Kulekanitsidwa kwa maulamuliro ndiko chiphunzitso cha maziko a ulamuliro wa democracy wamakono, wolinganizidwa kugaŵira ulamuliro wa boma ku manthambi odziimira ndi kuletsa kuikidwa kwa mphamvu m'chigwirizano chilichonse. Pamene kuli kwakuti lingalirolo limaphunzitsidwa kaŵirikaŵiri m’makalasi a anthu, kugwiritsa ntchito kwake kumakhala kosiyanasiyana kwambiri m'madongosolo andale. Nkhani ino ikupenda mmene kusiyanitsa maulamuliro kumagwira ntchito m’mademocracy, kujambula zitsanzo zatsatanetsatane kuchokera ku maiko ambiri. Mwa kufufuza ponse paŵiri maziko oyerekezera ndi mayeso ndi zinsi zenizeni za moyo, tingamvetsetse bwino mmene mapulinsipulo a mfundo imeneyi amatetezera ufulu, kupangitsa kuyankha mlandu, ndipo nthaŵi zina kuchititsa kutsutsana ndi kulamulira. Zitsanzo zimene zimatsatira osati chabe kugwirizana ndi mphamvu zamphamvu zogaŵana koma zokhala ndi mavuto zimene zikuyang'anizana ndi dziko la Democracy.

Maziko Ochititsa Kupatukana kwa Mphamvu

Maziko a nzeru za kulekana kwa maulamuliro akufikira ku ntchito za John Locke ndipo, kwakukulukulu, Baron de Montesquieu. M'nkhani yake 1748 adalemba Mzimu wa Malamulo , Montesquie anatsutsa kuti ufulu wa ndale zadziko umafunikira kuti palibe munthu mmodzi kapena gulu limodzi la anthu apange malamulo onse a boma, kuwachotsa, ndi kuweruza ntchito zawo. Iye anawona kuti “pamene malamulo ndi mphamvu zapamwamba za gulu zagwirizana mwa munthu mmodzi, kapena m’bungwe limodzi la a Geazi, sipangakhale ufulu. Kuzindikira kumeneku kusonkhezeredwa kwakukulu kwa madongosolo a United States, makamaka James Macensie, amene analongosola bwino ntchito yake yotetezera mu [Fl:]. [Ft.]

Chitsanzo chapadera chimagawa boma kukhala nthambi zitatu: liregisditi (kupanga malamulo), kudula [[FLT]] [malamulo ndi kuyang'anira], ndi digital] (kumasulira ndi kukhazikitsa). Madongosolo a kulekana, ngakhale kuli tero, amasiyana. Madongosolo a prezidenti onga United States, nthambi ngosiyana mokulira, ndi malamulo oikidwa ndi opatulika. M’malamulo monga United States ndi mapangano opatulidwa. Madongosolo onga a Ufumu ndi India, amatuluka kuchokera ku maufumu, kupanga mphamvu za kudziimira paokha. Komabe, madongosolo apaderawo samatha kuyang'anira ndi kuyang'anira makampani ena.

Makompyuta: Kupenda ndi Kulinganiza Zochita

Zinthu zimenezi zimathandiza nthambi iliyonse kuiyang’anira, kuichepetsa, ndiponso ngati n’kotheka, kuichotsapo. Zitsanzo zake ndi izi:

  • [[MLT:0] Kufufuza kwa mkulu: Mphamvu yovomereza ma bajeti, kutsimikizira kuikidwa, kuyang'anira, ndi kuchotsa akuluakulu a boma.
  • Kufufuza kochitidwa pa nyumba ya malamulo: Mphamvu ya malamulo, kukhoza kutcha magawo apadera, ndi ulamuliro wa kupereka malamulo a akuluakulu amene ali ndi mphamvu ya lamulo m’mipambo ya malamulo.
  • Kufufuza kwa judicic pa zonse ziŵiri: Mphamvu ya kupenda kwachiweruzo kulengeza malamulo kapena machitidwe audindo popanda lamulo, limodzinso ndi ulamuliro wakumasulira malamulo ndi kuthetsa mikangano pakati pa nthambi.
  • Kufufuza kwa lamulo ndi kwa akuluakulu pa khoti: Mphamvu yokhazikitsa ukulu ndi ulamuliro wa makhoti, kutsimikizira kapena kukhazikitsa oweruza, ndi (m’madongosolo ena) kuweruza kulikonse chifukwa cha kusadziletsa.

