndi kugwiritsa ntchito chivomerezo. Icho chagwiritsiridwa ntchito m'masankho ena osakhala a boma koma kaŵirikaŵiri pamlingo wa dzikolo.

Njira Zopinga

Njira za condorcet zimayerekezera wofunsira aliyense mwanzeru ndi kudziŵa wobatizidwa amene angamenye wina aliyense pa mpikisano wa mutu mpaka mutu. Ziri zokongola ndi zogwirizana ndi malamulo ambiri, koma zikhoza kupanga zungulirengupiringu (opanda chipambano choonekeratu cha Condorcet) ndipo zimafuna kulinganiza ndi kuŵerengera kocholoŵana. Palibe chisankho chachikulu cha dziko chimene chimagwiritsira ntchito njira yoyera ya Condorcet, ngakhale kuti njira zonga njira ya Schulze imagwiritsiridwa ntchito m'masankhoti ena a gulu la ndale zadziko.

Kuyerekezera: Makampani Ogulitsa Malonda

Kusankha njira yosankhira zinthu kumaphatikizapo kulinganiza bwino makhalidwe angapo opikisana:

  • Protratiation vs . Ubwino: PR imatulutsa zotulukapo zocheperapo koma kaŵirikaŵiri imatsogolera ku kugwirizana; FPTP imapanga mbali zazikulu imodzi koma pamtengo wa chilungamo.
  • Kusintha kwa FPP n’kosavuta kuwerenga koma kumaletsa mawu ovota; RCV ndi chivoti chimapereka zokonda zambiri koma amafuna zambiri kwa ovota ndi oyang'anira.
  • Kuimira kwa malo apafupi vs. National Cohesion: Zigawo za chigawo chimodzi (FPTP, RCV) zimapereka nkhope ya kumaloko, pamene kuli kwakuti mndandanda wa zipani PR ungaluluzitse kugwirizana kumeneku koma kuimira bwinopo mitundu ya ndale zadziko.
  • Speed vs. Irebration : Madongosolo ozungulira aŵiri ndi RCV amachedwa kukwaniritsa zotsatira zomaliza, zimene zingawononge chidaliro cha anthu ngati kuŵerengera kwanthaŵi yaitali kapena kupikisana.

Kutsutsana pankhani za kusintha zinthu m’mbiri kuyenera kupenda umboni wokhudzana ndi malamulo, malamulo, ndi kumvetsetsana kwa anthu.

Mapeto ake: Njira Yosankhira

Kugwira ntchito kwa masankho sikungaonedwe ndi mbali zake zokha zonenedwa. Zotulukapo zenizeni za dziko zimadalira pa kugwiritsidwa ntchito, kuvota maphunziro, ndi zinthu zina monga ndalama za ndawala, ufulu woulutsira nkhani, ndi kuyang'anira kwaufulu. Anthu amene amamvetsetsa zolinga ndi kuipa kwa dongosolo lililonse ali okonzeka bwino kuchirikiza kusintha kumene kumayendera limodzi ndi makhalidwe awo.

Kuti muŵerengenso, zofufuza kuchokera ku kampani ya Reform Society , , , democracy Exctoral Knote , ndi gulu lothandiza [[FLT] Fairvote , limene limapereka kuyerekezera kwatsatanetsatane kwa madongosolo a masinthidwe kuzungulira dziko. Potsirizira pake, democracy imapambana pamene nzika zimachita ndi oyembekezera komanso malamulo enieni amene amaumba mmene mavoti athu amakhalira mawu m’boma.