Maziko a Boma Lokhala ndi Malire

Mphamvu ya boma, pachiyambi pake, imaimira ulamuliro wa boma wa kukhazikitsa ndi kukhazikitsa malamulo, misonkho ya levy, kusungitsa dongosolo, ndi kupereka zinthu za anthu. M'nthanthi ya democracy, mphamvu imeneyi imachokera ku chivomerezo cha olamulira ndi kukhalako kutumikira ubwino umodzi. Komabe mbiri imaphunzitsa kuti ulamuliro wapamwamba, ngakhale pamene poyamba upatsidwa kaamba ka zolinga zolemekezeka, ungakhale chiwopsezo mwamsanga ku ufulu. Chitokoso choyang'anizana ndi chitaganya chilichonse cha democracy ndicho njira yoperekera bwino boma lokhoza kugwirira ntchito pamene likuletsa kupotoza. Kulinganizika kumeneku kumafikiridwa mwa kumanga kwake kwapamwamba kwa malamulo ndi zinsinsi ya boma.

Malingaliro anthanthi a boma lokhala ndi malire ayambira ku mwambo wa anthu anzeru onga John Locke, amene ananena kuti anthu amapatula kokha ufulu wawo wachibadwa posinthana ndi chitetezo cha moyo wawo, ufulu, ndi katundu. Malingaliro a Locke anasonkhezera kwambiri opanga malamulo a United States Constitution, amene mwadala anapanga dongosolo limene mphamvu “zidzagaŵidwa choyamba ndipo kenako kuthandizidwa” kuchinjiriza ufulu. Federalist Papers, makamaka Fideralist No. 51 , motchuka, amalongosola lamulo lakuti“ mphamvu iyenera kuperekedwa kuti igonjetsedwe. Kumanga kumeneku kumakhalabebe malo a democracy ya democracy ndi kupitirizabe kuyankha ndi kuwopseza kwamakono.

Malamulo: Zolembedwa ndi Malire Osalembedwa

Bukhu la malamulo, kaya likhale lolembedwa kapena losalembedwa, limatumikira monga dongosolo lapamwamba la malamulo limene limalongosola ukulu ndi malire a ulamuliro wa boma. Malamulo amachita ntchito zazikulu ziŵiri: iwo amapatsa mphamvu ku boma ndi malo amodzi akusonyeza ziletso pa maulamuliro amenewo. Ziletso zimenezi zimatenga mtundu wa kuŵerengedwa kwa ufulu, zofunika zaukulu, ndi zitetezero zimene ojambula a boma sangakhoze kudutsa mwalamulo.

Zolembedwa ndi Malamulo Osalembedwa

United States Constitution ndi chitsanzo chodziŵika bwino cha malamulo olembedwa, opangidwa ndi njira yolimba. Imandandalika molunjika mphamvu za boma m'Chigawo I, Chigawo 8, ndipo kenaka kuwonjezera mitu ya kulephera mu Bill of Rights ndi masinthidwe otsatira. Kusiyana, United Kingdom imatumikira pansi pa malamulo olembedwa, malamulo ofala, misonkhano ya nyumba, ndi malemba audindo onga Magna Carta ndi [FLT:] BB ya Ufulumo la ufulu wa ufulu [[FLT:] [2] ndi malamulo otsutsana ndi malamulo a boma. Ngakhale kulibe ndi chikalata chimodzi, makonzedwe a UK a dongosolo la malamulo adakalipo kupyola pampando, ufulu wa ufulu, ndi ufulu wa ufulu wa ufulu wa kukhazikitsa ufulu, ndi kukhazikitsa malamulo a Boledition.

Misonkhano ya Malamulo

Pambuyo pa malemba olembedwa, mademokrase ambiri amadalira pa misonkhano yomangitsa imene siiloledwa mwalamulo koma ali ndi mphamvu ya ndale zadziko yotero imene kuinyalanyaza kungayambitse kubwezera kowopsa. Mwachitsanzo, mu UK, msonkhano umene mfumu iyenera kuvomereza ku lamulo lirilonse loperekedwa ndi Palamente sunakanidwe m’zaka zoposa mazana atatu. Ku Canada, msonkhano wa boma umafunikira nduna yaikulu kuchotsa ntchito ngati itaya chivoti, ngakhale kuti palibe lamulo loikakamiza. Misonkhano imeneyi imagwira ntchito mwamwaŵitsa ntchito yalamulo, kukhazikitsa lamulo popanda kuloŵerera m’komiti yachiweruzo.