Kumvetsa mmene zinthu zimenezi zimagwirira ntchito m’mayiko osiyanasiyana kumasonyeza kuti mphamvu ndiponso mphamvu zosiyanitsa maulamuliro ndi ziphunzitso zamoyo, n’zosiyana ndi zimene anthu ena amachita.

Zitsanzo Zenizeni za Kupatukana kwa Mphamvu

United States: Chitsanzo cha Prezidenti ndi Robust

United States adakali chitsanzo cha dongosolo la maulamuliro opatulidwa. Mfundo I ya masutupi a malamulo mu Bukhu la Malamulo mu Bungwe la Malamulo; Mfundo II imaikapo mphamvu zauyang’aniro kwa Pulezidenti wosankhidwa yekha; ndi Armeo III fagins za ulamuliro wa chiweruzo m'Khoti Lapamwamba ndi makhoti apamwamba okhazikitsidwa ndi Nyumba ya Malamulo. Nthambi iliyonse ili ndi mphamvu zosiyanasiyana ndi maudindo otsatizana amene amapanga mlingo wamphamvu.

Fanizo lomveka ndilo njira yofufuzira [[FLT: 1]. Nyumba ya Oimira ili ndi mphamvu imodzi yokha ya kuchotsa (dict) akuluakulu a boma, kuphatikizapo Pulezidenti, chifukwa “Mfundo, Chiphuphu, kapena zina za Apandu ndi Misdemeor. Nyumbayo imatsogolera kuzenga mlandu ndipo, ndi mavoti aŵiri, angaikepo ndi kuchotsa akuluakulu a boma. Makonzedwe ameneŵa amatsimikizira kuti palibe chipinda chimodzi chimene chingachotsepo pulezidenti wokhala pansi pake, ndipo nthambi yaikulu siingathe kusokoneza. Chitsanzo china ndi [FLT:] , kupenda kwa kachiŵiri, kukhazikitsa ndi kukhazikitsa kwa mlanduwo. [vB. [4]

Posachedwapa, kugwiritsira ntchito [[FLT: 0] malamulo opherapo kwayesa malire a mphamvu ya pulezidenti. Pamene kuli kwakuti Pulezidenti angatsogolere boma kugwiritsa ntchito malamulo, makhoti nthaŵi zina amatseka malamulo amene amapitirira ulamuliro wa boma kapena kuswa ufulu wa malamulo. Mwachitsanzo, mu anyamata a meta metage & Tube. v. Sayner [1] [1952], Khoti Lapamwamba la Truman limaletsa malamulo amene amalanda zitsulo zachitsulo pankhondo ya ku Korea, kuweruza kuti pulezidenti anali ndi mphamvu zozemba malamulo. Zotero zimasonyeza kuti ngakhale mkulu wa asilikali- couptry ndi mutu wa mlandu wa mlandu wa milandu.

United Kingdom: Fusion ndi Judiciary yodziimira yekha

The United Kingdom operates without a codified constitution but nonetheless maintains a functional separation of powers through conventions, statutes, and institutional evolution. The doctrine of parliamentary sovereignty means that the legislature—the Crown-in-Parliament—is the supreme legal authority. However, the executive (the Prime Minister and Cabinet) is drawn from and accountable to the House of Commons, creating a fusion of powers that contrasts sharply with the American model.

Mosasamala kanthu za kusokonezeka kumeneku, kuyang'ana kulipo. Nyumba ya Ambuye, ngakhale kuti inapangidwa kwambiri, imapenda ndi kukonza malamulo, kuchedwa kwa mafaindi kumalingalira kukhala kopanda pake. Khoti la United Kingdom , lomwe linapangidwa mu 2009, ndipo tsopano limakhala lodziimira lokha pa malamulo. Lingalengeze machitidwe a mkulu (kuyang'anira malamulo) ndi kumasulira malamulo, koma silingagwetse lamulo lalikulu ku ulamuliro wa nyumba. Komabe, ufulu wa anthu wokhudza ufulu wa anthu mu 1998 ndi UK ya m'pangano la Ulaya pa ufulu wa anthu, limapatsa makhoti bwalo a malamulo a kuteteza ufulu wa anthu.

Kuyesa kwaposachedwapa kwa kulekana kunabwera mu 2019 pamene Bwalo Lapamwamba linagamula kuti uphungu wa Nduna Yaikulu Boris Johnson kuwonjezera (kupatula) Nyumba ya Malamulo kwa milungu isanu unali woletsedwa chifukwa chakuti inalepheretsa mphamvu ya boma ya kuŵerengera boma. Chigamulo chachimodzi mu R (Mbulu) v. Nduna yaikulu inatsimikiziranso kuti ngakhale mphamvu yaikulu koposa ya kayendetsedwe ka boma imagonjera ku malire alamulo ndi kuyang'anira komiti ya chiweruzo.

