Chiyambi ndi Chifuno cha Kugwirizana kwa Mfumu Yadziko

Chiphunzitso cha kutetezera ulamuliro wa boma ndi limodzi la malamulo okhalitsa ndi otulukapo m'lamulo la malamulo a America. Chozikidwa m'lamulo la Chingelezi lofala . Pamene mfumu siingaikidwe mlandu popanda chilolezo chake, chiphunzitso chimenechi chinaikidwa ku United States ndi kuikidwa mu Demendment ya khumi ndi limodzi. Chinenero chenicheni cha kukonzanso kwa malamulo a United States sichidzalingaliridwa kukhala choyenerera chilichonse m’lamulo kapena chogwirizana, choyambitsidwa kapena kutsutsidwa ndi nzika za United States ndi nzika za Boma lina, kapena ndi nzika kapena nzika za Dziko la Dziko lina.

Pamene mawuwo akuwoneka kukhala ochepera, Bwalo Lapamwamba lanena kuti kutanthauza kuti maboma kaŵirikaŵiri sasunthidwa ndi mlandu waumwini m'khoti la boma pokhapokha ngati Congress yalola kuti chitetezo kapena boma lawachotseratu. Lamulo limeneli limagwira ntchito osati kokha pamene wotsutsayo achokera ku boma lina koma pamenenso boma la boma la bomalo lisungirira boma lawo lomweli, ndipo limakhala ndi udindo wa boma m'dongosolo la boma.

Kumvetsetsa kumene ufulu wa munthu wodzilamulira ndi ufulu wa munthu wa kukhazikitsako nkofunika kwa aliyense woloŵetsedwamo m’kusungitsa ufulu wa anthu, kuchokera kwa ochirikiza malamulo a malamulo a boma.

Mmene Ulamuliro Waukulu Unachitira Mlandu M’milandu ya Zisankho za Chiŵeniŵeni

Kusungitsa ufulu wa nzika kumadalira kwambiri pa malamulo a boma monga 42 U.S.K. . 1983, Umutwe VII wa Chikalata cha Chilolezo cha Chigawo cha 1964, Aamereka Okhala ndi Lamulo la Kupunduka (ADA), ndi Chiweruzo cha Nyengo mu Lamulo la Ntchito (ADEA). Lililo lirilonse la malamulo ameneŵa limagwirizanirana mosiyana ndi kusungidwa kwa ulamuliro.

Chigawo cha 1983

42 U.S.C. . . 1983 akupereka chochititsa cha zochita motsutsana ndi munthu aliyense amene, pansi pa mtundu wa lamulo la boma, amalanda wina ufulu wa boma kapena wa boma. Komabe, Bwalo Lapamwamba lamilandu lanena kuti boma siliri “pempson” pansi pa 88 1983. Izi zikutanthauza kuti pamene kuli kwakuti munthu wotchuka angasunge nduna za boma za boma za kuinyada kapena kuchotsa ufulu wa boma, iwo sangasunge boma mwachindunji kaamba ka zowonongedwa za ndalama pansi pa chaka cha 1983. Ntchito yotchukayo siikulukulukulu ndiyo mbali ya Young , kusiyapo, zimene zimalola nduna za boma kuletsa kuswa lamulo lolamulira. Pansi pa lamuloli, mkuluyo sanawonedwe chifukwa cha chiwomboletso choyenerera.

Dzina la mutu wakuti VII ndi Chitetezo Chofanana cha Claus

Umutwe VII umaletsa tsankho lantchito lozikidwa pa fuko, mtundu, chipembedzo, kugonana, ndi chiyambi cha dziko. Olemba ntchito a boma amapatsidwa Umutwe VII, koma chifukwa chakuti Congress motsimikizirika amakhazikitsa ufulu wa boma pansi pa Chigawo 5 cha Jenetath Amendment. Mu Fatzrick v. Komabe, Btitzer [1977], Khoti Lapamwamba linalamulira kuti Court ingatetezedwe pamene ikhazikitsa chitsimikizo cha pansi pa Jenetith Reconsole. Zimenezi zinatsegula chitseko cha masuti a olangira olemba ntchito pa Disit ViI. Komabe, mphamvu za anthu opangika pa mlandu wa BBG. M'Gwiromo la Boclene. [Flectrective] [5]

