Kumvetsetsa Maluso a Kulandira Chisonkhezero cha Udindo wa Olamulira

Mzera wa pulogalamu wa pulogalamu ya chigawo cha chigawo cha chigawo umakhala umodzi wa maulamuliro apadera kwambiri osungidwa ndi akazembe a boma ku United States. Mosiyana ndi chiwiya chamwambo chaveto, chimene chimakakamiza mkulu wamkulu kulandira kapena kukana lamulo lonse m’kachipangizo kamodzi, mzera wa pulogalamu winjiveni umathandiza bwanamkubwa kudula zinthu zowonongeka, kuchotsa ziwiya, kapena kuchotsa zinthu zimene amalingalira kukhala zolakwika popanda lamulo lofunika.

Ntchito yothandiza imasiyanasiyana ndi boma, koma m'zochitika zambiri kazembe ayenera kuchitapo kanthu pa masiku angapo pambuyo pa kulandira lamulo, makamaka 5 mpaka 30. Zinthu zowonongekazo zimatumizidwanso ku nyumba ya malamulo, zimene zingayese kuchotsa rhito ndi voti yaikulu kwambiri . kaŵirikaŵiri magawo aŵiri kapena atatu kapena atatu a chipinda chilichonse. Ngati tchuthicho chitalephera, zinthu zodulidwazo zimachotsedwa kwamuyaya. Maboma ena amapatsanso mphamvu yochepetsera kupendedwa kwa zinthu zinazake mmalo moziphulitsa, mphamvu imene kaŵirikaŵiri imatchedwa "kutembenuza chipinda chimodzi" kapena "kuchotsa zinthu".

Mbiri Yaifupi ya Mzera wa Kuletsera

Mfundo ya m'zaka za zana la 19, pamene malamulo a m'nthaŵi ya Nkhondo ya Chiŵeniŵeni anaphatikizapo mzera wochepa wa zinthu wa chigawo cha pulofesa wake. Pambuyo pa nkhondo, maboma ambiri anatengera makonzedwe ofananawo monga mbali ya kusintha kowonjezereka kwa zosinthasintha zokhala ndi cholinga cha kuwonjezera kuyang'anira ndi kuyendetsa ndalama zowonongera nyama ya nguluwe. Pofika m'zaka za pakati pa 20, maboma oposa 40 adapatsa akazembe awo mtundu wa programu-ima - vto, ngakhale kuti masinthidwe enieni ndi mikhalidwe ya boma inali yosiyana kwambiri.

Pa mlingo wa boma, zoyesayesa mobwerezabwereza kupatsa pulezidenti layini-tein transmes Development mu Line To Act ya 1996, imene inapatsa pulezidenti mphamvu ya kuchotsa zinthu zakutizakuti ndi mapindu a msonkho. Khoti Lapamwamba la U.S. linagonjetsa lamulo mu [[FLT]] Clinton v. Mzinda wa New York . [[FLT] [[FLT]] [[3] [1998], kuweruza kuti ikuswa Preacement Claus of Constitution mwa kulola preziden kukhazikitsa lamulo popanda kubwezera ku Courage. Chigamucho sichimalamulira boma, ngakhale kuli tero, chifukwa chakuti malamulo akugwira ntchito pansi pa malamulo osiyanasiyana. Bungwelo lina linakanthautsa ndi kutsogolera ku ulamuliro wawo, koma limakhalabe lalamulo lolondola lamulo.

Makampani Opanga Mafuleji Ololedwa M’mayiko a ku United States

Malamulo a boma ndi malamulo amamasulira malire enieni a mphamvu ya kazembe wa chigawo cha chigawo cha verto . Monga chapakati pa ma 2020, akazembe 44 a boma ali ndi mtundu wina wa protein-itevo vento, pamene kuli kwakuti 6 a boma , Indianaware, Kansas, Nevada, North Carolina , ndi Rhode Island . Pakati pa 44, ukulu wa malo amasiyana kuchokera ku chinthu choyera chivetoes cholekezedwa ku zikalata za ku maulamuliro a ukulu wa mphamvu zimene zimalola kusakaza zinenero zosagwiritsidwa ntchito poputiza, kuchepetsa kuwonongedwa kwa ndalama, kapena ngakhale kuchepetsa mikhalidwe yogwiritsa ntchito ndalama.

