Demokrase yachindunji imaimira dongosolo la kulamulira kwa nzika m’mene zimagwiritsira ntchito ulamuliro wachindunji pa malamulo ndi malamulo, kudutsa oimira. Mosiyana ndi oimira oimira boma, kumene amasankhidwa ndi osankhidwa ndi osankhidwa ndi kugamulapo. Demokrase imaika mphamvu ya demokrase yopanga zosankha m’manja mwa anthu. Njira yotchuka kwambiri ya zimenezi ndiyo kutsogolera, njira imene imatheketsa nzika kupanga malamulo atsopano kapena kusintha ndi kuvota iwo mwachindunji. Mpangidwe umenewu wa pangano la boma wapeza chigawo chachikulu m'maiko ambiri ndi maiko, kugaŵira chiŵiya champhamvu cha midzi ikuchita ntchito pamene ikudzutsanso mafunso ovuta ponena za kuchiritsa, kuvota, kuyendetsa ntchito kwa mavoti, ndi chisonkhezero cha ndalama m'zandale.

Maziko a Mbiri Yake a Demokrase Yachindunji

Lingaliro la demokrase yachindunji siliri latsopano. Chiphunzitso chake choyambirira cholembedwa chingalondoledwe ku Athens wakale m'zaka za zana la 5 BCE, kumene nzika zachimuna zinasonkhana mu United States [[FLT: 0] ecclesia . Osintha zinthu anayesa kuvota mwachindunji pankhani za ndale zadziko, malamulo, ndi lamulo. Komabe, demokrase yamakono yachindunji / "kuyambira) yapadera / demokrase , yomwe inayamba kuyambika pa nyengo ya Chilengedwe Chatsopano mu United States (pafupifupi 189020). Ofuna kuchotsa mphamvu ya makina amphamvu andale ndi zikondwerero za kampani ndi za kampani mwa kupereka anthu ambiri mphamvu mwa kupereka malamulo ndi kukhazikitsa malamulo popanda chivomerezo. Ngakhale kuti mayiko a ku South Switzerland, anakhazikitsa njira yapadera yapadera yapadera kwambiri ya ku United States, ngakhale kuti anakhazikitsa njira yapadera ya zaka za ku United States ndi kumbuyo kwa zaka za zaka za zana laku, zina za chipale, zinanson'onong'onong'onong'ono, zina zina, zina zina zina zina zina zina

Kumvetsa Demokalase: Mitundu ndi Njira Zogwiritsira Ntchito

Demokrase yachindunji si lingaliro la kudalirana. Ilo limaphatikizapo ziŵiya zingapo zosiyana, chimodzi ndi chifuno chake ndi malamulo achibadwa. Ziŵiri zofala kwambiri ndizo democracy ndi direcity , koma amakumbukiranso mtundu wa democracy yachindunji.

Referendems v. Auths v.

A n’kusanthula pa mlingo wotsimikizirika umene waperekedwa kale ndi nyumba ya malamulo. Chingakhale choyenera (chovomerezedwa ndi lamulo la mitundu ina ya malamulo, monga ngati malamulo osinthidwiratu) kapena chosankha (chogwirizana ndi chikalata cha nzika cha kutokosa lamulo latsopano). Mosiyana, [[FLT:]] kuvomereza anthu kukhazikitsa malamulo atsopano kapena kusintha kwa malamulo kuchokera ku ku kukwawa. Kusintha kungakhale kodzisankhira (kubwerera ku chisankho chotchuka mwamsanga pambuyo pa kusainidwa kokwanira) kapena (kutsendedwa koyamba ku nyumba yovomerezeka; ngati kunyalanyazidwa, kenaka amapita ku ballot . [FFFF:]

Maballot, mawu a nkhani ino, ndi amphamvu kwambiri chifukwa chakuti amatheketsa nzika kusachitapo kanthu. Mwachitsanzo, pamene boma likana kulembetsa lamulo la mankhwala a mbanje kapena kukweza malipiro ochepera, magulu a andale angasonkhanitse kusaina kuti aike mayeso oterowo mwachindunji kwa ofunsira. Kukhoza kumeneku kukakamiza voti kwatsogolera masinthidwe odziŵika m'madera osiyanasiyana monga malamulo a msonkho, chilungamo chaupandu, malamulo a malo okhalako, ndi zoyenera za anthu.

Njira Yoyambira Kumenya

Ngakhale kuti mfundozo zimasiyana malinga ndi malire, kachitidwe ka voti kamatsatira dongosolo la masitepe asanu: kulemba, kuchirikiza, kusonkhanitsa, kutsimikizira, ndi kuvota. Kumvetsetsa zimenezi nkofunika kwa aliyense amene akufuna kugwiritsira ntchito kapena kulinganiza demokrase mwachindunji.