Kupatukana kwa Mphamvu: Chitsanzo cha Kagulu Kapadera

Kulekanitsidwa kwa maulamuliro ndiko lamulo lachikhalidwe limene limagaŵa ulamuliro wa boma pakati pa nthambi zitatu zosiyana: malamulo, mkulu wa boma, ndi komiti ya chiweruzo. Magawo ameneŵa amaletsa bungwe lililonse kusonkhanitsa mphamvu yopanga, kusungitsa, ndi kumasulira malamulo panthaŵi imodzi. Lingalirolo linafotokozedwa motchuka kwambiri ndi wafilosofi wandale zadziko wa ku France [[FLT: 0]] Makedzana m'ntchito yake 1748] Mzimu wa Malamulo , umene unatsutsa kuti ufulu wandale zadziko umafuna kuti mphamvuyo ipende ndi makonzedwe a zinthu. Lerolino, pafupifupi democracy iriyonse yamakono imaphatikiza masinthidwe a ulendo umenewu, ngakhale kuti kugaŵikana kwake kosiyana kwa mphamvu.

Nthambi Yolamulira: Kupanga Malamulo Monga Kachipangizo

Nthambi yalamulo, kwenikweni nyumba ya malamulo, ili ndi thayo la kulinganiza ndi kukhazikitsa malamulo. Chifukwa chakuti opanga malamulo kaŵirikaŵiri amasankhidwa ndipo ayenera kuyankha kwa oimira, nyumba ya malamulo ingatumikire monga kuyang'anira akuluakulu ochenjeredwa m’njira zingapo. Choyamba, mphamvu ya kachikwama imapatsa boma ulamuliro weniweni wa boma wa kuvomereza ndalama ndi ndalama, mwakutero kuchepetsa mphamvu ya mkulu ya kupereka njira zoyendetsera popanda chilolezo. Chachiŵiri, komiti yoyang'anira nthambi ingafufuze ntchito zaudindo, kuitanira akuluakulu a boma kaamba ka umboni, ndi mapepala ofunsira, makamaka m'mabungwe oyendera maulamuliro odziimira ndi mabungwe ofufuza zinthu., mabungwe ambiri, aundunawo ayenera kutsimikizira mapangano akuluakulu ndi mapangano oyendetsa zinthu, akuluakulu a bungwe la oyendetsa ndi kukhazikitsa makampani oyendetsa ntchito popanda ntchito.

Nthambi Yotsogolera: Kuumirira Mkati mwa Malamulo

Nthambi yapamwamba, yotsogozedwa ndi pulezidenti, nduna yaikulu, kapena bungwe lolamulira, imapatsidwa mlandu wa kugwiritsa ntchito ndi kukhazikitsa malamulo operekedwa ndi bungwelo. Komabe maulamuliro ake si oyenerera. Olamulira sangakhale ndi ndalama zoyenerera popanda chilolezo cha boma, ndipo ayenera kutsata njira zogwirizana zimene zimachepetsa ntchito popanda kugamula. Mtsogoleri wamakono wakula kwambiri ndi kufika, koma mfundo yaikulu ya malamulo idakalipo: mkulu wa boma ayenera kugwira ntchito m’malamulo ndi malamulo a malamulo. Pamene mkulu wa bungwe la jaji ali wokonzeka kuloŵererapo. Ndiponso, mkulu wa asilikali ndi wa mayiko achilendo amalamulira nkhondo, malamulo ankhondo, mapangano, ndi — m'mayiko ena — Kupenda malamulo a bungwe la malamulo a za malamulo.