ADA ndi ADEA: Kudzikweza Koletsedwa

Chikalata cha Amerika cha Kupunduka chimaphatikizapo mawu omveka bwino a Congress ot congress ku chitetezero cha boma logwirizana ndi nkhondo. Komabe, mu Board of Trusurees of the University of Alabama v. Garrett . (2001], Khoti Lapamwamba linaika malire akuti kuchotsa, kunyamula mlandu I ya ADA (ntchito) yoposa ulamuliro wa Congress Congress chigawo 5 chifukwa chakuti cholembedwa ndi lamulolo linasonyeza kulephera kwa kukondera kwa anthu opunduka. Mosiyana ndi, Umutwe II wa ADA (mautumiki wa anthu onse) wavomerezedwa kukhala wovomerezedwa ndi mawu omveka bwino chifukwa cha kulakwa kwa chigamu cha mlandu. Momwemonso, ADABE anagwidwa ndi kulephera kwa kulephera kwa kulephera kwa ufulu woyenerera kuweruza mlandu. [Foctive proted proset proset programmentssion of provitionss of the provitionss of provition (Fop) chifukwa cha kutsimikizira chigatifact

Zigamulo za Khoti Lalikulu Kukwaniritsa Malire

Kumvetsetsa nkhani zimenezi n’kofunika kwambiri kwa ochirikiza ufulu wachibadwidwe ndi ochirikiza ufulu wachibadwidwe.

Exte Young (1908)

Chigamulo chimenechi chinapanga chosiyana kwambiri ndi ulamuliro wa otetezera ufulu wa munthu. Khotilo linalola suti yotsutsana ndi nduna ya boma la Minnesota kulamula lamulo la boma limene likunenedwa kuti likuswa malamulo a boma a sitima. Nkhani zopeka, monga momwe khoti linafotokozera, zinali zakuti munthu wa boma amene amachita zinthu mosayenerera amachotsedwa udindo wake ndipo angaikidwe mlandu. Kupatulidwa kumeneku kumakhalabe galimoto yaikulu yosafuna malamulo a boma ndi malamulo a boma. Komabe, sikulola kuti bwanayo apeze chilatso kwa bwana wa bomalo.

[[FLT: 0] ... Florida Florida [1] (1996)

Mu Suminole Tribun [[FLT: 1], Bwalo lamilandu linavomereza kuti Congress sangagwirizane ndi boma pa mfundo yake I, monga Commission Classia kapena Bankructcale. Mlandu unaphatikizapo Indiya Gaming Regugatation Act, umene boma lovomereza silingauyang'ane Florida. Khotilo linavomereza, kuwonjezera [[FL:2] kuwonjezera [malamulo] Plannynyvan v. Union Gas. (199]) ndi kugawa mphamvu yapadera ya kuteteza kunja kwa madesikirime a 149. Chigamu chimenechi chimakhudza ufulu wa anthu wogaŵa ufulu wa kuwonjezera ufulu wa Clausska.

Alden v. Maine (1999)

Alden [FLT Act yopangika] yosamva zolamulira ku masuti a boma, ikumasunga kuti lamulo lalamulo la lamulo la masuti a ufulu wodzitetezera kwa munthu aliyense kubwalo lake kusiyapo ngati boma livomereza mwalamulo kapena Congress mawindo a mabwalo pansi pa Chigawo 5. Mlanduwo unaloŵetsamo zonena zowonjezereka pansi pa Fair Labor Standard Act . Khotilo linagamula kuti ngakhale ngati boma lavomereza kuyenererana ndi makhoti ake, limasunga kusungidwa ndi malamulo a boma ngati Bungwe la Malamulo linagamulidwa bwino. Zimenezi zikutanthauza kuti ufulu wa anthu sungathe kungotseka khoti la boma ndi ku khoti la boma; chitetezerocho chisawa chisawawawa cha boma m’makhoti.

FATPARIC v. Bitzer (1976]

Monga momwe taonera, nkhani imeneyi inatsimikizira kuti Nyumba ya Malamulo ingatetezeretu pamene iikidwa pa Chigawo 5 cha Demetrimenti. Chigamulocho chinakhazikitsa dongosolo lamakono: Mfundo ya Kudzikweza njosagwiritsidwa ntchito pambuyo pa Séminole Tribun , koma Chigawo 5 chikukhalabe chopindulitsa, choletsedwa ndi kupenda molinganiza.

Zoyesayesa Zothandiza za Kukakamiza Ufulu wa Chiŵeniŵeni

Mpaka pano Pali Chithandizo Chofooketsa

Mosasamala kanthu za zopinga, anthu angapeze mpumulo wopindulitsa. Malamulo oletsa kuswa malamulo mopitirizabe , monga ngati kuphwanya malamulo a boma, kutsekera milandu m’ndende, kapena kupeza mapindu osalingana ndi amene angapezekepo pansi pa Expate Young . Attorney kaŵirikaŵiri amagwiritsira ntchito njira imeneyi kuletsa machitidwe oswa Lamulo Loyamba, Actrocted Clause, kapena Actal Provice Classione . Komabe, mankhwalawo amalekezera kupititsa patsogolo chithandizo: palibe chiwongolalira chapambuyo.