Kubwereramo ndi Kupenda Mwalamulo

Ochirikiza akuyamba mwa kulemba chinenero chenicheni cha kukonzanso lamulo kapena malamulo. Chinenerochi chiyenera kukhala chomveka ndi chomveka. M’mayiko ambiri, chikalatacho chimaperekedwa kwa loya wamkulu wa boma kapena bungwe loti lizipendedwe kuti likhale ndi mutu ndi chidule. Sitepe limeneli limatsimikizira kuti muyeso ndi wogonjera mmodzi ndipo sutsutsana ndi boma kapena malamulo a boma. Mwachitsanzo, California ili ndi lamulo lokhwima limodzi loletsa "kutsegulidwa kwa pulogalamu" (zopereka zosagwirizana ndi boma kapena malamulo a boma).

Kusonkhanitsa Zikalata ndi Mabuku Akufa

Pamene muyezo wavomerezedwa kuyendera, ochirikiza ayenera kusonkhanitsa chiŵerengero chotsimikizirika cha kusaina kovomerezeka kwa ovota olembetsedwa mkati mwa ndandanda ya nthaŵi yoikika. Ziyeneretso za kusaina zimazikidwa pa chigawo cha mavoti oikidwa m'chosankha chomaliza. Boma lifuna kusaina kofanana ndi 8% ya makampani omalizira a jibernarcator kaamba ka kufunsira kwa nyumba ya malamulo ndi 8% kaamba ka kuyesayesa kwa anthu. Makampani akufa angakhale afupi ngati masiku 90 (Illinois) kapena zaka ziŵiri (maiko ena amalola kusonkhanitsa kopereka ndalama zosonkhanitsira). Ndalama za akatswiri opanga chisankho zingayende m'ma miliyoni a madola, kupanga magulu achuma otchuka.

Kutsimikizira ndi Malo a Kumenyana

Akuluakulu a chisankho amatsimikizira kusaina pepala la voti. Kusaina kosagwirizana chifukwa cha maadiresi osagwirizana, ovota osalembetsa, kapena makope amakanidwa. Ngati subloki ifikiridwa (maiko ena amafunanso kugaŵidwa kwa malo), muyeso wa wopereka. Ochirikiza angapereke chikalata kapena kutsutsana ndi kuyambika. Nthaŵi kuyambira cream mpaka tsiku la chisankho ingakhale yaifupi ngati miyezi ingapo kapena ya chaka chimodzi, kaŵirikaŵiri imakhala ndi mavoti anthaŵi wamba.

Mapindu ndi Mapindu a Oyamba Kumenyana ndi Mabomba

Ochirikiza demokrase yachindunji akusonyeza mapindu angapo okakamiza. Choyamba, [[FLT: 0]] mphamvu yochuluka kwambiri: zoyesayesa zimapatsa anthu wamba mphamvu yosintha pamene oimira awo osankhidwa akana kuchitapo kanthu. Mwachitsanzo, [[FLT:] Conference of State Legistration [2] [makalata]: kudziŵa kuti zoyesayesa zoposa 2,500 zawonekera paboma kuyambira 1904, kutsogolera ku kusintha kwakukulu kwa malamulo. Chachiŵiri, [[FLT:]] kuchuluka kwa kuŵerengera [FLT] [FLT:] [FL:] kuwonjezera chidziŵitso [FFLT:5] pa nkhani yakuti kukhoza kuichotsa pa nkhani, malamulo, malamulo opanga malamulo angavomerezenso ambiri. [FTFT:], [FLT] [5], kuwonjezera chiwonjezo cha chiwonjezo cha chiwonjezero cha chipaletso, chiwonjezero cha chiwonjezeko cha chikuphatikizapo cha chija chakuwonjezera chaku, chiwonjezera chakuwonjezera chikuwonjezera chikuwonjezera chi

Mayeso a Ballot amawonjezeranso pangano la chivomerezo cha anthu. Pamene nzika ziloŵetsedwa mwachindunji m'kuumba malamulo, iwo angadziŵike kwambiri ndi kukhala othekera kwambiri kuvota m'masankho ena. Maphunziro a [FLT: 0] Pew Research Center [ akupereka lingaliro lakuti wovota angawonjezere m'maiko ndi njira zapamwamba, makamaka pakati pa anthu achichepere ndi otsika amene amadzimva kukhala opatulidwa ku zipani zamwambo.