Nthambi ya Oweruza: Kuyang’anira Malire

Oweruza amamasulira malamulo ndi kukhazikitsa mikangano. Pochita zimenezi, imagwira ntchito monga yoyang'anira kwambiri zophophonya za malamulo zoikidwa pa nthambi zonse za boma. Chigamulo chodziimira, chopanda kuloŵerera m’zandale, chingathe kulepheretsa lamulo kapena zochita za maulamuliro zopezeka kuti zikuswa malamulo. Mphamvu imeneyi ya [[FLT: 0] yoweruza [malamulo] ndiyo njira yaikulu kwambiri yoyendera boma ndiponso yodziikiratu zopanda liwongo. Oweruza a boma amatsimikiziranso kuti akuluakulu a boma atsatire njira yoyenera ndi yolemekeza ufulu wa munthu aliyense. M'mabungwe ambiri angaike lamulo loletsa ntchito zophwanya malamulo, lamulo loletsa anthu ogwidwa mwalamulo, ndi loletsa ufulu wawo wophwanya ufulu wawo.

Mayeso ndi Kulinganiza: Kuphatikizapo Kothandiza

Pamene kuli kwakuti kulekana kwa maulamuliro kumapanga nthambi zosiyanasiyana, kupima ndi kulinganiza kumapereka nthambi iriyonse ndi zida zochepetsera zinazo, kupanga dongosolo logwira ntchito la kuletsa limodzi. Kuseŵera kumeneku kuli kolinganizidwa osati kaamba ka kukhoza koma kaamba ka kulimba kwa kuchuluka kwa mphamvu. Maluso aakulu angapo amasonyeza mmene kupenda ndi kulinganizika kumagwira ntchito.

  • [[FLT :0] Mphamvu ndi kuyendetsa: Mu United States, pulezidenti angapereke lamulo loperekedwa ndi Congress, koma Congress angachotse lamulolo ndi unyinji wa matatu aŵiri m'zipinda zonse ziŵiri. Zimenezi zimakakamiza mkulu kulolera molakwa ndi nyumba ya malamulo kapena kuwopsa kwake kukhala ndi zitsutso zotsutsidwa.
  • Kuika ndi kutsimikizira kwa mwambo: Woyang'anira amaweruza, koma nyumba yapamwamba ya bungwe la okhazikitsa malamulo iyenera kuwatsimikizira. Mu United States, kuvomereza milandu ya Khoti Lalikulu lakhala andale kwambiri, kutumikira monga kupenda kulinganizika kwa maganizo kwa nthaŵi yaitali kwa judiciary.
  • Kufuna ndi kuchotsa: Nyumba ya malamulo iri ndi ulamuliro wa kupatsa ndi kuchotsa mkulu wamkulu kapena nduna zina zapamwamba kaamba ka “maupandu aakulu ndi maupandu olakwika. Imeneyi mwina ndi iko kuyang'ana koipitsitsa, monga momwe kungachotsere desitalation ndi kuchititsa mkuluyo kukhala ndi mlandu wa kusamvera.
  • Malamulo ovomerezeka a United States ndi a kulowa kwa dzuŵa: m'maiko ena, bungwe la malamulo limasunga mphamvu ya kuthetsa malamulo a akuluakulu kupyolera mwa chigamulo chopepuka (Ngakhale kuti malamulo otero aikidwa ndi Khoti Lapamwamba mu INS v. Chad [ha]). Dzuwa linakhazikitsa malamulo kapena maprogramu ena mwadala pambuyo pa nyengo yoikika popanda kuvomerezedwanso, kukakamiza chigamulo cha malamulo kukonzanso ntchito zaudindo.
  • Kugwirizana ndi kuvomereza mapangano: mu US, Nyumba ya Malamulo iyenera kuvomereza mapangano ndi mavoti aŵiri atatu, kuletsa bwana kugwirizanitsa dziko popanda kugamulana ndi dziko lonse lomwe lilibe chichirikizo cha malamulo.

Njira zimenezi sizimangopeka chabe; zayesedwa mobwerezabwereza m’mbiri yonse. Mwachitsanzo, Pulezidenti Franklin D. Roosevelt wa mu 1937 “makonzedwe a kuvomereza” analephera kwakukulukulu chifukwa chakuti Nyumba ya Malamulo ndi anthu anayesa kuchepetsa ufulu wa kuweruza, kusonyeza kuti kupenda ndi kulinganiza kumadaliranso pa miyezo ya ndale ndi malingaliro a anthu.