Makonzedwe a Malamulo

Ochuluka amavomereza layini-itatu mu malamulo awo. Mwachitsanzo, Constitution (Article IV, Chigawo 10) imapatsa bwanamkubwa ulamuliro kuchepetsa kapena kuchotsa chinthu chilichonse chokhudza kuulutsa. Lamulo la Pennsylvania (Article IV, Chigawo 15) limalola bwanamkubwa kuchotsa zinthu m'mapepala opangira malamulo; malamulo a boma angachotsepo kanthu kena kamodzikamodzi. Mu Wisconsin, mphamvu ya kazembe ndi yotakata kwambiri: "Parveto" imalola mawu odabwitsa, masunt , ndipo ngakhale makalata alionse ochokera ku zikalata, mphamvu imene nduna zagwiritsira ntchito kulenga zinthu motsutsana ndi lamulo lotsutsana kwambiri kuposa zimene zolembedwa poyamba.

Maboma ena amakhazikitsa ziletso zapadera. Ku Florida, kazembe angapereke zinthu zimene zili ndi mapulofoni, koma sangathe kuchepetsa; kokha kulira kokwanira kumaloledwa. ku Texas, bwanamkubwa angapereke zinthu za m'mapepala okha, osati zinthu za m'malamulo ena. Maboma ena, monga New York, amapatsa chiveto kaamba ka ndalama zongofunikira ndi kuletsa bwanamkubwa kuchotsapo chilankhulo chimene sichigwirizana mwachindunji ndi kugula.

Mafotokozedwe a Khoti

Makhoti aakulu a boma akhala akuitanidwa kaŵirikaŵiri kulongosola malire a mzera-tem vento. M' Kalelo wa dziko. Wisconsin Serten . Thompson (1994]), Bwalo Lapamwamba la Wisconsin Logalamu linachirikiza Kazembe Tommy Thompson Ghompson kugwiritsira ntchito "kuimira" kujambula makalata amodzi ndi kupanga mawu atsopano, cholinga chotsimikizirika cha lamulo. Chigamulocho chinaletsedwa ndi lamulo la 2008 loletsa kazembe kujambula zinthu zonse, apropri, kapena mawu kapena makalata aumwini kapena madigita.

Mu Anderson v. Commonwealth (2002]), Bwalo Lapamwamba la Pennsylvania linagamula kuti mphamvu ya kazembeyo imafutukula kokha zinthu zimene ziri "zowona," osati chilankhulo cha malamulo ogwirizana ndi ndalama. Milandu yofananayo mu Illinois, Michigan, ndi Oregon yatulutsa ntchito yachidule ya kumasulira, kupanga ntchito yogwira ntchito ya chigawo cha chigawo cha chigawo chapamwamba cha boma.

Zitsanzo za Kugwiritsiridwa Ntchito ndi Bwanamkubwa

Olamulira amagwiritsira ntchito ndandanda ya zinthu za pepala mobwerezabwereza, malinga ndi mikhalidwe yawo ya ndale zadziko, thanzi la boma, ndi unansi wawo ndi nyumba ya malamulo. Mbiri yakale imavumbula kuti mawuwo amagwiritsiridwa ntchito mwamphamvu kwambiri panthaŵi za mavuto a bajeti, pamene olamulira akufunafuna kuchepetsa ndalama zowonongedwa popanda kutseka boma, kapena pamene kazembeyo ali wa gulu losiyana ndi la boma.