Zitokoso ndi Kusuliza

Ngakhale kuti amakopa, njira zolembera zimayang'anizana ndi chisulizo chachikulu. Vuto lalikulu kwambiri ndilo kusokonezeka kwa nkhani . Masitepe ambiri amaphatikizapo mabizinesi ovuta kuyankhula mu voti imodzi yokha. Makampani angasoŵe nthaŵi kapena luso lakumvetsa bwino za nthaŵi yaitali, zamalamulo, ndi matanthauzo a chikhalidwe cha anthu. Zimenezi zingatsogolere ku mavuto ovuta kwambiri .

Kukhudzidwa ndi Ndalama

Kampeni yogwiritsira ntchito ndalama zoyendera makampani ya kampani yakwera kwambiri. Anthu olemera, makampani, ndi magulu achiwongola dzanja angapereke madola mamiliyoni ambiri potsatsatsa kapena potsutsana ndi mlingo. Chitsanzo chotchuka ndicho mkupiti wa 2018 Uber-kubwezera kumbuyo kwa California (Prop2) imene imaika antchito a jig monga omanga makampani odziimira okha; makampani onyamula katundu wokwera mtengo owonongedwa pa $200 miliyoni, kuipanga kukhala mpikisano wa ndalama zambiri koposa wa ku U.S. Mbiri ya anthu amatsutsa kuti ntchito ya zachuma imeneyi imaluluza zolinga za democrase. [[FLT:] Baltiaficia , kuwonongetsa ndalama zowononga chidziŵitso ndi kumira kwa nzika ndi kumirana.

Kutopa ndi Zovala ndi Kutsika kwa M’madzi

M'mayiko amene anthu amayesa kuchita zinthu mobwerezabwereza, ovota angaone "kutopa kwa aŵalo" mavoti aatali okhala ndi njira zambiri zovuta angaletse kulingalira mosamalitsa. Kufufuza kwina kumasonyeza kuti ovota kaŵirikaŵiri amadalira pa kuvomereza kwa chipani kapena kutsata zinthu zosafunikira m’malo mwa kuloŵetsamo zinthuzo. Kuwonjezerapo, pamene zoyesayesa ziwonekera kokha pa makoti a chaka kapena achilendo, kutuluka kukhoza kukhala kotsika ndi kodzutsa malingaliro ambiri, kudzutsa mafunso ponena za kuimira.

Mikangano ya Malamulo ndi Yokhudza Malamulo

Oyamba kaŵirikaŵiri amayang'anizana ndi zitokoso za lamulo pambuyo pa kudutsa. Otsutsa anganene kuti amaswa boma kapena malamulo a boma, kapena kuti amaswa mphamvu za nthambi zina za boma. Mwachitsanzo, maboma ambiri aona njira zoyambira zokambidwa ndi makhoti pachifukwa cha kulephera kwachibadwa kapena kutsutsana ndi ufulu wa lamulo. Zimenezi zimapanga kayendedwe ka mtengo ndi kosatsimikizirika ka kutsutsa.

Kufufuza Kodziŵika kwa Oyamba Kudwala Ballot

Kupenda zitsanzo zachindunji kumasonyeza chiyambukiro chake (champhamvu) ndi ngozi zokankhira kumbali democracy.

  • California Proposition 13 (1978): Kuchepetsa msonkho wa katundu ndi kupendanso kochepa kwa pachaka. Kunayambitsa kuukira kwa msonkho wa dziko ndi kusintha mmene maboma amaperekera mautumiki a anthu. Zotsatira zake zosayembekezereka (m', mapindu a katundu, misonkho yogulitsidwa) imakhalabe nkhani yaikulu.
  • Colorado Amendment 64 (202): Chamba chovomerezedwa mwalamulo kwa achikulire a zaka zoposa 21. Icho chinakhazikitsa chitsanzo chimene chinatsogolera ku kuvomerezedwa mwalamulo m'maiko ena 20. Kachitidwe ka kuyesayesa koyambirirako kanalola ochirikiza kunyalanyaza nyumba ya malamulo yozemba. Zotsatirapo zake zabweretsa ndalama zambiri za msonkho komanso zinayambitsa mavuto.
  • Myeso wa 16 (1194): Dokotala wovomerezedwa ndi lamulo kudzipha (Kufa ndi Chilamulo Chaulemu). Linali lamulo loyamba la mtundu wake mu U.S. ndipo lafufuzidwa mobwerezabwereza; chidziŵitso chotsatira chimasonyeza kuti sanagwiritsidwe ntchito molakwa, komabe lidakali lotsutsana.
  • Florida Amendment 4 (2018): Zoyenera zovotanso kwa mafeloni amene anamaliza ziweruzo zawo. Anthu oposa 1.4 miliyoni anayambukiridwa. Komabe, kuyesayesako pambuyo pake kunafooketsedwa ndi lamulo la boma lofuna kupereka ndalama zonse ndi ndalama, zimene otsutsa anatcha msonkho wa kusanthula.