Kupenda Kwachiweruzo: Chinsinsi cha Malire a Malamulo

Kupenda chiweruzo ndiko mphamvu ya makhoti yopenda malamulo alamulo ndi malamulo a boma. Ndiyo njira yalamulo yolunjika yotsimikizira ziletso zimene malamulo amaika pa boma. Popanda kupenda kwachiweruzo, malamulo a boma amakhala chikalata wamba cha ndale zadziko popanda kusungidwa.

Kuchokera Kumene Ana Amakhala Ndiponso Kulera Ana Ena Padziko Lonse

Mfundo ya kupenda chiweruzo inakhazikitsidwa motchuka mu Madison (103) mu United States, kumene Woweruza Wamkulu John Marshall ananenetsa kuti “ndimo motsimikiza ndi ntchito ya bungwe la chiweruzo kunena zimene lamulo lili. Kuyambira pamenepo, kupenda kwachiweruzo kwafalikira ku mademokrase ambiri, ngakhale kuti ukulu wake ndi mawonekedwe ake amasiyana. Ku Germany, Khoti la Federal Constitution silimangopenda malamulo ogwirizana ndi Lamulo la Liyene komanso limamvanso milandu yalamulo. Ku Canada, Bwalo Lapamwamba lingakantha pansi pa malamulo onse aŵiri a ufulu ndi ufulu ndi gawo la maiko, ngakhale kuti bungwe la malamulolo lingagwiritsire ntchito “ndipo kuchepetsa malamulo ena. ” Mu Tchati cha Ufumu cha Supreme Trigion. Chikalata cha Malamulo cha Chikalata cha Chilungamo la Chilungamo la Chilungamo ndi Chilungamo cha Chilungamo cha Chilungamo cha Chilungamo cha Chilungamo cha Chiya, koma chigamulo chogwirizana chogwirizana chogwirizana chogwirizana cha lamulo cholamulira chika chika chika chikane chika chika chika chigamu chi

Zochititsa Chidwi Zimene Zinachititsa Miyezo

  • Marbury v. Madison (03, US): anakhazikitsa lamulo lakuti makhoti a boma ali ndi mphamvu ya kugonjetsa malamulo osagwirizana ndi malamulo, kukhazikitsa ntchito ya judiary monga nthambi yolingana.
  • Brown v. Board of Education (1954, US): Anasintha chiphunzitso “chosiyana koma cholingana” ndi kulengeza tsankho laufuko m'sukulu za onse popanda unduna, kusonyeza mmene kupenda kwachiweruzo kungasungire zoyenera zazikulu ngakhale zotsutsana ndi malamulo.
  • Roe v. Wade (1973, US): Anazindikira kuyenera kwa lamulo kwa chinsinsi kumene kumafikira ku chosankha cha mkazi cha kuchotsa mimba, kugogomezera mbali ya jaji m'kutetezera ufulu wa munthu aliyense payekha ku kuloŵerera m'lamulo.
  • Miller v. Mlembi wa Boma kaamba ka Kutuluka kwa European Union (2017, UK): Khoti Lapamwamba la UK linagamula kuti boma silingayambitse Mfundo 50 kutuluka mu European Union popanda Lamulo la Palamenti, kutsimikizira kuti ngakhale kugwiritsira ntchito mphamvu za ulamuliro kuli ndi malire ndi malamulo a malamulo ndi ulamuliro wa Palamente.
  • Kesavanda Bharati v. Boma la Kerala (1973, India): Khoti Lapamwamba la Indiya linakhazikitsa “chiphunzitso cha maziko,” akumati ngakhale kusintha kwa malamulo sikungasinthe maziko aakulu a Malamulo a India, mwakutero kutetezera zofunika za democracy kuchokera kwa opotozedwa.

Milandu imeneyi imasonyeza kuti kupenda lamulo nkofunika kwambiri potembenuza malamulo alamulo osakhala a m’malamulo kukhala chitetezo chenicheni.

