Chisinthiko Chachinayi ku United States Sinstripment si kulembedwa kwa malamulo chabe. Ndi maziko a ufulu wa munthu ndi chinsinsi. M'buku la Bill of Rights, kusintha kumeneku kumakhazikitsa malire a boma, kuletsa kufunafuna kosalingalira ndi njirinji ndiponso kulamula kuti malamulo asungidwe kuti asonyeze kuti nkhani zachinsinsi za nzika zikhale zodziimira. M'nyengo ya kuyang'anira ndandanda ya ndandanda, zosonkhanitsa, ndi kutsegulira malamulo, kumvetsetsa malamulo osungitsa malamulo, kutsendereza Koposa nkofunika kwa aliyense wofuna kutetezera ufulu wake. Kupenda kolongosoledwa bwino kwambiri kumeneku kumachititsa kuti apeze zifukwa za mbiri yakale, mfundo zapamwamba, mafotokozedwe a zachiweruzo amakono, ndi ziyambukiro zothandiza za chitetezo cha malamulo ofunika.

Mbiri Yakale ya Kusintha kwa Kachinayi

Demetrisement yachinayi inatuluka mwachindunji kuchokera ku zokumana nazo zoŵaŵa za otsata ufumu ku Briteni zosaletsedwa. Kalekale America asanaletse Chipanduko, lamulo la Chizungu lofala linavomereza kupatulika kwa nyumba ya munthu. Nkhani ya 18 - 100 ya Entick v. Carrington . (1765) adakhazikitsa kuti malamulo a akazembe [1] malamulo a boma olola akuluakulu kufunafuna popanda kutchula malo kapena zinthu. Komabe, m'madera a ku America, akuluakulu a Britain nthaŵi zonse ananyalanyaza mfundo zachikhalidwe zimenezi, pogwiritsira ntchito zipangizo zotchedwa writs za chithandizo kuti afufuze nyumba, zosungira katundu, ndi zombo za malonda zankhondo zozenga popanda chitsutso chilichonse.

Kutsutsa Kolamulira ndi Genesis wa Kukonza Malamulo

Malamulo ofufuza chithandizo anali otseguka kwambiri amene sanathe ndipo anasamutsidwira kwa ofisala wina ndi mnzake. Analola akuluakulu a zamalonda kuswa zitseko, kufufuza mapepala achinsinsi, ndi kulanda katundu pa windo. Atsogoleri a boma onga James Otis Jr. Otis . Otchuka anatsutsa kwambiri za ma writs ameneŵa mu 1761, anatcha kuti "chipangizo choipitsitsa cha mphamvu yopanda nzeru. Kukwiya kwakuya kumeneku kunasonkhezera kufunika kwa chitetezo chalamulo chotsutsana ndi kufufuzidwa kwa anthu onse. Pamene olemba malamulowo anasonkhana kuti alembe Bill of Rights, James Mademo adapereka lingaliro lakulankhula mawu olakwika ameneŵa. Lamulo Lachinayi, lovomerezedwa pa December 15, 1791.

Mfundo za Malamulo za M’chilamulo Chachinayi

Chikalata cha Lamulo Lachinayi nchachidule koma chimakhudza kwambiri. Chimaŵerenga kuti: " Kuyenera kwa anthu kukhala otetezereka kwa anthu awo, nyumba, mapepala, ndi ziyambukiro, pofufuza kosalingalirika ndi kugwidwa ndi njirinjiri, sikudzaswedwa, ndipo palibe Warrant, koma pa chifukwa chimene, chochirikizidwa ndi Oath kapena chitsimikizo, ndipo makamaka kufotokoza malo amene adzafufuzidwa, ndi anthu kapena zinthu zimene zingagwidwe. Chinenerochi chikhazikitsa malamulo angapo ogwirizana.

