Ntchito ya Mboni Zogwira Ntchito m’Milanduwo Yopereka Chilango

Nkhani zachiŵeniŵeni kaŵirikaŵiri zimadalira pa mfundo zimene sizikudziŵika kwa oweruza ndi oweruza. Kaya mkanganowo umaphatikizapo kulephera kwa ntchito yomanga, muyezo wa zamankhwala, kapena kuŵerengera ndalama, woperekayo ayenera kudalira pa luntha lapadera kuti apeze yankho lolondola. Izi ndi zimene umboni waluso akukhala wofunika. Umboni waluso umapereka chidziŵitso chosumika maganizo, maphunziro, ndi zokumana nazo ku khoti, kutembenuza umboni wa luso m’njira zomveka bwino ndi kupereka malingaliro othandiza kuwongolera nkhani. Nkhaniyi ikupenda mbali yofunika ya mboni zaluso m’kulongosola umboni wachiŵeruzi, njira yosankha ndi yokonzekera, ndi zovuta zimene amayang'anizana nazo.

Kufotokoza Mboni Yachifwamba

Wopereka umboni waluso ndi munthu amene ali ndi chidziŵitso chapadera, luso, maphunziro, kapena maphunziro m’mbali ina yoposa ya munthu wamba. Mosiyana ndi mboni wamba, amene angachitire umboni kokha ponena za zenizeni zimene iwo eniwo awona, mboni zaluso zimaloledwa kupereka malingalirowo kukhala ozikidwa pa malamulo odalirika ndi njira. Maziko alamulo kaamba ka umboni waluso m’malamulo ambiri a U.S. ali m’chikalata cha Federal Leance of Evicence 702, chimene chimanena kuti katswiri wodziŵa bwino angavomereze ngati (a) luso lawo lidzathandiza munthu wodziŵa mfundo zenizenizo kumvetsetsa kapena kudziŵa mfundo inayake pa nkhaniyo; (b) umboniwo umazikidwa pa mfundo zokwanira kapena chidziŵitso; (c) umboniwo uli m’chipatso cha mfundo zodalirika ndi njira zodalirika; ndi (dd) njira zake zachidziŵikitso cha mfundo za m’nkhani ndi mfundo zake.

Mboni zaluso siziri zochirikiza chipani chirichonse; ziri ndi thayo ku khoti la kupereka chithandizo chotsimikizirika, chosakondera.

Chiphunzitso cha Malamulo cha Umboni Waluso

Kuwoneka kwa umboni waluso kumalamulidwa ndi dongosolo lalamulo lolimba lolinganizidwa kutsimikizira kuti malingaliro odalirika ndi oyenerera okha afikira oweruza. Miyezo iŵiri yaikulu mu United States ndi yofanana ndi Froxe drive (kuchokera ku [[FLT:] FULT]Frye v. United States, 1923] ndi muyezo wa [[FLT:]] (kuchokera ku [FLT:]] . . . . . . . . .[FLT.: 4.]]

Daubert

Pansi pa muyezo wa Frye, umboni waukatswiri sungatsutsidwe kokha ngati malamulo a sayansi amene alipo ali “ovomerezedwa mwachibadwa” m'gulu la sayansi logwirizana. Njira imeneyi yatsutsidwa chifukwa cha kukhala yosasinthika, yotha kuchotsa sayansi yatsopano koma yogwira ntchito. Miyezo ya Daubert, yomwe tsopano ikutsatiridwa m'makhoti ambiri a boma ndi makhoti ambiri a boma, imaika woweruza pa mbali ya“ msungi. . Woweruza ayenera kupenda ngati njira za katswiri wa sayansi ili yovomerezeka ndi yogwirizana ndi sayansi yasayansi. Mfundo zimene zikulingaliridwa zikuphatikizapo kaya chiphunzitso kapena lusolo layesedwa, liyesedwa ndi mabwalo a za mbiri, lakhala ndi mabodza odziŵika, ndipo lalandiridwa ndi onse.

Pamlingo wa boma, maulamuliro ena akupitirizabe kugwiritsira ntchito Frye, pamene ena atengera Daubert kapena project. Azachwiti ayenera kudziŵa muyezo woyenerera m'ulamuliro wawo. Chothandiza kumvetsetsa kusiyana kumeneku ndicho American Bar Association ya kufupikitsa kwa umboni waluso.