Magulu Ogwirizana: Mphamvu Yolekanitsa

Kupyola kugaŵikana kokulira kwa maulamuliro pakati pa nthambi, maiko ambiri amagwiritsira ntchito unistism monga chiŵiya choima chochepetsera ulamuliro wa boma. Federalism imagaŵa mphamvu pakati pa boma lapakati (dziko) ndi dziko lonse (boma, chigawo, kapena chigawo) lililonse lokhala ndi malo akeake a kudzilamulira. Uchifumu wamitundu iŵiri umenewu umachepetsa mphamvu ndipo umapereka mipambo yowonjezereka ya chitetezo kaamba ka ufulu wa munthu ndi zikondwerero za kumaloko.

Mmene Gulu la Mafuko Likapimira Ulamuliro Wapakati

M'dongosolo la boma, boma lalikulu silingasinthe magaŵano a maulamuliro limodzi, monga momwe masinthidwe oterowo amafunikiritsa maulamuliro aakulu m'nyumba ya malamulo kapena chivomerezo cha magawo a dzikolo. Ndiponso, maboma a maiko onse angatumikire monga nyumba zophunziriramo demokrase, kuyesa madongosolo osiyanasiyana ndi kupatsa nzika kusankha malo oyenera. Ngati boma lapakatilo lingazengedwe, maboma kapena zigawo zopinga m'mabwalo, monga momwe malamulo a boma ambiri ozikidwa pa milandu ya Supreme Court, monga United States v. Lopez (1995). [FL.1], zimene zimachepetsa ulamuliro wa mabungwe pansi pa Classiclaus. Ku Canada, chigawo chakhala ndi chipambano kuti malamulo a boma aungwe aungwe pa ufulu wa chigawando pa ufulu wa anthu pa ufulu wa boma la United States, kupambana mphamvu zake za boma.

Zitsanzo za Malamulo Achigawo

United States, Canada, Australia, Germany, India, ndi Brazil onse amagwiritsira ntchito madongosolo a boma amphamvu. Iliyonse ili ndi njira yakeyake yolinganizidwira ulamuliro wapakati ndi chigawo. Lamulo Lachijeremani la Chief limapereka lamulo lamphamvu Länder] [maulamuliro] (maulamuliro) ofunika kwambiri m’maphunziro, polisi, ndi chikhalidwe, pamene kuli kwakuti limakhazikitsa chitsanzo cha kugwirizana cha boma chimene chimafuna kuti chigamulo chimodzi chipange mbali zina. Mosiyana ndi, malamulo a India amaperekabe mphamvu zazikulu za boma za boma koma amasungabe mphamvu za maboma ndi boma zapakati kuti achotsere boma pansi pa mikhalidwe yopereŵeruka. Malamulo adziko akusonyeza kuti malamulo a gulu la boma logawali ndi mayiko akugwira ntchito m’dziko limodzi lothandiza pa zandale.

Kuŵerengera Anthu: Nzika Monga Kupenda Komalizira

Palibe njira yopimira madongosolo a zaudindo imene ili yokwanira popanda kuloŵerera kwa nzika. Njira zodziwitsa anthu onse zikutsimikizira kuti akuluakulu a boma akhalabe ovomereza ndi kuti olamulidwawo ali ndi njira zofufuzira, kutsutsa, ndi kulowa mmalo a awo aulamuliro. Njira zimenezi ndi maziko a kuyenera kwa demokalase.

Zisankho Zaufulu ndi Zabwino

Masankho anthaŵi zonse ndiwo njira yachindunji kwambiri imene nzika zingachepetsere ulamuliro wa boma. Pamene ofufuza angasankhe pakati pa opikisana ndi zipani, ndipo pamene zosankhazo zilemekezedwa, akuluakulu a boma amayang'anizana ndi chisonkhezero chomangiridwira kuchitapo kanthu pa chikondwerero cha anthu kapena kuchotsa ngozi. Komabe, masankho amakhala opindulitsa ngati ali opikisana mowonadi, omasuka ku kukakamiza kapena kunyenga, ndipo ngati ofufuza ali ndi chidziŵitso chokwanira chonena za oyembekezera ndi malamulo. Malamulo a za ndalama za masankhoti, ndi makampani osakondera, ndi osakondera afunikira kutsimikizira kuti masankhoti atumikira monga chipani chokakamiza chenicheni m’malo mwa chidindo cha chida.