Dziko Lachisanu la France: Linakula Mokhala ndi Maulamuliro Amphamvu

Falansa ya 1958 Constitution inapangidwa dongosolo la kugwirizanitsa limene limagwirizanitsa Pulezidenti wosankhidwa mwachindunji ndi Nduna Yaikulu ndi Nyumba Yachifumu. Pulezidenti amaika Nduna Yaikulu, kuyang'anira Bungwe la Atumiki, ndipo akhoza kuchotsa Msonkhano wa National. Komabe, Nyumba ya Malamulo (Msonkhano wa Dziko ndi Nyumba ya Malamulo) imapanga malamulo ndipo ingatsutse boma mwa kusanthula popanda chidaliro.

Council Constitution imagwira ntchito monga kupenda koopsa. Imapenda malamulo asanatuluke kutsimikizira kuti akugwirizana ndi Malamulo, ndipo kuyambira 2008, nzika zingadzutse mafunso a lamulo (kapena kuti likhale lipoti la malamulo) panthaŵi ya kumasulira, kulola Bungwe kupenda malamulo a malamulo omwe ayamba kale kugwira ntchito. Dokotala limeneli limapereka ntchito yofunika kwambiri poyang'anira malamulo ndi mphamvu ya kayendetsedwe ka ntchito.

Panyengo za “kukhalapo,” pamene chipani cha Pulezidenti sichilamulira Msonkhanowo, kulekana kukuwonjezereka: Prezidenti ayenera kukhazikitsa Nduna Yaikulu kwa anthu otsutsa, kutsogolera kwa mkulu wogawikana. Zimenezi zinachitika katatu pakati pa 1986 ndi 2002, kusonyeza mmene kulinganiza kungakakamize mphamvu ngakhale m’dongosolo lolinganizidwa kaamba ka utsogoleri wamphamvu.

Federal Republic ya Germany: Dongosolo la Palamende Lokhala ndi Makonzedwe Amphamvu Ofufuza Zachiweruzo

Law Law Wasic Germany (Grundgesetz) imakhazikitsa dongosolo la nyumba ya malamulo lokhala ndi mayeso amphamvu, makamaka kupyolera mwa Khoti la Malamulo la Faceral (Bundesfesfungsericht). Chancello (mutu wa boma) amasankhidwa ndi Bundestag ndipo angachotsedwe kokha mwa kusankhira kwa kusakhulupirira [1] kutanthauza kuti kubwezeretsa kuyenera kusankhidwa panthaŵi imodzi, kuletsa kusokonezeka kwa Bondestag.

Bwalo la Malamulo liri ndi mphamvu zazikulu: lingagamule lamulo, kupenda machitidwe a akuluakulu, ndi kuthetsa mikangano pakati pa maboma a boma ndi boma. Ilo lachita mbali yaikulu m'kutetezera zoyenera zazikulu, monga ngati mu 1983 Census Act yomwe inakhazikitsa kuyenera kwa kudzidziŵikitsa. Ufulu wa Bwalo lamilandu umachirikizidwa ndi chenicheni chakuti oweruza amasankhidwa ndi Nyumba ya Malamulo kaamba ka malamulo osasinthika a zaka 12, kuwatetezera ku chitsenderezo cha ndale zadziko.

Kufufuza kwina ndiko Bundesrat , nyumba yapamwamba yoimira maboma (Länder), imene iyenera kuvomereza lamulo lokhudza zikondwerero za boma. Zimenezi zimapanga kuyang'anira kwa dziko pa boma la boma ndipo zimatsimikizira kuti dziko lili ndi mawu a lamulo, kuwonjezera chidutswa china pa kulekanitsa maulamuliro.

India: Demokrase ya Nyumba ya Malamulo yokhala ndi Chilango cha Chilango

Bukhu la Malamulo la India limapanga dongosolo la nyumba ya malamulo lofanana ndi UK, koma ndi malamulo olembedwa, kakonzedwe ka boma, ndi jaji yodziimira yopatsidwa ndi digishiption . Khoti Lapamwamba la India lingagwetse malamulo ndi machitidwe audindo amene amaswa Malamulo, ndipo layambitsa chiphunzitso cha basbacy [[, chimene chimaletsa Palamenti kusuntha malamulo m’njira zimene zimawononga mfundo yake yofunika.