  • Kutetezeredwa ku Kufufuza Kopanda Nzeru ndi Seizures: Si onse amene amaletsedwa , koma aja osalingalira. Muyezo wololera ndiwo mayeso apakati ogwiritsiridwa ntchito ndi makhoti.
  • Chikalata chomveka: Moyenerera, kusungitsa lamulo kuyenera kupeza chilolezo asanachite kufunafuna. Chikalatacho chiyenera kuzikidwa pa chochititsa chothekera, kutanthauza kuti payenera kukhala mfundo zokwanira kuchititsa munthu wolingalira kukhulupirira kuti umboni wa udzapeza.
  • Kuchuluka: Opatula ayenera kulongosola mwachindunji malo amene adzafufuzidwa ndi anthu kapena zinthu zimene ziyenera kugwidwa. Zimenezi zimaletsa kufufuza kwachisawawa, kufufuza kumene oyambitsawo amanyansidwa.
  • [[FLT: 0] Ath kapena Africt: Ofesi yopempha chilolezo ayenera kulumbira pansi pa lumbiro ku nsonga zoperekedwa. Izi zimapangitsa kuŵerengera kwalamulo ndi kuletsa mafunsizo opanda pake.

Kuyembekezera Kukhala Nokha Moyenerera

Kumvetsetsa kwamakono kwa Kusintha kwa Foursement kumayendera pa mfundo yakuti "kuyembekezera chinsinsi kwabwino," koyamba kufotokozedwa ndi Khoti Lalikulu mu Katz . United States (1967]). Pansi pa muyezo umenewu, kufunafuna kumachitika pamene boma liswa mfundo zenizeni za munthu, kuyembekezera chinsinsi kwa munthu kuti chitaganya chikhale chokonzeka kuzindikira kuti n’chomveka bwino.

Kumasulira: Kuzenga Milandu ya Khoti Lalikulu

M’zaka mazana aŵiri zapitazo, Bwalo Lapamwamba lamilandu lawongolera ndi kufutukula Lamulo Lachinayi mwa kuweruza milandu ya m’nthaŵi ya ulamuliro. milandu imeneyi yalongosola chimene chimatanthauza kufufuza, pamene chilolezo chikufunika, ndi mmene umboni wopezeka mosemphana ndi lamulo uyenera kuchitidwira.

Ulamuliro Womaliza: Milungu ndi Mapu

Mu Weeks v. United States (1914), Bwalo Lapamwamba linavomereza kuti umboni wopezedwa kupyolera m'kufufuza kosakhala kwa lamulo kwa maofesala a boma sungathe kugwiritsiridwa ntchito m'khoti la boma. Zimenezi zinayambitsa lamulo lamphamvu loletsa kupulupudza kwa apolisi. Komabe, lamulolo linkagwira ntchito pokha pa nkhani za boma. Limene linasintha ndi [[FLT:] Mapap v. Ohio [1] (1961), pamene Khoti linaphatikizapo Dementi ya Fource Reformation kupyola malamulo a Boundation of the Inteclate of Inteclated Declatedment, kupanga lamulo logwirizana ndi lamulo lonse lakwanu. [FLD]

Kukulitsa Malo: Katz ndi Terry

Monga momwe kwatchulidwira, Katz . United States [FLT :1] (1967) inasintha kusumika maganizo pa lamulo la katundu ndi kukhala achinsinsi. Khoti linagamula kuti kuletsa kwa boma kosafunikira kwa foni kuswa chipinda cha anthu chifukwa Katz anali ndi chiyembekezo chomveka chakuti kukambitsirana kwake kukakhala kwachinsinsi. Nkhaniyi inathetsa njira yakale yopezera chuma kuchokera ku Olmstead v. United States (1928).

Mosiyana, Terry v. Ohio (1968) adapanga kulekana kopapatiza: apolisi angaimitse ndi kujambula munthu ngati ali ndi kukayikira koyenera kuti munthuyo ali ndi zida ndi wowopsa. "Terry lekerani" ndi kufunafuna zida kwachidule, ndipo sikufuna chilolezo. Khotilo linazindikira kuti nthaŵi zina kutetezeka kumatsimikizira kufunafuna kwachidule, kochepa.

