Malingaliro a kuyendera ndi kulinganiza ndi kulinganiza n’ngofunika kwambiri pantchito ya mademokrase amakono. Imatsimikizira kuti mphamvu zimagawidwa pakati pa nthambi zosiyanasiyana za boma, kuletsa gulu lililonse kukhala lamphamvu kwambiri. Dongosolo limeneli nlofunika kwambiri kuti lisunge kulinganiza ndi kuteteza ufulu wa nzika. Limene lakhala logwirizana ndi nzeru zandale za anthu, makamaka zolembedwa za Baron de Montesquieu, kufufuza ndi kulinganiza zinaikidwa dala mu United States Constitution ndi Abambo Opezedwa kuti asunge ulamuliro wankhanza. M'zaka mazana ambiri, lamulo limeneli layesedwa, ndi kutsimikizidwanso kupyola zochitika zenizeni za dziko. Kuzindikira mmene amapimira ndi kuŵerengera ntchito ndi kulinganiza ntchito .

Maziko a Chiphunzitso cha Malamulo ndi Malamulo

Lingaliro la kulekanitsa maulamuliro a boma kuti aletse nkhanza siliri latsopano. Mzimu wa Malamulo (1748) unatsutsa kuti ufulu umatetezeredwa bwino kwambiri pamene boma, mkulu, ndi ntchito zachiweruzo n’zosiyana ndi zodziimira. Pamene akukonza U.S. Communition mu 1787, James Madson, Alexander Hamilton, ndi anzake a m'malamulowo anatengera kwambiri chiphunzitso chimenechi. Fidreast No. 51 , Madison analemba motchuka: "Ambriclea ayenera kugonjetsedwa ndi kutchuka. Iye anafotokoza kuti nthambi iliyonse iyenera kukhala ndi mfundo yake yodzitsutsa ndi kutsutsa ena.

Dongosolo lotulukapo siliri kugaŵana kotheratu kwa maulamuliro koma kusanganiza maulamuliro ndi mathayo otsatizana. Nthambi iriyonse imapatsidwa ziŵiya zopimira ena, kupanga kulinganizika kokulira. Mwachitsanzo, pulezidenti amagamula oweruza, koma Nyumba ya Malamulo imawatsimikizira; Nyumba ya Malamulo imapereka malamulo, koma pulezidenti angawasunge; makhoti amamasulira malamulo, koma Nyumba ya Malamulo ingathe kuwathetsa. Utope wocholoŵana umenewu umatsimikizira kuti palibe nthambi imodzi imene ingagwire ntchito popanda kuyang'aniridwa kapena kutsutsidwa ndi ena aŵiriwo.

Nthambi Zitatu ndi Ntchito Zake

Tisanafufuze mmene nthambi iliyonse imayendera nthambiyo, tiyenera kudziwa bwino ntchito yawo yaikulu.

  • Nthambi ya Nthambi ya Chingelezi (Ife: Nyumba ya Oimira ndi Nyumba ya Malamulo) imapanga malamulo, imalengeza nkhondo, imalamulira malonda, ndi kuyendetsa ndalama za boma.
  • Nthambi yotsatizana (Mkulu wa, Pulezidenti, Kabinati, ndi mabungwe a boma) imakhazikitsa malamulo, imachita malamulo akunja, imalamula asilikali, ndi kukhazikitsa akuluakulu a boma.
  • Nthambi ya judicial (Khoti lapamwamba ndi makhoti apamwamba) imamasulira malamulo, kupenda kukhazikika kwa malamulo ndi zochita za akuluakulu, ndi kuthetsa mikangano.

Lamulo la Malamulo limapatsa nthambi iliyonse mphamvu zimene zimailola kusonkhezera ina, motero limaletsa nthambi iliyonse kulamulira.

Kupenda Malamulo pa Waukulu

Mayeso amenewa anapangidwa pofuna kutsimikizira kuti pulezidentiyo sapitirira ulamuliro wa anthu kapena kuchita zinthu zosemphana ndi zimene anthuwa akufuna.

Veto Sanalowerere

Pulezidenti angapereke ndalama zoyendetsera ndalama zimene zaperekedwa ndi Congress, koma kuti veto si yokwanira. Nyumba ya malamulo ingapose chivoti cha pulezidenti ndi zigawo ziwiri zitatu zovota m'zipinda zonse ziwiri. Izi zachitika nthaŵi zoposa 100 m'mbiri ya U.S.