Zitsanzo Zochititsa Chidwi

  • Kazemberi wa Arnold Schwarzenger (2003-2011): [Kuyang'ana ndalama zazikulu, Schwarzenger anagwiritsira ntchito mzera wa chigawo vhato kudula madola mamiliyoni mazana ambiri kuchokera ku bajeti za malamulo. Mu 2008, adawononga ndalama zoposa $500 miliyoni, akumayang'ana maprogramu amene anawaona kukhala osafunika. Zochita zake zinayambitsa chisulizo kuchokera kwa opanga malamulo a democratic koma zinatamandidwa ndi otsalira malamulo.
  • Florida ya Kazembe Rick Scott (2019): Scott adagwiritsira ntchito kwambiri ndalama zodulidwa ndi mphamvu, kaŵirikaŵiri kuchotsa zinthu zoikidwa ndi bungwe la malamulo pokambirana za bajeti. Mu 2018 mokha, anatulutsa zinthu zokhala ndi katundu wokwanira $411 miliyoni. Analemba ntchito zimenezi monga zofunikira kusunga bajeti ya boma ndi kusungitsa ndalama zofunikira ndi kusungitsa ndalama zapadera monga maphunziro ndi maziko.
  • Arkansas kazembe wa Mike Huckabee (1996-2007): Huckabee anagwiritsira ntchito chiŵiya cha pulpoto kuchotsa chimene anatcha "pork" kuchokera ku bajeti ya boma. Mapale ake apamwamba kwambiri analoŵetsamo ndalama za maprojekiti a misewu yaikulu ndi maprogramu a mayanjano amene iye anatsutsawo sanalungamidwe bwino. Nyumba ya malamuloyo kaŵirikaŵiri inayesa kuchotsapo koma inatsa mobwerezabwereza.
  • Wiscon ya Bwanamkubwa Scott Walker (2019): Walker adagwiritsira ntchito mbali ya chubu cha madoko, kamodzi kujambula mawu 556 kuchokera ku lamulo la kuchotsa kakonzedwe ka malamulo kamene kakanachepetsa ulamuliro wake pa maprogramu a kutukuka kwa zachuma. Kusamukaku kunachirikizidwa m’khoti, koma kunakulitsa mafuniro a kusintha.
  • Illinois ya Kazembe J.B. Pritzker (209-presente): Mu 2023, Mzera wa Pritzker will will wild wild wild joint-ons, kuyambitsa nkhondo ya chisankho. Mavetoe anali osamvana m'zochitika zina koma anali kuchirikiza ena, kusonyeza ntchito ya mphamvuyo m'nkhani zopitiriza.

Kugwiritsira Ntchito Mbali Imodzi ndi Njira Zandale

Mzera wa tchate vento suli chida chauchete; kaŵirikaŵiri umaikidwa kaamba ka phindu la kugaŵa. Maboma a gulu laling'ono m'boma amaugwiritsira ntchito kuletsa njira zalamulo zimene amatsutsa popanda kugwiritsira ntchito upandu wa ndale zadziko wokwanira umene ungapangitse kuimitsidwa kwa bajeti. Mosiyana ndi zimenezo, akazembe a gulu limodzi ndi ambiri a boma angagwiritsire ntchito kukakamiza chilango cha lamulo kapena kuchotsa kulolera pa malamulo ena.

Kufufuza kuchokera ku [FLT: 0] Msonkhano wa Dziko wa Malamulo a Boma kumasonyeza kuti boma logaŵanika liri chizindikiro champhamvu koposa cha kugwiritsiridwa ntchito kwa chinthu chachikulu cha chigawo. Mkati mwa nyengo za kulamulira kogwirizana kwa gulu, akazembe amakonda kugwiritsira ntchito pepala la mavoti, kaŵirikaŵiri kuwongolera zophophonya za sayansi kapena kuchotsa zinthu zimene bungwe la malamulo lenilenilo limawona kukhala vuto.

Chiyambukiro pa Maulamuliro a Boma ndi Ndalama Zachisawawa

Chiyambukiro cha ndandanda ya pepala pa bajeti ya boma ndi kuyendetsa nchosanganizidwa. Ochirikiza amanena kuti imapangitsa kuyang'anira kuŵerengeredwa kwa kazembeyo kuwona ndalama zalamulo, imachepetsa chisonkhezero cha opanga malamulo kuloŵetsamo zisonyezero zowononga, ndi kulola kuwongolera kwa mwamsanga popanda kusokoneza bajeti yonse. Kufufuza kwa makompyuta kwasonyeza kuti ndi mphamvu zolimba za mzera wa majeremusi zimafuna kukhala zotsika pa kagwiridwe kakedwe ka zinthu ndi nthaŵi za kulera, ngakhale kuti kuwongolera kumeneku kuli kofooka ndi kosonkhezeredwa ndi zinthu zina zambiri.