Mlandu wosintha zinthu ndi Kesavanda Bharati v. Boma la Kerala [1] (1973]), kumene Khoti Lalikulu linagamula kuti pamene kuli kwakuti Nyumba ya Malamulo ili ndi mphamvu yomasintha, siingasinthe “malamulo a basics” a Malamulo, kuphatikizapo kupatulidwa kwa maulamuliro enieni. Chigamulo chimenechi chimayang'anira kuyesayesa kwa boma kulikonse kwa mtsogolo kupyola pa malamulo ogwirizana. Posachedwapa, mu 2015, Khoti Lali Lali Lalikulu linagonjetsa bungwe la National Juviation Sviations Active Act, kubwezeretsa dongosolo la collegium logamula oweruza ndi kutsimikizira kudziimira kwa oweruza motsutsana ndi ozemba.

Chitsanzo cha ku India chikusonyeza kuti ngakhale m’dongosolo limene mkulu wa boma amalamulira anthu ambiri opanga malamulo, oweruza ouma mtima angasunge ulamuliro wabwino.

Mavuto Olepheretsa Kupatukana kwa Maulamuliro

Pamene kuli kwakuti kupatukana kwa maulamuliro kwalinganizidwira kuletsa nkhalwe, iwo amayang’anizana ndi zitokoso zosalekeza m’kulamulira kwamakono:

  • Mochita mochenjera: Mapresidenti kapena ma nduna zazikulu angagwiritsire ntchito maoda a akuluakulu, mphamvu zangozi, kapena zochita za munthu mmodzi kunyalanyaza kugamula kwa lamulo. Kukula kwa boma kumapititsanso patsogolo ulamuliro wopanga malamulo m'mabungwe akuluakulu, kusokoneza malire pakati pa kukhazikitsa malamulo ndi kusungitsa.
  • Kuzenga: Nyumba za Malamulo nthaŵi zina zimapatsa adindo nzeru zambiri, kuchepetsa ntchito yawo yoyang’anira. “vuto lakuyang'anira" limafooketsa mayeso ndipo lingachititse kuti akuluakulu ayang'ang'ang'ang'ono azilamulira.
  • Makhoti achiyudicism: angaimbidwe mlandu wa kuweruza pamene aloŵa m'kupanga malamulo, makamaka m'madera onga malire osankhidwa, ufulu wachibadwidwe, kapena chisungiko cha dziko. Osuliza amatsutsa zimenezi kulowa mmalo chosankha cha malamulo ndi chivomerezo cha chiweruzo.
  • Gridlock ndi kutha kwa madzi: Pamene nthambi zikulamuliridwa ndi magulu otsutsana, macheke angasinthe kukhala matsekereza, kuletsa malamulo ofunikira kapena chivomerezo cha bajeti. Boma la U.S. limaletsa mmene nkhondo za atsamunda zingaletsere ulamuliro.
  • Kuloŵerera kwa polisi: malingaliro ozenga mlandu, kuwopseza bajeti, ndi kuikidwa kwa oweruza okhulupirika kungafooketse ufulu wachiweruzo, monga momwe zikuwonekera m'mipikisano yaposachedwapa m'maiko onga Poland ndi Hungary.

Zitokoso zimenezi zimagogomezera kuti kupatukana kwa maulamuliro sikumadzilanda; kumafuna mabungwe amphamvu, mwambo wa malamulo, ndi kutomerana kwa nzika kuti zigwire ntchito bwino.

Kumaliza

Kulekanitsidwa kwa maulamuliro kumakhalabe lamulo lofunika kwambiri mu ulamuliro wa demokrase, koma kuli kutali ndi njira imodzi yokha yopimira. Zitsanzo zenizeni za moyo ku United States, United Kingdom, France, Germany, ndi India zimasonyeza kuti madongosolo osiyanasiyana a malamulo a malamulo alinganiza mphamvu m’njira zapadera . Zina zimagogomezera kusiyanitsa kokhala kokhala kokhala (maderenali), mayeso ena opingasa pakati pa nthambi. Madongosolo alionse ali ndi mphamvu ndi mphamvu zopimira, koma ulusi wofala ndi wakuti nthambi iyenera kusaletsedwa. Monga momwe Demo Democraviation imayang'anizana ndi zitsenderezo zatsopano za kuyang'anira makompyuta . Kuzindikira zimenezi sikufunika kwambiri kwa ophunzira ndi anthu a m’dziko lililonse omwe amalephera ndi malamulo a boma.

Kaamba ka kuŵerengedwa kowonjezereka: U.S., Khoti la Malamulo la German Federal Constitution , UK] Khoti Lalikulu [, ndi Cinstitution ya France [kutembenuza Chipangano].