Kufunitsitsa ndi Kusudzulidwa

Mwinamwake kuyang'ana kowopsa kopezeka ku Congress ndiko kuletsa. Nyumba ya Oimira ili ndi mphamvu yokha yochotsera pulezidenti, wachiŵiri wa pulezidenti, ndi akuluakulu ena a boma "Pangano, Chiphuphu, kapena maupandu ena aakulu ndi Misdeator" imachita mlandu ndipo, ngati aŵiri 5,000 a oimira apolisi apanga chivoti cha kugamula mlandu, nduna yachotsedwa pa udindo. Malamulo abweretsedwa kwa Pulezidenti Andrew Johnson, Bill Clinton, ndi Donald Trump, ndipo pamene kuli kwakuti palibe chimene chinatulukapo mchitidwewo, ntchitoyo imagwira ntchito monga yoletsa ndi kuŵerengera mlandu mwamphamvu.

Kutsimikiziridwa kwa Mapangano

Malo aakulu ambiri a nthambi . kuphatikizapo alembi a kabutho, akazembe, ndi oweruza a boma . Izi zimapereka nduna zofufuza a m'makampani, zikalata zofunsira, ndi kukana oyembekezera kulowa ntchito omwe amalingalira kukhala osayenerera kapena opambanitsa. Nkhondo zaposachedwapa zotsimikizira pa zigamulo za Bwalo Lapamwamba ndi akuluakulu a boma zimasonyeza mmene Nyumba ya Malamulo ingaumbirire mawonekedwe a nthambi ndi zofunika.

Mphamvu ya Chogulidwacho

Congress amalamulira ndalama zimene boma limagwiritsa ntchito. Malamulo ayenera kulola kuti boma lizipereka ndalama komanso kuti lizitsatira malamulo. Izi zimapangitsa kuti bungwe la Congress liletse ntchito zaudindo mwa kukana kukonza mapulogalamu ena kapena mwa kugwirizanitsa zinthu kuti zigwirizane ndi mfundo. Mwachitsanzo, Nyumba ya Malamulo ingaletse mphamvu ya pulezidenti ya kumenya nkhondo mwa kuchepetsa ndalama zimene angapereke pa ntchito zankhondo. Mphamvu ya chikwamachi ndi imodzi ya mayeso a ntchito a boma ogwira ntchito bwino kwambiri.

Kuyang’anira M’madzi ndi Kuyang’anira

Makomiti a Congressional ali ndi ulamuliro wofufuza ntchito za nthambi ya akuluakulu, zikalata za akuluakulu a boma, ndi kukakamiza akuluakulu a boma kuti apereke umboni. Kufufuza kwapamwamba . . Watergate, Iran-Contate, 9 / 11, ndi nkhani zaposachedwapa. Ndalama zakhala zikukakamiza mapresidenti kuvumbula chidziŵitso ndipo nthaŵi zina zachititsa kusintha kapena kuchotsa malamulo.

Akuluakulu Afufuza za Lamulolo

Nthambi ya mkuluyo si yangokhalapo; pulezidenti ali ndi zida zochitira zinthu motsutsana ndi Congress ndi kulinganiza makonzedwe a malamulo.

Mphamvu ya Veto

Monga tanenera, pulezidenti angapereke lamulo. Ngakhale kuti Nyumba ya Malamulo ingachotseretu mawu oletsa, kaŵirikaŵiri nkovuta kukwaniritsa magawo aŵiri chitatu ofunikira. Motero, veto ndi chiŵiya champhamvu chofunsa. Mapresidenti angawopseze kuti adzabweza ndalama ngati alephera kukwaniritsa zofuna zawo, ndipo kaŵirikaŵiri amagwiritsira ntchito ndandanda ya zinthu zokhala ndi maveto kapena kusaina mawu a kusonkhezera mmene malamulo akugwiritsidwira ntchito.

Kukhazikitsa Malamulo

Pulezidenti angapereke lamulo ku Congress, kaŵirikaŵiri kupereka mapulani amwambo m'kaundula wa pachaka wa Boma la Union. Pamene kuli kwakuti Congress siiyenera kukwaniritsa malingaliro ameneŵa, pulatifomu ya pulezidenti ingayambitse chitsenderezo cha anthu ndi kupanga mkangano wa dziko. Malamulo ambiri aakulu . "kuchokera ku New Deal mpaka ku Affordable Care Act [1]

Malangizo ndi Zochita Zaukulu

Pamene Congress yalephera kuchitapo kanthu, mapresidenti nthaŵi zina amalamula akuluakulu a boma kuti atsogolere mabungwe ndi kutsata malamulo a boma. Malamulo ameneŵa ali ndi mphamvu ya lamulo koma angapendedwe ndipo angagwetsedwe ndi mapresidenti otsatira. Zitsanzo zimaphatikizapo Pulezidenti Harry Truman's deseation ya asilikali, Pulezidenti John F. Kennedy kuletsa kwa tsankho la fuko m'malamulo ogwirizana ndi boma, ndi malamulo a Joe Biden a mkhalidwe wa dziko.