Mitundu ya Mboni Zogwira Ntchito M’milanduwo

Mboni zaluso zikuonekera pafupifupi m'mbali iliyonse ya kutsutsana kwachiŵeniŵeni. Luso lapadera lofunikira limadalira pa mtundu wa mkanganowo. Magulu ofala amaphatikizapo:

Akatswiri a Ntchito Yomanga ndi Yopanga

Nkhani zolakwika zomangidwa, kuchedwa, ndi kukambirana pa ntchito zazikulu, mainjiniya, akatswiri a geotejini, ndi olemba mapulani. Akatswiri ameneŵa amapenda mapulani, ntchito, ndi kudziŵa chimene chimachititsa kulephera kapena kuchedwa. Malingaliro awo angakhale ofunika kwambiri pakati pa omanga, opanga, ndi opanga.

Akatswiri a Zamankhwala ndi Zaumoyo

Nkhani zamankhwala zopanda ntchito yabwino kwambiri popanda umboni wa akatswiri. Dokotala wodziŵa bwino ntchito yake yofanana ndi woimbidwa mlanduyo amafunika kukhazikitsa muyezo woyenerera wa chisamaliro ndi kukonza ngati kulakwa kunavulaza. Mofananamo, akatswiri a zachipatala, mankhwala, ndi chisamaliro cha zaumoyo zingatchedwe m'zochitika zokhudza zipatala kapena malo osamalira odwala kwa nthaŵi yaitali.

Akatswiri a Zachuma ndi Zakupweteka

Pamikangano ya zamalonda, nkhani zokhudza kuŵerengera malonda, phindu lotayika, kapena zowonongedwa zodalira oŵerengera ndalama, akatswiri azachuma, ndi akatswiri a zachuma.

Akatswiri a Zachilengedwe

Malonda a mankhwala opha tizilombo, matenda a malo okhala, ndi zopinga zopangidwa zimafuna chithandizo kwa akatswiri a chemistry, akatswiri a poizoni, ndi akatswiri a za m’mafakitale. Akatswiri ameneŵa amathandiza khoti kumvetsetsa mmene kuwonongeka kwa mankhwala amagwirira ntchito, kudalirana ndi kudalirika kwa sayansi.

Ntchito ya Umboni Waluso: Ndinatsimikiza Kuchitira Umboni

Kupereka umboni kwa katswiri ndi njira ya zigawo zosiyanasiyana imene imafuna kulinganiza bwino ndi kugwirizanitsa malamulo.

Kulingalira ndi Kupenda Zoyenera

Loyayo amafufuza maumboni a katswiriyo, mbiri yakale, luso la kulankhulana bwino, ndi kukangana kothekera kwa chikondwerero. Akatswiri amasungidwa pambuyo pa kalata ya pangano imene imalongosola za mbali ya ntchito, malipiro, ndi mathayo achinsinsi.

Kupenda ndi Kufufuza Mwaumwini

Ataiwala, katswiriyo akupendanso zikalata zokhudza mlandu, kuphatikizapo zopempha, zofufuzira, maumboni, ndi umboni wa zinthu. Katswiriyo angapange mayeso aumwini, kufufuza malo, kapena kufufuza kwa m'laboletale. N’kofunika kuti katswiriyo akhalebe ndi cholinga ndipo samangotsatira chiphunzitso cha loya. Makhoti adzafufuza ngati lingaliro la katswiriyo nlaumwini kapena ngati n’lomveka bwino pa zimene munthuyo ali.

Kukonzekera Kupereka Lipoti

Maboma ambiri amafuna kuti mboni za akatswiri zipereke lipoti lolembedwa lokhala ndi mawu athunthu a malingaliro onse, maziko ndi zifukwa za iwo, zolembedwa, ndi zionetsero zilizonse zogwiritsiridwa ntchito kufupikitsa kapena kuchirikiza malingaliro. Bungwe la Federal Laul la Covil Procedure 26(a)(2)(B) lokhazikitsa ziyeneretso zimenezi za milandu ya boma. Lipotilo liyenera kusainidwa ndi katswiri ndipo kaŵirikaŵiri likhale chikalata chachikulu chogwiritsiridwa ntchito popereka ndi kupenda mwachindunji. Lipoti loyambirira silimangofotokoza mfundo za katswiriyo komanso limapanganso kuyang'anira koyenera kuyang'anizana ndi kuyang'aniridwa.