Ziwonongeko Zidakali Zovuta Kupezanso

Kulephera kuimbidwa mlandu wa ndalama pa bomalo kuli kusiyana kwakukulu. Ovutika ndi kulandidwa ufulu wachibadwidwe angataye malipiro, zowonongedwa za mankhwala, kapena kupsinjika maganizo koma sangathe kupezanso ndalama ku chopereka cha boma. Nthaŵi zina, angafune chiwombolo kwa akuluakulu a boma amene akuchita ntchito yawo, koma akuluakuluwo kaŵirikaŵiri amatetezedwa ndi oyenerera. Kuphatikiza ufulu wa kudzitetezera ndi oyenerera kumapangitsa kuti anthu ayambe kudziŵerengera mlandu. Asinthi apereka lingaliro lowonjezera la boma . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Boma Waiver ndi Kuvomereza

Boma lingawononge dala chitetezo chake cha kudziimira palokha. Waiver ayenera “kusonyezedwa mosalakwa” ndipo amatengedwa mwamphamvu. Mwachitsanzo, boma limene limavomereza ndalama za boma za Medicaid kaŵirikaŵiri limawononga chitetezo cha boma pa zochitika zina za boma, koma kuti kuletsa sikungawonjezere ku chilango chaumwini. Mofananamo, maboma ambiri apanga machitidwe awoawo amene amalola masuti kuwonongeka, koma kaŵirikaŵiri zimenezi zimapatsa kapena kuchotsapo kuswa ufulu wa anthu. Attorney ayenera kupenda mosamalitsa chiwembu cha boma lililonse ndi makonzedwe alionse oyenerera kuletsa lamulo.

Masuti Otsutsa Maboma

Mofunika, kutetezera thupi sikumafikira ku maboma a kumaloko. Maboma, magawo, ndi magawo ena a ndale zadziko amalingaliridwa kukhala “anthu” pansi pa ■ 1983 ndipo angaikidwe mlandu wa zonse ziŵiri chithandizo ndi zowonongeka za ndalama. Zimenezi zimapanga njira yapadera ya ovulazidwa ndi madipatimenti apolisi akwawo, masukulu a boma, kapena mabungwe a mizinda. Komabe, kuchititsa mlanduko kokha pamene malamulo kapena mwambo wa boma unachititsa kuswa lamulo, monga momwe kunakhazikitsidwa mu . Monell. Department of Social Services [Ft:1]

Zochitika Zaposachedwapa ndi Mavuto Amene Zikubukapo

M’zaka 10 zapitazi, khoti Lalikulu lakhala likuyankha mafunso ofunika kwambiri amene amakhudza kwambiri ufulu wa anthu.

Malo Okhala Achinsinsi a Pakompyuta ndi Akuluakulu a Boma

Mu Torres v. Madrid (201), Bwalo linafutukula mafotokozedwe a kugonjetsedwa kwa Demendment yachinayi koma silinapereke mwachindunji chitetezero cha ufulu. Komabe, milandu yokhudza kusamvera malamulo a apolisi imapitirizabe kuyesa malire. Mwachitsanzo, pamene mkulu wa boma aswa kuyenera kokhazikitsidwa bwino, mkulu wa boma angasunge mlandu wa zowawawa zake, koma bomalo limakhalabe lotetezedwa. Zimenezi zikutanthauza kuti chiweruzo chotsutsana ndi akuluakulu a boma chiyenera kuperekedwa mwaumwini kapena ndi boma kudzera m’kusintha kwa boma, koma kuvomerezedwa ndi koyenera ndi kosiyana kwambiri.

Malo Ogona Anthu Onse ndi ADA

Mu Fulton v. Mzinda wa Philadelphia (2021]), Bwalo lamilandu linagamulapo za kusaloledwa kwa chipembedzo m’chisamaliro chosungidwa koma kachiŵirinso silinapereke chitetezero cha ufulu wa kudziimira. Komabe, mlanduwo unagogomezera kusamvana kopitirizabe pakati pa ulamuliro wa boma ndi ufulu wa boma. Makhoti ambiri ang'onoang'ono akupitirizabe kutchula ngati nkhani zenizeni za mu Ditut II ya ADA , monga kulowa m'khoti, ku voti, kapena kubweretsa katundu wa onse. Khoti laona kuti, Udindo II ndi lovomerezeka ngati ufulu wa kuvota, kapena kulowa m'makhoti.