Kuitana Magawo Apadera

Ngakhale kuti masiku ano anthu sagwiritsa ntchito mphamvu imeneyi, malamulo a boma adakali chida chokakamiza akuluakulu a boma kusamala nkhani zimene akuluakulu a boma amalingalira kuti n’zofunika kwambiri.

Oweruza Afufuza Malamulo ndi Ulamuliro

Nthambi yachiweruzo ya komiti yamilandu yamilandu ya polisi yapamwamba yachita mbali yofunika kwambiri pomasulira Konsichushoni ndi kutsimikizira kuti Congress ndi pulezidenti onsewo amachita mogwirizana ndi malamulo awo.

Kupenda Chiweruzo

Madison Marbury . (1803), kupenda kwa khoti ndi mphamvu ya kulengeza malamulo ndi zochita za maulamuliro popanda lamulo. Kufufuza kumeneku kumafika ku malamulo onse a boma ndi a boma. Khoti Lapamwamba lagwetsa malamulo mazana ambiri, kuphatikizapo makonzedwe a Zouniktion Act, malamulo a zandandalama, ndi mbali za Afford Care Act . Mwa kulephera kukhazikitsa malamulo a boma, Judicaria imagwira ntchito monga yomalizira yoyang'anira malamulo.

Kupenda Zochita za Otsogolera

Nthaŵi zina, mabishopu akhala akuyang’anizana ndi zigamulo za makhoti zimene zinatsekereza zochita zawo za akuluakulu aboma.

Moyo Wosangalala Ndiponso Wodziimira Paokha

Oweruza a boma amatumikira m’nthaŵi yabwino, yopindulitsa moyo. Kudziimira okha kumeneku kumawamasula ku chitsenderezo cha ndale zadziko ndipo kumawalola kupanga zigamulo zosatchuka koma zomveka mwalamulo. Komabe, njira yotsimikizirayo idakali mayeso a ndale zadziko oletsa dala.) Khoti Lalikulu lingailetse kuwona kukhala yosayenerera, ndipo pulezidentiyo amasankha eni ake amene ali ndi lingaliro lake la chiweruzo.

Kulolera kwa Oweruza

Pa zaka zambiri, oweruza ambiri achotsedwa, ndipo zimenezi zachititsa kuti aweruzidwe pa mlandu wa apolisi.

Zitsanzo Zenizeni za Mayeso ndi Kulinganizika Zochitidwa

Nkhani zimenezi zimasonyeza mmene nthambi iliyonse inachitira bwino zinthu zinazo.

Marbury ndi Madison ndi Kubadwa kwa Judicial Review

M’masiku akutha a ulamuliro wa Pulezidenti John Adams, iye anakhazikitsa oweruza angapo "amasiku oyenera" kuchokera ku gulu lake la Federalst. Pamene Thomas Jefferson anatenga ntchito, analamula mlembi wake wa boma, James Madison, kuletsa maoda. William Marbury anazengedwa mlandu wa ntchito yake, ndipo mlanduwo unafikira ku Bwalo Lapamwamba. Woweruza John Marshall analamula kuti pamene Marbury anali ndi udindo ku ntchito yake, lamulo lopatsa Khoti Loyamba m'milandu (Simpyuta 13 ya Judiary Act ya 1789) inali yosakhala nduna. Kwanthaŵi yoyamba, Khoti Lapamwamba linalengeza ntchito ya Courtsmo lopanda kanthu, kukhazikitsa kupenda lamulo lalamulo la American. Chigamuchithunzichichichichichichichichichichichichichichichichichichichi china chinatsimikizira mfundo ziŵirichikulu cha lamulo la lamulo lalamulo lalamulo lapamwamba.

Chithunzi cha Watergate: Chidani cha TH - Branco

Mwano wa Watergate wa ma 1970 udakali umodzi wa zitsanzo zamphamvu koposa za macheke ndi kulinganiza pantchito. Mu 1972, ogwirizana ndi Pulezidenti Richard Nixon's akupanganso chisankho chinachotsedwa ku likulu la Democratic National Committee. Nyumba ya White House inayesa kuphimba kuloŵerera kwake. Pamene Nyumba ya Mabungwe inayambitsa mafufuzidwe, Nixon anayesa kutseka makampani mwa kupempha udindo wapamwamba. Khoti Lapamwamba, mu United States v. Nixon[FLT:] [718]), adalamula preziden wa Oval Office, kukana udindo wonse. Jaudia Komiti ina yovomerezedwa ya kutsutsa ndi kuchotsa makampani ena. Anachotsapo ndi kuchotsaponso udindo wa boma.