Umboni Wachiŵembu ndi Woyesa

Uphungu wopereka uphungu uli ndi kuyenera kwa kuchotsa katswiri asanazenga mlandu. Kufufuzako kuli chiŵiya chopezera malingaliro a katswiri ndi zolephera za njira za kachitidwe. Akatswiri ogwira mtima amadziŵa mmene angayankhire mafunso mwachindunji popanda kudzipereka chidziŵitso chosafunikira. Pakuyesa, katswiriyo akupereka malingaliro awo kupyolera m’kufufuza kwachindunji, kutsatiridwa ndi kupenda kolimba kolinganizidwa kuyesa kudalirika, njira zofufuzira, ndi malingaliro olondola.

Kuyeneretsedwa ndi Kusunga Chipata

Katswiri wa milandu asanapereke umboni, woweruza mlanduyo ayenera kusankha ngati katswiriyo ali woyenerera ndi kaya ngati umboni wolingaliridwawo ukukwaniritsa muyezo woyenerera kaamba ka kudalirika. Ntchito yosunga zipata imeneyi njofunika kwambiri kuletsa ajuli kutengeka ndi “sayansi yopanda pake” kapena ngati lingaliro lopanda maziko.

Woweruza akufufuza maphunziro a katswiri, luso, zofalitsa, ziyeneretso, ndi kukhala m'gulu logwirizana. Komabe, maphunziro apamwamba safunikira nthaŵi zonse; chidziŵitso chogwira ntchito chingakhale chokwanira. Mu Khoti Lokhala ndi Maphunziro . Carmichael [1] (1999), Khoti Lapamwamba la U.S.

Chitokoso chofala ku kulephera ndi “chofunika chotsimikizirika kapena chidziŵitso chakumapeto kwa Lamulo 702 (b). Makhoti achotsa akatswiri amene amadalira pa chidziŵitso cha auniversity kapena mfundo zosatsimikizirika. Nkofunika kwa akatswiri kuzika malingaliro awo pa umboni wopezeka ponse paŵiri wodalirika ndi wodalirika.

Zitokoso za Kupereka Umboni Waluso

Ngakhale kuti katswiri wa nkhani za mlandu wa munthu ali woyenerera ndipo umboni wawo ukuvomereza, iwo amakumana ndi mavuto aakulu pa nthawi ya mlanduwo.

Mtanda-Kuwola

Kupereka uphungu kungatsutse kudalirika kwa katswiriyo mwa kutchula zolakwa zilizonse za njira, kusoŵa chidziŵitso chachindunji, mawu osagwirizana m'zochitika zoyambirira, kapena zisonkhezero za zachuma. Njira yodziŵika bwino yopimira ndi yosonyezera kuti lingaliro la katswiriyo siliri la mapulinsipulo odalirika koma mmalo mwa mfundo yofikiriridwa kuchirikiza wofunsirayo. Akatswiri Okonzekera amayembekezera kuukiraku ndipo angachinjirize ntchito yawo popanda kuchinjiriza kapena kuthaŵa.

Bias ndi Kusakondera

Katswiri amene amawoneka kukhala wokondera [1] Makamaka amene malipiro ake amadalira pa chotulukapo . Malamulo apamwamba amafuna kuti akatswiri asawalipire ndalama zolipirira. Ayeneranso kupeŵa kutengeka maganizo. Maloya anzeru adzatsimikizira akatswiri awo kukhalabe osaloŵerera mwa kuvomereza mfundo zotsatiridwa ndi wotsutsayo ndi kukhala ofunitsitsa kukhazikitsa boma pamene malowo sakuchirikizidwa ndi umboni.

Kuvutika ndi Zotsatirapo za M’nyumba Yosungiramo Anthu Ovutika

Asanazenge mlandu, gulu lotsutsanalo lingapange kachitidwe ka kusapereka umboni wa katswiriyo wonse kapena mbali yake. Mayeso ameneŵa kaŵirikaŵiri amakhala mayeso achidule pa njira zasayansi. Katswiriyo angafunikire kupereka umboni pamaso pa woweruza popanda juli. Ngati khotilo liona kuti umboniwo sudalirika, udzachotsedwa, ndipo mwina lidzalepheretsa wochirikiza. Chotero, kusankha katswiri wa njira zamphamvu, zopimira, ndizo chimodzi mwa zosankha zofunika kwambiri zoperekera umboni.