Kugwiritsa Ntchito Malo Okhala Aakulu: Riley ndi Karpier

Mbadwo wa makompyuta wakakamiza khotilo kugwiritsira ntchito malamulo a Opaleshoni Yachinayi ku mitundu yatsopano ya chidziŵitso. Riley v. California [1] (2014, Khoti ligwirizana kuti apolisi afunikira chilolezo chofufuza foni ya m'manja yomwe yagwidwa. Khotilo linazindikira kuti matelefoni amakono ali ndi chidziŵitso cha munthu aliyense. [FT:0], mauthenga, mbiri, zolemba za mankhwala, ndi zinthu zina zambiri. Chifukwa chake, kufunafuna foni sikuli chabe chochitika kuti agwire ntchito; kufunikira chilolezo chozikidwa pa chifukwa chake.

Komanso, kwa onyamula mafoni. Khoti linagamula kuti boma liyenera kupeza chilolezo . osati lamulo la khoti pansi pa kampani ya kampani ya foni. Chifukwa chakuti kuyang'ana kwanthaŵi yaitali kwa magulu a munthu kumawononga kuyembekezera chinsinsi kwa munthu. Chigamulochi chinali choopsa kwambiri kwa anthu achitatu ophunzitsa, chimene poyamba chidali ndi chidziŵitso chogwirizana ndi gulu lachitatu (monga kampani ya telefoni). [FL:]

Mavuto Amakono

Pamene kuli kwakuti Lamulo Lachinayi Losintha zinthu linalembedwa m’zaka za zana la 18, malamulo ake ayenera kulamulira malo a ndandanda ya zinthu a m’zaka za zana la 21. Kukwera kwa mtambo wa kulembedwa, kulembedwa kwa mawu, mawailesi a zaumoyo, ndi maprogramu ofufuza ofala a boma kwachititsa mafunso ovuta a lamulo.

Kutsenderezedwa kwa Chiphunzitso cha Mbali Yachitatu

Kwa zaka makumi ambiri, chiphunzitso chachitatu cha mbali yake . "Nkhani] cha United States . Miller [1] ndi Smith v. Maryland . [79] adaona kuti anthu alibe chiyembekezo chokwanira cha chinsinsi cha chidziŵitso chimene amatembenukira dala ku zigawo zitatu. Zimenezi zalola boma kupeza mafaelo a banki, manambala a telefoni, ndi mafaketi ena a malonda okhala ndi thopena, osati chilo. Komabe, [FLT:] Kachipangizo ka [FLT] [FLT] [FL:] [5] chizindikiro chakuti chiphunzitsocho chili ndi malire pamene chidziŵitso chatsatanetsatane cha moyo wa munthu.

Programu Zosonkhezera za Boma

Pambuyo pa kuukira 9 / 11 mu 2013, bungwe la USA PATRIOTT Act linafutukula maulamuliro a boma oyang’anira, kuphatikizapo kugwiritsira ntchito National Security Letters ndi mapepala oletsa kugwiritsa ntchito mapepala a mitundu ina (FAS). Edward Snowden Repolutions mu 2013 linavumbula kusonkhanitsa kophatikiza kwa metameta wa mafoni ndi Intaneti. [[FLT:] USA UBULUS Act [[FLT: 1] [20] Kusintha maulamuliro ena koma anasiya ena osasokonezeka. Ochirikiza kuti zolemba za masamu zambiri popanda kukayikira zina zikuswa malamulo a dziko la America zikuswa ndi kutsutsana ndi chiphunzitso chachitatu kapena cha pa Intaneti. [FLP:]

Kulemba Zolembedwa ndi "Kupita Kumdima" Mkangano

Kulemba mawu olembedwa kumapeto, kochitidwa ndi ma a TV monga ngati Chikwangwani ndi Chomwesapp, kumaletsa ngakhale wopereka utumiki kuŵerenga mauthenga. Mabungwe osungitsa malamulo atsutsa kuti zimenezi zimayambitsa "kupitirizabe kudera", kumene sangapeze umboni ngakhale ndi chilolezo chotsimikizirika. Boma lakakamiza makampani a zaluso kumanga nyumba zapamseri, koma ochirikiza zachinsinsi amachenjeza kuti malo akumbuyo angachititse aliyense kufooka ndi kupempha kuchitiridwa nkhanza. Makhoti agaŵana kaya Apple, chitsanzo, ayenera kuthandiza FBI kutsegula i Phone. Kulimbana pakati pa chisungiko ndi zachinsinsi kudzakhala nkhani yolongosola nkhani yachisanu ndi chisanu Kopatula kwa zaka.