Lamulo la Chisamaliro Chosafunika ndi Kufufuza

Patient Protection and Affordal Care Act (ACA), yosainidwa ndi Pulezidenti Barack Obama mu 2010, inayambitsa mavuto aakulu a lamulo. Otsutsa anatsutsa kuti lamulo la munthu aliyense wa ku Amereka lofuna kugula inshuwalansi ya zaumoyo linaposa mphamvu za malonda a Congress. Khoti Lapamwamba linachirikiza lamulo la [[FLT: 0] National Federation of Independent Business v. Seberius [[FLT:]] (202], koma linatero mwa kumasuliranso lamulolo kukhala lamulo la msonkho m’malo mwa malamulo a malonda. Pochita zimenezo, khoti lonse likhoza kupenda Countstion (kugamula malire pa malamulo a malonda) ndi kuvomereza lamulolo. Zotsatira zonga [FLD]. Mfumu Broll: F.[3]

Malamulo a Akuluakulu ndi Kuvomereza kwa Mabungwe

M’zaka makumi angapo aposachedwapa, mapresidenti agwiritsa ntchito kwambiri maofisala a akuluakulu oletsa kumangidwa kwa Nyumba ya Malamulo. Mwachitsanzo, pansi pa Pulezidenti Franklin D. Roosevelt, pafupifupi 3,700 anakhazikitsa malamulo a akuluakulu. Mu 2014, Pulezidenti Obama anagwiritsira ntchito ntchito ntchito bwanamkupiti kubwezera ku dziko la anthu ena osalembedwa pa mapepala (programu ya DACA). Khoti Lapamwamba linatseka chitukuko chofanana ndi kukwera [FLD:0] United States v. Texas [1] . Pulezidenti Donald Trump anatulutsa mpambo wa malangizo apamwamba okhudza kusamuka kwa dziko, amene anaimbidwa mokulira. Mpando, potsatira, layesa kuchepetsa malamulo kapena malamulo kudzera mwa kuopseza anthu.

Kuvomereza Mapresidenti: Ntchito ya Zandale ndi za Malamulo

Malamulo a Prezidenti amatumikira monga kufufuza kwachindunji kwa lamulo pa bwanamkubwa. Kachitidweko kamaphatikizapo nyumba zonse ziŵiri za Congress ndipo, nthaŵi zina, khoti la jaji. Mkati mwa kuperekedwa kwa Pulezidenti Bill Clinton mu 1998-99, Nyumbayo inamutsutsa chifukwa cha kulephera ndi kutsekereza chilungamo, koma Nyumbayo inamumasula. Kulakwa kwa Pulezidenti Donald Trump mu 2019 ndi kachiŵirinso mu 2021 kukhoza kuthera mlandu, ngakhale kuti kuzenga kwachiŵiri kunachitika pambuyo pochoka pa udindo wake. Zochitika zimenezi zikugogomezera kwambiri mkhalidwe wa ndale zadziko wa kusavomereza, komanso mbali yake ya lamulo: ngati kuchotsedwako sikuchitika, kulephera kuipitsa mbiri ya prezidenti ndi zochita za m'tsogolo.

Kupenda ndi Kulinganiza kwa Boma

Pamene kuli kwakuti dongosolo la boma ndilo chitsanzo chachikulu, maboma a boma amaphatikizaponso mayeso ndi kulinganiza. Malamulo a boma kaŵirikaŵiri ali ndi olamulira a kudziimira, malamulo, ndi aupoti. Maboma ena ali ndi ziŵiya zowonjezereka, zonga loya wamkulu wosankhidwa amene angapereke mlandu wa bungwe la malamulo kapena bwanamkubwa. Boma lenilenilo limafufuza maboma kupyolera mwa Boma la Malamulo la U.S.

Zitokoso ndi Kusuliza kwa Dongosololi

Palibe njira yoyendera yokwanira, ndipo mayeso ndi kulinganiza zayang'anira ndi kuyang'anizana ndi chisulizo chachikulu ndi mavuto m'nthaŵi zamakono. Nkhani imodzi yaikulu ndi , locklock [1]: pamene nthambi ziyang'anana bwino kwambiri modzifunira masitepe ofunika a maulamuliro. Mwachitsanzo, Congress ndi pulezidenti wa gulu lina lapadera angatsogolere ku ku kuletsa boma, kuchedwa kwa bajeti, ndi kulephera kukambirana ndi mavuto a dzikolo. Akatswiri ena amanena kuti kuyesa kopambanitsa kwasintha kwasintha kwa nthambi, pamene pulezidenti apeza njira zopimira kumbuyo ndi malamulo a akuluakulu a boma, kupanga malamulo, ndi kupanga malamulo audindo amodzi, ndi ena omwe sagwirizana ndi malamulo achilendo.