Kodi Ndiwo Chilango Chachikulu Kapena Ndiwo Opambanitsa?

Otsutsa amatsutsa kuti ndandanda ya chigawo ya chigawo ya chigawo cha kampani imaluluza mphamvu ya nthambi ya malamulo ya chikwama. Pamene bwanamkubwa angachotse zinthu mopanda kusamala zimene Nyumba ya Malamulo inakambirana, kulinganiza kwa mphamvu kuyang'anira. Zimenezi zingatsogolere ku kuchepetsa zinthu zimene zimaimira malamulo a bwanamkubwa mmalo mwa kulolera kwa lamulo. M’nkhani zopambanitsa, akazembe anagwiritsira ntchito seloto kuchotsa maprogramu onse, kukakamiza nyumba ya malamulo kuchotsa kapena kuvomereza kusintha kwa malamulowo, kumene sikungakhale kotheka mwa lamulo lachibadwa.

Nkhaŵa ina ndi kuthekera kwa kuchitiridwa nkhanza kupyolera mu "veto" mphamvu zimene zimalola kusanthula chinenero. Kazembe angayambitse mawu kuchokera ku chiganizo kusinthiratu tanthauzo lake, monga momwe zinachitikira ku Wisconsin. Zochita zoterozo kaŵirikaŵiri zimatsutsidwa m'khoti, koma njira yoperekera thangato ingakhale yaitali, kusiya bajeti ikuchuluka kwa miyezi. Kulephera kumeneku kungalepheretse kulinganiza ndi kusokoneza maunansi pakati pa nthambi za akuluakulu a boma ndi a malamulo.

Kulabadira Kwalamulo ndi Kusasamala Zochita Zamphamvu

Malamulo a boma apanga malamulo oletsa mphamvu ya kalembedwe ka zinthu za mzerawo. Nyumba zina zokhazikitsa malamulo za malamulo zalipira ndalama kuti chinthu chilichonse chikhale cholumikizidwa ndi chinenero cha malamulo, kupangitsa kuvuta kwa kazembeyo kuimirira popanda kuyambukira china. Ena akhazikitsa "Zikalata zotsegulira" zofunikira kwa kazembe kufotokoza maveto, zimene zingayambitse kuŵerengera mlandu wandale. Zoyesayesa zowononga n’zofala, ngakhale kuti chipambano n’chosiyana. M’maboma aŵiri - chitatu za zifuno, ndi kagulu kakang'ono pokha. M'mayiko ena, monga ngati maseŵero atatu, kuzungulira, kuchitika mobwerezabwereza.

Mikangano Yokhudza ndi Yotsutsana ndi Mzera wa Veto

Mikangano Imakomera

  • Kuchepetsa kuwononga ndalama: [[FL:1] Bwana angatenge ntchito zina za nkhumba kapena maprogramu a kuchepetsa ululu popanda kulinganiza bajeti yonse.
  • imawonjezera mlandu wa akuluakulu a boma: Mavoti angaike akazembe mlandu wa zosankha za bajeti mosavuta kuposa mmene angachitire ndi bungwe lonse loyamulira zinthu.
  • Chilango cha malamulo chopinga: Kudziŵa bwanamkubwa ali ndi chikalata cholimbikitsa opanga malamulo kuphatikiza zinthu zolungamitsidwa bwino.
  • Akupanga chiŵiya cha kuyang'anira mavuto a zachuma: Mkati mwa kutsika kwa chuma, akazembe angapange kuchepetsa kofulumira kwa steeboard popanda kuyembekezera kachitidwe ka malamulo.