Anasiya Kutsatira Lamulo Losafunika

Pamene kuli kwakuti Kusintha kwachinayi kumakonda chilolezo, Khoti Lapamwamba lazindikira mapost amene amalola kufufuza kosalungamitsidwa m’mikhalidwe yakutiyakuti. Izi ziri ndi malire mosamalitsa ndipo boma limakhala ndi thayo la kutsimikizira kuti zimagwira ntchito.

  • Kufunafuna Kugwira: [[FLT :1] Atagwidwa mwalamulo, apolisi angafufuze munthu wa m’ndende ndi malo amene angafikire mwamsanga ("pangpan") kutetezera maofesala ndi kusunga umboni. Komabe, ukulu wa lamulo umaumirizidwa [[FLT:] Kusonyeza, kufunafuna kwa telefoni kaŵirikaŵiri sikumagwera pansi pa chiwopsezo chimenechi.
  • Malingaliro opotoka: Ngati wapolisi alipo mwalamulo ndi kuona umboni wosonyeza kuti alipo, iwo angautenge popanda chilolezo.
  • Mikhalidwe yadzidzidzi: Mikhalidwe yadzidzidzi, monga ngati kulondola mothamanga kugamula kuti wathaŵa kapena chiwonongeko chayandikira cha umboni, ingalungamitse kufunafuna kosafunikira.
  • Commony: Ngati munthu avomereza modzifunira kufunafuna, palibe chilolezo chofunikira. Komabe, chivomerezo chiyenera kuperekedwa mwaufulu, osati kukakamizidwa, ndipo chingabwezedwe panthaŵi iriyonse.
  • Mochita Kusankha: Chifukwa chakuti galimoto n’zoyenda ndipo zingakhale ndi umboni umene ungasunthe mwamsanga, apolisi angafufuze galimoto ngati ali ndi chifukwa chokhulupirira kuti ili ndi umboni wa upandu. Kuchuluka kwa magalimotowa kwawonjezeka kwa nthaŵi yaitali.
  • Accord Andersearch: [[FLT :1] Pamalire a maiko ndi ntchito zawo, boma lili ndi ulamuliro waukulu wofufuza anthu ndi katundu popanda chilolezo kapena chothekera. Kusiyana kumeneku kumatsutsana, makamaka kaamba ka kusanthula ziwiya zamagetsi.

Mbali ya Kukakamiza Chilamulo ndi Zizoloŵezi Zabwino Koposa

Maofesala a malamulo ali patsogolo pogwiritsa ntchito Lamulo Lachinayi.

Kupeza ndi Kupereka Ogwira Ntchito Moyenera

Apolisi ayenera kupanga ma apsikiti amene amakhazikitsa chochititsa chothekera ndi nsonga zotsimikizirika. Ayeneranso kutsimikizira mapangano olongosola malo ofufuzira ndi zinthu molunjika. Kutsata, apolisi ayenera kuchepetsa kufunafuna kwawo ku madera ndi zinthu zotchulidwa m'chilolezo, kusiyapo ngati zina zotsatiridwa. Makamera a Bungwe lakhala chiŵiya chofunika kwambiri choperekera chikalata ndi kukulitsa chidaliro cha anthu. Madipatimenti ambiri tsopano amadalira pa zitsogozo za Chilungamo kulinganiza maphunziro awo.