Vuto lina ndilo kukhazikitsa lamulo la judiary . Pamene makhoti aakulu akhala owopsa, anthu angaone Bwalo lamilandu kukhala ngati woseŵera wandale mmalo mwa kuweruza wopanda tsankho. Zimenezi zingafooketse kudalira kwa kupenda kwachiweruzo. Kuwonjezera apo, uphungu wa Khoti ndi mphamvu zovomereza zagwiritsidwa ntchito mwa njira zonga ngati mwana wa Boma kapena kukana kulingalira za mafinester, kutsogolera kumbuyo kwa malamulo ndi kudzaza ndi pulezidenti wa gulu limodzi la chiweruzo kwa nyengo zowonjezereka.

Kukula kwa boma la oyang'anira . Mabungwe a boma omwe amaphatikiza malamulo, mabwana, ndi achiweruzo asokonezanso kulekana kwa mwambo kwa maulamuliro. Mabungwe a Independent onga Federal Reserve kapena Environmental Protection Agency amagwira ntchito mwanzeru, komabe kupanga kwawo malamulo ndi mphamvu zolosera zinthu kuli ndi kuyang'aniridwa ndi kupereŵera. Otsutsa amanena kuti "nthambi yachinayi" imafunikira madongosolo atsopano a kuŵerengera mlandu.

Komabe, njira yaikulu yofufuzira ndi kulinganiza zinthu idakali yolimba. Mavuto aakulu a lamulo athetsedwa mkati mwa dongosololo, ndipo dongosolo lasinthira ku kusintha kwa mikhalidwe kupyolera m’zochita zosintha, malamulo, ndi kusinthira.

Kufalikira kwa Machesi ndi Kulinganizika kwa Dziko Lonse

Malamulo a macheke ndi kulinganiza atengedwa, ndi kusiyanasiyana kwa mademokrase ambiri kuzungulira dziko. Madongosolo a nyumba za malamulo, onga ngati aja a ku United Kingdom ndi India, ali ndi maulamuliro a boma, koma amaphatikiza macheke kupyolera m'makomiti a judiagest, nyumba zapamwamba, ndi makhoti a malamulo. Madongosolo a pulezidenti ku Latin America ndi Africa kaŵirikaŵiri amasonyeza mademocracy a U.S koma amayang'anizana ndi mavuto awo a kulamulira. Mabungwe a mitundu yonse, onga ngati European Union, amagwiritsiranso ntchito machekete ku mabungwe awo osiyanasiyana (Cumgam, Council, Council, Court of Justice). Kuzindikira za U.S.

Kumaliza: N’chifukwa Chiyani Muyenera Kusamala ndi Kusamala?

Macheke ndi kulinganiza siziri kokha chiwongolero cha mbiri yakale . Zili njira yamoyo, yopuma imene imatetezera demokrase. Mwa kutsimikizira kuti palibe nthambi imodzi imene imasunga mphamvu zosaletseka, dongosolo limatetezera ufulu wa munthu aliyense payekha, limalimbikitsa kuyang'anira, ndi kulimbikitsa kuŵerengera. Zifunikirirozo zimafunikira kukhala maso kwa nzika, nduna zosankhidwa, ndi oweruza mofanana. Monga momwe zitsanzo zomwe zatchulidwa pamwambazi zikusonyezera bwino kwambiri pamene nthambi iliyonse igwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zake mwamphamvu ndi kulemekeza malire oikidwa ndi Malamulo. Aphunzitsi, ophunzira, ndi nzika zimene zimazindikira mayeso ndi kuŵerengera kwa anthu omwe amayenerera bwino kuchirikiza ulamuliro wabwino ndi kuzindikira ziwopsezo ku mabungwe a demokrase.

Kufufuza mwakuya za chiyambi cha mbiri ndi kugwiritsiridwa ntchito kwamakono kwa lamulo lamakhalidwe abwino lofunika limeneli, lingalirani za zofunikira kuchokera ku National Archives – The Constitution , , Encyclopaedia Britannica yoloŵa m'macheke ndi madigiri oyendera limodzi , ndi Makhoti a United States ziŵiro za maphunziro [. Mabukuwa amapereka chidziŵitso chodalirika ku maluso amene amasunga mphamvu za boma pa kulinganiza ndi kufalikira.