Ufulu wa Chidziŵitso ndi Malamulo Osonyezana

Kuti nzika zikhale ndi mlandu wa boma, ziyenera kudziŵa zimene boma likuchita. Ufulu wa Chikalata cha Information Act (FOIA) malamulo m'mayiko onga US, UK, Canada, ndi Australia amapereka kwa anthu ufulu walamulo kuti apeze zikalata ndi mafaketi, kuti achepetse kusadzisungira kwa dziko. Malamulo ameneŵa amalola atolankhani, ofufuza, ndi magulu a anthu achinyengo kuvumbula chiphuphu, kutayidwa, kapena kupotoza. Ndalama zomveka, zopereka malamulo ovomerezeka, ndi zotsegula mfundo zina zowonjezereka zikulangiza anthu kuti aziyang'anira boma lawo popanda kuonekera. Malamulo, masankhoti, ndi makhoti — ntchito yothandiza — mapepala, mabwalo a milandu —

Makampani ndi Chiŵeniŵeni

Manyuzipepala aufulu ndi odziimira okha amatumikira monga “magawo anayi,” ogwira ntchito monga galu woyang'anira amene amavumbula kusadziletsa, kuphunzitsa anthu, ndi malamulo a zaumoyo. Indalama zopereka ndalama zakhala ndi mbali yaikulu m'mbuyomu m'kuthetsa nkhani za kuchitiridwa nkhanza kwa boma, kuyambira pa Pentagon Papers ku manyazi a Watergate. Mofananamo, mabungwe a anthu — kuphatikizapo osapanga phindu, magulu a a a amalonda, aganiza, ndi maukwati a ntchito — kusonkhanitsa nzika, kuyang'anira, mabungwe a milandu, ndi kuvomereza mlandu wa mlandu. Mwachitsanzo, mabungwe onga [[FLT:] ndi [FLT:] Maufulu a ufulu [FFOL:] ndi [FFFFT] AUT] Malamulo a boma, ndi mapangano oletsa milandu a boma kumbuyo kwa milandu, ndi kuletsa milandu yaundalansi, ndi kuletsa kwa anthu.

Mavuto Ovuta Kuchepetsa Mphamvu za Boma

Ngakhale kuti pali umboni wokwanira wosonyeza kuti pali malire, zinthu zambiri zamakono zimalepheretsa madongosolo ameneŵa kuletsa boma mwachipambano.

Kukula kwa Mphamvu ya Ukulu

M'mademokrase ambiri, maulamuliro asonkhanitsa mphamvu zatsopano zochitirapo kanthu pa mavuto, kudalirana kwa dziko lapansi, ndi kuvuta kwa ulamuliro wamakono. Kugwiritsiridwa ntchito kwa malamulo opherapo ndi [FLT]] maulamuliro atsopano mphamvu za mphamvu za mphamvu [ zakhala zofala, kaŵirikaŵiri kunyalanyaza njira ya kuchedwa ndi yochotsera malamulo a boma. M'kuwonjezera mphamvu ya CHOVID-19 ya kachitidwe ka ka ka kachitidwe, maboma ambiri amaika ziletso, msonkhano, ndi malonda okhala ndi zothandizira zolamulira zocheperapo kapena uyang'anira. Pamene ntchito zimenezi zingalungamidwe m’malunji, iwo amakhala osungidwa osatha kuchotsapo mapangano a kulowa kuloŵa kuloŵa kwa malamulo ndi kuweruza.