Malingaliro a Padziko Lonse pa Demokrase Yachindunji

Demokrase yachindunji si chinthu cha ku America chokha. Switzerland imawonekera monga dziko lokhala ndi maluso aakulu koposa ndi machenjezo a boma. Nzika zina za Switzerland zimavota kanayi pachaka pa nkhani za boma, kuyambira pa kusamuka ku masinthidwe a ndalama zapansi. Dongosolo limafunikira magulu a udzu kuti asonkhanitse zikalata 100,000 za kuyambitsa kwa boma, ndipo boma kaŵirikaŵiri limachitapo kanthu ndi mapulogalamu osintha. Maiko ena amene amagwiritsira ntchito zida za democracycy (FTC:0]] Italy [1] [1] [malongosolera malamulo a boma]), [FLT:] Urugruat [F: 3] [FM] (FMFMFM) ndi chithandizo chimodzi chachikulu, chimatchula chikalata chosonyeza chilomo (F.'.

Tsogolo la Demokrase Yachindunji ndi Kuyamba kwa Zida za Bomba

Pamene tekinoloji iyamba, njira za demokrase yachindunji zingasinthe. Panline povwoola [[FLT:]] angawonjezere kupezeka ndi kuchepetsa mtengo, koma nkhaŵa za chisungiko zidakali patsogolo. Estonia ayamba kale kugwiritsira ntchito kuvota pa Intaneti ya masankho a dziko, kuphatikizapo ma astenteum, koma ndi maiko ena ochepa omwe atsatira. Kufufuza kwachitukuko ndi kutumiza malo apansi: anthu osankhidwa kuphunzira nkhani mukuya ndi kupanga zivoti, zimene kenaka zingaperekedwe ku voti yokulirapo. Zolinga zimenezi za kuphatikizapo kuyenera kwa demokrase ndi mkhalidwe wa demokrase wopezeka m'matupi. Kusinthasinthasintha kwa kusagwirizana kwa dongosolo la kugwirizanitsa zinthu kwa pakati pa kulinganiza kwa anthu opanga ndalama zambiri.

Kusintha Kothekera Kuti Kulimbitse Demokrase Yachindunji

Kuthetsa kusuliza, kuwongolera kochuluka kwaperekedwa: kufuna kuwongolera kwakukulu kwa malamulo osintha zinthu (maiko ena achita kale, monga Florida, kufunikira 60%); kugwiritsa ntchito "cool-eff" kapena chilolezo cha zigawo ziŵiri (m’jere, kuyenera kukhalabe ndi kupenda kapena kuvota kwachiŵiri); ndi kugaŵira malangizo osaloŵerera pa mfundo zotsatizana. Akatswiri ena amatsutsa kuti maphunziro okhwima kwambiri pa miyezo ya bolot , mwinamwake kupyolera ku maprogramu a malamulo a boma. Komabe, otsutsa kuti zopinga zambiri za malamulo a boma zingaphe njira yodzisankhira, kutsutsa cholinga chake.

Kumaliza

Demokrase yachindunji kupyolera m'mabungwe a opaleshoni imapatsa nzika njira yamphamvu yopangira malamulo a anthu kunja kwa malamulo a mwambo. Ingapereke mphamvu ya kuyendetsa udzu, kuwonjezera kuŵerengera mlandu, ndi kuyambitsa zinthu zina zowopsa. Komabe siikhala ndi zophophonya zazikulu: kukhoza kuvota, ndalama m'ndale, ndi mikangano yalamulo zonse zimawopseza kuyenera kwake ndi kukhutiritsa kwake. Mtsogolo mwa democracy yeniyeni lidzadalira pa kulinganiza mosamalitsa njira ya nzika ndi yoikhazikitsa chitetezo chakuchinjiriza kuletsa kupondereza ndi kutsimikizira kulinganiza zosankha mozindikira. Pamene maiko akupitirizabe kufunafuna chitokosoko kuwonjezereka ndi kuvomereza kwa maboma awo, chisinthiko cha chisinthiko chidzakhalabe chopimikiritsa chovuta kwambiri cha kukhazikitsa mabungwe a democracy.