Kudalirana kwa Anthu ndi Kuŵerengera Mlandu

Ulemu wa Lamulo Lachinayi umagwirizana ndi ntchito yapolisi. Pamene nzika zikhulupirira kuti maofesala sadzachita kufufuza kodzifunira kapena kosokoneza, iwo ali othekera kwambiri kugwirizana ndi kufufuza ndi kusimba milandu. Madipatimenti amene amagogomezera kuwonekera, kuchotsa, ndi mabutho a malamulo aona zotulukapo zabwino. Mosiyana ndi zimenezi, kuletsa koopsa ndi kutsekereza kokhala ndi kukayikirana koyenera kokha kwakhala kotopetsedwa chifukwa cha kuukira anthu ochepa ndi kuchititsa kuti asakhale ndi mlandu wotsekereza. Atsogoleri a malamulo ayenera kuonetsetsa kuti apolisi amvetsetse Kombowe yachinayi monga chopinga koma monga chitetezo cha ufulu womwe iwowo akulumbira kuti ateteze.

Kuteteza Ufulu Wanu wa Kusintha Zinthu Wachinayi: Uphungu Wothandiza

Munthu aliyense akhoza kuteteza ufulu wake kuti anthu ena asapambane.

  • Khalani : Dziŵani kuti muli ndi kuyenera kwa kukhala chete ndi kuyenera kwa kukana kufunafuna. Musayankhe mafunso owonjezera pa kupereka dzina lanu ndi kudziŵa pamene mufunikira kuloledwa (m., panthaŵi ya kuima kwa magalimoto).
  • Funsani Ngati Muli Womasuka Kuchoka: Pokumana ndi apolisi, ngati simukumangidwa, mungafunse kuti, Kodi ndili ndi ufulu wa kupita? Ngati wapolisiyo anena kuti inde, mukhoza kuchoka. Ngati wamangidwa, simudzachoka, koma muli ndi ufulu wakukhala chete.
  • Musavomereze ku Kufufuza: Ngakhale ngati mulibe chobisa, muyenera kunena momvekera bwino "Sindikuvomereza kufunafuna. Ngati apolisi ali ndi chilolezo chotsimikizirika, adzafufuzabe, koma mwakusavomereza inu kusungitsa zoyenera zanu zalamulo ndipo angaletse kugwiritsira ntchito umboni ngati kufunafunako kuli kosaloleka.
  • Chikalata Chosonyeza Kukumanako: [[FLT :1] Ngati muli ndi foni (ndipo kuli bwino kuichita), tangolembani zimene zalembedwa. Mayiko ambiri amalola kujambula apolisi poyera. Tawonani maina a apolisiwo ndi manambala a mabeji.
  • Sungani malo anu achinsinsi: Gwiritsirani ntchito kutsegulira mawu mwamphamvu polankhulana, kutheketsa zitsimikiziro ziŵiri, ndi kusamala za zimene mumasunga m’mtambo. Nthaŵi zonse pendani zachinsinsi pa makompyuta ndi mautumiki ena a pa Intaneti.
  • Funani Uphungu Walamulo: Ngati mukhulupirira kuti ufulu wanu wa Kusintha kwachinayi waswedwa, lankhulani ndi loya wopezedwa m’lamulo la lamulo. Lamulo la kupatula lingatsogolere ku kutsendereza umboni ndipo ngakhale kuchotsa zinenezo.

Kumaliza: Kusintha kwa Kachinayi m’Dziko Losintha

Chikalata cha Opaleshoni chachinayi chidakali chitetezero chachikulu ndi chofunika kwambiri m'moyo wa ku America. Malamulo ake ozikidwa pa nkhondo ya atsamunda polimbana ndi malamulo a boma akupitirizabe kutsogolera makhoti pamene akuyang'anizana ndi maluso atsopano ndi mphamvu za boma. Kuchokera ku lamulo la chinsinsi la foni, Khoti Lapamwamba lasintha kutsimikizira kuti "ufulu wa anthu kukhala wotetezereka kwa anthu, nyumba, mapepala, ndi ziyambukiro" si lonjezo lachabe. Komabe, mtolowonso ukugwera pa nzika kudziŵa ndi kuchirikiza zoyenera zawo, ndi kukhazikitsa lamulo kuti ziyendetse ntchito zawo ndi kulemekeza malamulo. Monga momwe zida zoyendera zikukhala zapamwamba ndi malire pakati pa madata a anthu ndi achinsinsi, kukhazikitsa malamulo achisanu kudzakhalabe m'kambirano yosakumadziŵika ndi kutetezedwa.