Mikangano Yotsutsana

  • imachepetsa mphamvu ya lamulo ya chikwama: Ntchito yogaŵiridwa mwalamulo ya makhomagedo kukhazikitsa zinthu zofunika kwambiri.
  • Angathe kugwiritsiridwa ntchito kaamba ka malekezero a gulu: Bwanamkubwa angasunge zinthu kokha chifukwa chakuti sagwirizana ndi lamulo, osati chifukwa chakuti chinthucho sichili chanzeru.
  • imapanga kuthekera kwa kuchitiridwa nkhanza: mphamvu zopatulapo za kumbuyo zimalola malamulo olembedwanso, amene angazembe njira ya malamulo kotheratu.
  • Imawonjezera kuvuta kwa kukambitsirana kwa bajeti: Malamulo angaike zinthu zofunikira kupangitsa izo kukhala zovuta kuigwiritsira ntchito, kuchititsa zikalata za bajeti zogwirizana.

Kufufuza Nkhani za M’munsi

Wisconsin: Kabuku Kotchedwa Veto ndi Kusintha Kwake

Palibe boma limene liri ndi zitsanzo zamphamvu kwambiri za kulenga chigawo cha ndandanda ya zinthu zogwiritsira ntchito kuposa Wisconsin. Mu 1995, Kazembe Tommy Thompson anagwiritsira ntchito chiŵiya chaching'ono cha kutumiza zilembo "s," "t," ndi "r" kuchokera ku mawu "osati ochepera pa 50% ya chiwonkhetso cha ndalama za sukulu" m'mapepala a sukulu, kusintha zofunika ku "osati pa 0% ya chiwonkhetso" mwa kuchotsa lamulo la ndalama. Kuyendako kunachirikizidwa ndi Khoti Lapamwamba mu 1997, kutsogolera ku kutsutsa kofala. Pambuyo pake nyumba yovomerezeka ya malamulo pa chikalata cha Bloti mu 2008, imene inavomerezedwa, kugamula kuti zinthu zonse, aike, mapulogramup, kapena mawu, ndi kuletsa zikalata zotchuka zapadera. Koma siinaletsa mphamvu zimenezi.

Mu 2019, Kazembe Tony Evers (a Democrat) anagwiritsira ntchito mzera wamwambo wa chigawo wit vento kuchotsa $300 miliyoni powononga ndalama za boma la Republican lolamulidwa ndi dziko. Ma Republican anayesa kuchepetsa, koma analephera kuchuluka kwa magawo atatu. Chochitikachi chinasonyeza mmene vhato ingakhalirebe chida champhamvu ngakhale pambuyo pa kusintha kwa 2008.

Pennsylvania: Ulamuliro wa Veto ndi Nkhondo ya Zandale

Bwanamkubwa wa Pennsylvania ali ndi ulamuliro wa kuchotsa zinthu m'mafaindi a mapepala opeka. Koma malamulo a boma samalola bwanamkubwa kuchepetsa zinthu. Mu 2020, Bwanamkubwa Tom Wolf anagwiritsira ntchito mzera wa programu transmes kutumiza $1. $2,5 miliyoni m'malamulo a pa banki, kutsutsana za ndalamazo kuyenera kubwezeredwa ku maphunziro. Nyumba ya malamulo ya Republican yolamulira iyenera kuyankha mwa kukhazikitsa chilo cha vato, kusonyeza chitsanzo cha chipambano cha ndalama zopoto m'bomalo. Wolf adalembanso ndalama zonse zoyendetsera ndalama pachaka chomwecho, kutsogolera ku bajeti ya mwezi itatu yosatsa malonda. Nkhaniyo inasonyeza kuti mzera-cho, pamene kuli kwamphamvu, kungayambitse mkangano pamene kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwa ndale yandale.