Kulingalira Kwabwino kwa Mboni Zaluso

Mboni zaluso zili ndi malo apadera. Pamene kuli kwakuti zisungidwa ndi kulipira kwa chipani chimodzi, ntchito yawo yaikulu ndi ku khoti. Mathayo aŵiri ameneŵa amayambitsa mavuto a makhalidwe abwino. American Academy of Exppert Mboni ndi mabungwe ena aluso amapereka malamulo a khalidwe amene amagogomezera kufunika kwa kukhulupirika, kudziimira pawekha, ndi kulephera. Akatswiri sayenera kupereka chidziŵitso chonyenga, kusiya mfundo zakuthupi, kapena kuwonjezera ziyeneretso zawo.

Nkhani ina ya makhalidwe abwino ndiyo kugwiritsira ntchito molakwa umboni waukatswiri mwa uphungu, oweruza sayenera kusonkhezera akatswiri kusintha malingaliro kapena kupereka umboni wonyenga. katswiriyo ali ndi thayo la kutsimikizira kuti umboni wawo ukhalabe wowona ndi wowona.

Kukambitsirana mosamalitsa za ntchito za makhalidwe, Center ya Boma lofalitsidwa pa makhoti a akatswiri ochitira umboni za makhalidwe abwino [[FLT: 1] imapereka zitsogozo zothandiza.

Malangizo Othandiza Posankha Mboni Zodziŵa Ntchito

Yambani Mwamsanga

Ngati munthu wasankha mwamsanga, satha kukambirana bwinobwino.

Luntha Lolankhulana Bwino

Wasayansi wanzeru amene sangathe kufotokozera ajuli mfundo zovuta kufotokoza ndi zosavuta. Pokambirana, funsani katswiri wofuna kufotokoza mfundo za sayansi ngati kuti ndi kwa munthu wosafuna kutchuka. Katswiri amene angagwiritse ntchito mawu ovuta ndi omveka bwino angathandize kwambiri kuposa amene amadalira pa pulogalamu yotseguka.

Kuyesedwa kwa Kudziimira pawokha

Katswiri wabwino adzavomereza kuti kulakwa n’kumene kungachititse kuti aone ngati zimene akuganizazo n’zolondola, osati kuti aone ngati zimene akudziwazo n’zosamveka.

Konzekerani Kuwononga Mtanda

Gwiritsani ntchito katswiriyo kulemba ndandanda ya zinthu zimene zingawachitikire. Kufufuza kopeka kogwiritsa ntchito maloya opanda kugwirizana kuti anene mafunso audani. Katswiriyo ayenera kukhala womasuka kuvomereza malire a luso lawo ndipo ayenera kudziŵa kuti ndi liti pamene anganene kuti “Sindidziŵa” popanda kuwachititsa kukhala odalirika.

Kumaliza

Mboni zachindunji ndizo maziko a kutsimikizira kwa milandu ya chiwembu yokhudza umisiri, sayansi, kapena luso. Zimatsekera mpata pakati pa umboni wocholoŵana ndi kumvetsetsa kwa oweruza ndi majaji, kupereka malingaliro ozikidwa pa njira zodalirika ndi operekedwa ndi mzimu wa chithandizo chosakondera ku bwalo. Malamulo a kulephera kwa mapangano. Malamulo a kukhazikitsa zinthu. Kulimba kwa mphamvu, Falbert, kapena boma lofanana ndi , kutsimikizira kuti umboni wabwino wokha ndiwo umaperekedwa. Panthaŵi imodzimodziyo, akatswiri ayenera kuyang'anira zoyembekezeredwa ndi kuyang'anizana ndi mavuto otsutsana nawo. Pamene asankhidwa, okonzekera, operekedwa, akatswiri akupereka ntchito yofunika kwambiri: kuthandiza dongosolo lalamulo kufikira chidziŵitso, zosankha zamakono. Monga momwe kukulira, umboni wosuliza udzakhala umboni wosuliza bwino.