Kuyesayesa kwa Mabungwe Kubwezeretsa Kudzikweza

Mapepala angapo ayambitsidwa m'makhoti kuti athetse [[FLT:] Sureat Tribe [FLT :1] ndi Alden mwa kukhazikitsa boma lotengamo mbali m'maprogramu a boma oletsa kuletsa. Chilungamo cha Act [ALT'] ndi Chikalata cha ufulu wa 2023 Chikalata cha kukhazikitsa malamulo a boma chovomereza kuti kulandira ndalama m'khoti ya boma chifukwa cha kuswa ufulu wa anthu. Zoyesayesa zimenezi zimafuna kuti pa zochitika zilizonse Zikukhudzana ndi zofunika za bungwe la Clausus, zimene zimafuna kuti pathaŵiro lililonse lachikulu la ufulu wogwirizana ndi phindu logwirizana ndi logwirizana ndi likulu.

Njira Zopitira Mtsogolo kaamba ka Ochirikiza Ufulu wa Chiŵeniŵeni

Polingalira za malo ocholoŵana, madokotala ayenera kugwiritsira ntchito njira zaluso kuti adzitetezere ku ngozi.

Gwiritsirani Ntchito Pambali Wachichepere Wopatuka Mokalipa

Kungofuna kupatsa munthu thandizo, kapena kumuuza kuti angomuphwanya malamulo, kumangotanthauza kuti angopereka thandizo basi, koma kumangogwiritsa ntchito malamulo otsutsa malamulo a boma, monga mmene ndende zimakhalira popanda malamulo a boma kapena njira zothetsera upandu.

Ganizirani Chigawo 5 Malamulo

Congress Congregationism imene imagwirizanitsa malamulo a ufulu wachibadwidwe ndi lamulo lakusungitsa ufulu wa anthu la 14th Amendment ingalimbitse kululuza. Ochirikiza ayenera kukakamiza kuti apeze mfundo zatsatanetsatane za lamulo la tsankho lofalikira la boma kuti akwaniritse muyezo wa Boerne . Cholembedwa chowonekera bwino, khoti lidzachirikiza kutembenuzidwa.

Njira Zothetsera Vuto la Kuphwanya Lamulo la Boma

Boma lililonse limaloleza mtundu wina wa kutsutsana ndi ilo. Boma lonena kuti machitidwe, kutsutsa, ndi machitidwe a lamulo lalamulo kukhoza kupereka mankhwala pamene lamulo la boma silinatero. A Attorney ayenera kufufuza ngati boma lawo lawononga zinenezo za ufulu wachibadwidwe. Mayiko ena, monga California ndi New York, ali ndi malamulo oletsa kuvulaza kokulira.

Kugwirizana ndi Otetezera Makampani

Kumene woyang'anira boma ndi bungwe la kampasi, kulondola mzembe wa kampani pansi pa 76 1983 kungapereke zivulazo popanda chopinga cha ufulu wodzitetezera. M'acipani pansi pa [[FLT: 0] [[FLT: 1]] mufuna umboni wa lamulo kapena mwambo, koma milandu yachipambano ingatsogolere ku kusintha kwa dongosolo ndi chibwezero kwa opangidwa.

Kumaliza: Kulinganiza Ulamuliro ndi Kuŵerengera

Chithandizo cha ufulu wa boma si chopinga chenicheni ku malamulo a ufulu wa anthu, koma chimakhazikitsa malire aakulu amene oweruza ndi maloya ayenera kuyendera bwino. Luso la kusungirira akuluakulu a boma kaamba ka chithandizo cha kutha kwa ufulu wa kutha kwa ufulu nlothandiza kwambiri kupenda khalidwe losayenerera, komabe kulephera kubweza zowonongeka mwachindunji ku boma kumakhalabe mpata waukulu. Khoti Lapamwamba likupitirizabe kuyeretsa chiphunzitsocho, ndipo Court ikupitiriza kusungitsa mphamvu ya kutetezera kokhala pansi pa 145 , yofunikira kupenda bwino lomwe. Malamulo a boma kuti agwiritsiridwe ntchito mokwanira, dongosolo la malamulo liyenera kuchepetsa ufulu wa boma pa kukhazikika kwa dziko ndi kutsimikizira kuti opatulidwa ndi ochitiridwa nkhanza ndi opondedwa ali ndi njira yokwanira. Kumvetsetsa malire kwa otetezera ufulu wa kumbuyo kwa kumbuyo kwa zaka makumi ambiri kumbuyo kwa kumbuyo kwa kumbuyo kwa chigawa.