California: Vuto la Bajeti

M’nthaŵi ya mavuto a bajeti ku California chakumapeto kwa ma 2000, Kazemberi wa gulu la Schwarzeger anagwiritsira ntchito ndandanda ya zinthu zotchedwa transmet vento mobwerezabwereza kudula ndalama zothandizira pa mapaki, malaibulale, ndi maprogramu a zaumoyo. Mu 2009, adapanga $500 miliyoni m'zowonjezera za malamulo, akumati boma silingathe kuzigula. Nyumba ya malamulo inayesa kugonjetsa koma inasoŵa anthu atatu. Malamulowo anatsogolera kuchepetsa ntchito ndi kutsutsa, koma mkhalidwe wa boma unawo unawongowongoleredwa m’zaka zotsatira. [FLT. kuimbidwa ndi bungwe la Public Policy Institute of California California [1] anapeza kuti Schwenger’szegrogen anali okhoza kuthandizira ndi kuchirikiza zinthu zina zandale, pamene anali kuchirikiza mautumiki andale, monga ochirikiza a zandale, pamene anali kusungitsa ndalama za anthu.

Kusintha ndi Tsogolo la Mzera Wogawanika

Pambuyo pa mikangano, maboma ambiri alingalira za kusintha kwa zinthu pa zinthu zawo za mzera. Malingaliro ena amagamula kuti achepetsere kutsekereza ku zinthu zongopeka, kuchotsa kukhoza kulikonse kwa kusintha chinenero cha malamulo. Ena akupereka lingaliro la kupatsa akazembe "asinthanso ndi kugamulation" mphamvu zimene zingawalole kubwezera zolingaliridwa ku nyumba ya malamulo, ndi kuchepetsa mavoti ofunikira mmalo mwa kuyendetsa modzikulu wapamwamba. Chitsanzo chimenechi, chofanana ndi chigamulo cha boma chimene chinakantha mu 1998, kuyesa kusungitsa mfundo zalamulo pamene akupatsa ndunayo ntchito yoyenerera kuchepetsa ndalama.

Chikhoterero china ndicho kutengera ziganizo za kuloŵa kwa dzuŵa pa malamulo oletsa kugwiritsa ntchito zinthu pokhapokha ataloledwanso. Zimenezi zimachepetsa kufunika kwa akuluakulu kuti apereke mapangano anthaŵi yaitali ndi kuchititsa mtolowo kulungamitsa zowonongedwa nthaŵi ndi nthaŵi. Mayiko ena ayesanso kugwiritsa ntchito mfundo za mzera wa maveto "diagrils" zimene zimalola akazembe kuchepetsa kukambitsirana ndi mlingo woikika wa zinthu zonse zosakhala zalamulo, zimene zikhoza kuvomerezedwa ndi boma.

Kutsutsana pa pulogalamu ya chigawo cha chigawo cha pulogalamuyi sikungathe. Pamene maboma akulimbana ndi kukwera kwa mtengo, kutsekereza, ndi kufuna kuti pakhale kuonekera kwa maluwa, chipangizochi chidakali mbali yaikulu ya kugwirizana kwa maulamuliro a maulamuliro. Makhoti adzapitirizabe kukonza malire ake, ndipo makhoti adzakambirana za mphamvu. Mzera wa pulogalamu waveto suli chida cha mavuto a bajeti, ndiponso si chida chopondereza. Chili chida cha kulinganiza koopsa pakati pa kupereka kazembe njira zotsogozera ndi kutsimikizira kuti osankhidwawo asunge ulamuliro wawo pa ndalama za anthu.

Kumaliza

Mzera wa pulogalamu wa pepala ndi njira yamphamvu koma yaudani imene imapatsa mphamvu akazembe a boma kuti apange malamulo mwa kujambula zinthu pazokha. Kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwake kumasiyanasiyana kwambiri m’mayiko, kopangidwa ndi malamulo alamulo, zigamulo za zeweru, ndi mphamvu za ndale. Pamene zigwiritsidwa ntchito mwanzeru, zingalimbikitse chilango ndi kuletsa kupambanitsa. Kuletsa, kungatsendereze kusiyanitsa maulamuliro ndi kupempha zitokoso za lamulo. Pamene maboma akupitiriza kutembenuza, chigawo cha chigawo cha chigawo cha maulamuliro, kuŵerengera mlandu, ndi kugawiridwa kwamphamvu m’dongosolo la democracy. Kumvetsetsa kwake nkofunika kwa nzika, opanga malamulo, ndi aliyense wokondwerera m'malamulo.