Kugwiritsa Ntchito Makompyuta ndi Ufulu Wochita Zinthu Zachinsinsi

Kukula kwa luso la zopangapanga kwapatsa maboma mphamvu zosayerekezereka za kuyang'anira nzika zawo. Maprogramu a ulonda, zolemba zambiri, kuzindikira nkhope, ndi ntchito yolosera za boma zimatheketsa maulamuliro kusonkhanitsa chidziŵitso cha munthu payekha ndi kuonekera pang'ono. Ku United States, Maintelligence Surveillance Act (FASA) [maprogramu a] [FLT:] ndi [FLT] Act [FLT:] Act ya boma yofukufukufukutsira ndi mabomba a foni mamiliyoni ambiri a anthu a ku America. Nthaŵi zina makhoti achita mapulogalamu oteretsa ngati osatetezedwa, monga ngati malamulo achiŵiri a chigawo chakumbuyo mu [FLT:NU:]. [FLFFF]

Ziphuphu ndi Kugwira Mabungwe

Akuluakulu a boma akagwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zawo kuti apeze phindu, zinthu zonse sizingayende bwino. Ziphuphu zikhoza kukhala m'njira zosiyanasiyana: ziphuphu, kugwiritsa ntchito ziphuphu, kuphwanya malamulo, kuyendetsa zinthu, ndi mikangano yofuna kusangalatsa. Ngakhale macheke okonzedwa bwino ndi malamulo apamwamba a anthu amene akuwagwiritsa ntchito, zigaŵenga zopanda chilungamo. Mabungwe oletsa ziphuphu, malamulo amphamvu, ndi manyuzipepala aufulu n’ngofunika kuti athetsere ziphuphu. Komabe m’mayiko ena, mabungwe enieni opanga malamulo monga makhoti, makomiti a masankhoti, ndi malamulo a lamulo — iwo eniwo agwidwa ndi andale, kuwapanga ziwiya zolamulira m’malo mwa kuumirira ufulu wa boma ndi chitokoso.

Ntchito ya Chilamulo cha Padziko Lonse

Mapangano a ufulu wachibadwidwe a mayiko ambiri ndi makhoti adziko lonse amakhazikitsa malire akunja pa ulamuliro wa boma. Mwachitsanzo, Europeanan Convention on Human Rights ndi European Court of Human Rights imalola anthu kusungidwa ndi maboma awo kuti aike mlandu wa kuphwanya ufulu wa anthu, ngakhale ngati njira za boma za boma zitalephera. Pangano la International pa Zoyenerera za Chiweni ndi zandale [ICFFLT] limapereka malamulo a kusanja lotetezera ufulu wa anthu. Pamene malamulo a mayiko ambiri sangathe kuletsa ulamuliro wa dziko popanda chivomerezo, lingayambitse ndi kusonkhezera kuponderezana kwa makhalidwe abwino. Kulimbana pakati pa ufulu wa dziko ndi ufulu wa anthu kuwonjezera ufulu wa dziko lonse. Kulimbana kwa ufulu wa dziko ndi ufulu wa dziko lonse kupitiriza kutsutsana ndi ufulu wa dziko lonse, makamaka kuyang'anira ufulu wa ulamuliro wa dziko.

Kumaliza: Kufunika Kopirira kwa Otsenderezedwa

Kulephera kwa ulamuliro wa boma sikumalepheretsa kuyendetsa bwino boma. Malamulo, kugaŵikana ndi kulinganiza, kupenda milandu, kukhazikitsa boma, ndi kuŵerengera kwa anthu onse pamodzi kukhazikitsa dongosolo limene limatsogolera boma kuti liteteze ufulu wa anthu mmalo mwa kupondereza anthu. Palibe njira imodzi yokwanira, ndipo zonse zimafunikira kusamala kuti asunge. Makhoti, makhoti, ndi maulamuliro ayenera kutengamo mbali pa ntchito yopitirizabe yoletsa mphamvu za ulamuliro. Pamene mavuto a mkulu wa boma akuchititsa mphamvu, kuyang'anira, ndi katangale wauchi, ndi kupitirizabe, malamulo osonyezedwa ndi opangidwa ndi opanga malamulo adakali othandiza kwambiri. Democracyism ndiyo imene nthaŵi zonse imakhala yoyang'anizana ndi lamulo, ndi kulephera kuyankha lamulo, ndi kulephera kwa ulamuliro.